Response Error Research Articles

The Roles of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) Inhibitors in Decreasing the Occurrence of Adverse Cardiorenal Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by increased serum glucose due to errors in insulin production or response. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has continued to rise globally over the years, with roughly 7079 persons per 100,000 expected to be impacted by 2030. A vast number of patients with diabetes mellitus experience unfavorable side effects such as weight gain, hypoglycemia, and hepatorenal toxicity from the several diabetic medications available. These adverse effects may result in life-threatening consequences with a high likelihood of occurrence; therefore, ongoing efforts continue to develop medications with improved tolerability and better glycemic control. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) are examples of new innovative targeted therapies to manage diabetes mellitus and potentially improve cardiorenal conditions. This review article details the specific mechanisms of action, potential side effects, and cardiorenal benefits of GLP-1RA and SGLT-2i therapies to fully understand their roles in combating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D).

The cognitive neural mechanism of response inhibition and error processing to fearful expressions in adolescents with high reactive aggression.

Reactive aggression in adolescents is characterized by high levels of impulsivity. This is associated with deficits in response inhibition and error processing and spontaneous emotion-driven responses to a perceived threat. However, the characteristics and cognitive neural mechanisms of response inhibition and error processing to indirect threat in adolescents with high levels of reactive aggression are unclear. This study explored the characteristics and cognitive neural mechanisms of response inhibition and error processing to fearful expressions in adolescents with high levels of reactive aggression using an emotional Go/No-Go paradigm combined with ERP recordings. Adolescents with high levels of reactive aggression (n = 31) and a control group (n = 30) took part in this study. Results showed that when presented with fearful expressions, adolescents with high levels of reactive aggression showed a smaller No-Go P3 effect and smaller ERN amplitudes following commission errors on the No-Go task than the control group. Results suggested that when presented with fearful expressions, adolescents with high levels of reactive aggression have impaired response inhibition in the later stage of actual inhibitory control of the motor system and impaired error processing in the early stage of fast and automatic initial error detection.

Designing of optimal digital IIR filter in the multi-objective framework using an evolutionary algorithm

In this work, an optimization technique i.e. diversity-driven multi-parent evolutionary algorithm with adaptive non-uniform mutation (DDMPEA-ANUM) has been used to design a digital IIR filter considering the magnitude response error of pass-band and stop-band and linear phase response error as fitness functions. The proposed algorithm utilizes population space aggregation and fitness variance concepts to guide the solution so that it will not stuck in local optima. The efficacy of the developed method is tested on twenty-three benchmark functions and compared with other state of art algorithms in terms of best, worst, average and standard deviation. The statistical analysis of the developed algorithm has also been carried out through Wilcoxon’s rank-sum to confirm its effectiveness. The developed algorithm while designing the IIR filter design problem obtained the least values for magnitude response error of pass-band and stop-band and linear phase response when compared to other state of art algorithms. For instance, the developed algorithm obtained magnitude response error for pass band and stop band and linear phase response error of 0.0101, 0.727 and 3.3903 ×10−06 for LP, 0.0073, 0.003 and 2.3933 ×10−06 for HP, 0.0018, 0.0260 and 4.4429 ×10−06 for bandpass filter and 0.0445, 0.0209 and 1.3081 ×10−06 for band stop filter.

Effects of geometric nonlinearities on the vibration reduction performance of tuned mass dampers on top of flexible structures

A tuned mass damper (TMD) on top flexible structures may sustain considerable rotation because of the significant flexural deformation of the supporting structure. The effects of such rotation on the vibration reduction performance are generally neglected in the analysis and design of TMD-controlled systems, by assuming that the mass moves only laterally in a fixed global coordinate. This technical note critically reviews this assumption by comparing the dynamic responses of a lumped-mass Euler beam with a TMD on top in either fixed or corotational coordinates to harmonic ground excitations. The results show that the corotational local coordinate of TMDs, which introduces geometric nonlinearity into the system, tends to bias the peaks of the frequency response curve toward lower excitation frequency, but such an effect is less profound than that induced by the P- Δ effect, another source of geometric nonlinearity in the system. The relative error in the peak frequency response of neglecting this effect increases for larger lateral drift of the supporting structure and smaller mass ratio of the TMD. An empirical equation for estimating this error is proposed to assist the decision-making of whether this assumption is appropriate for specific applications of TMDs.

Input Spectrum Design for Identification of a Thermostat System

This paper considers the shaping of the amplitude spectra of perturbation signals for the identification of a thermostat system. The current approach in control engineering practice utilizes flat spectrum signals, which may not result in the highest possible accuracy. This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of optimal signals with amplitude spectra designed using two state-of-the-art software approaches, namely the model-based optimal signal excitation 2 (MOOSE2) design and the optimal excitation (optexcit) design, in improving estimation accuracy. Such a comparison on a real system is currently lacking. In particular, there exists a research gap on how the combined choice of signal and model structure affects performance measures. In this research, two model structures are used, which are the autoregressive with exogenous input (ARX) and the output error (OE) model structures. Four performance measures are compared, namely the determinant of the covariance matrix of the parameter estimates and the minimum error, mean error and maximum error in the frequency response. Results show that the optimal signals are effective in reducing the determinant of the covariance matrix and the maximum error in the frequency response for the thermostat system, when applied in combination with the ARX model structure. The flat spectrum signal remains very useful as a general broadband perturbation signal as it provides a good overall fit of the frequency response. The findings from this work highlight the benefits of applying optimal signals especially if the identification results are to be used for control, since these signals improve key performance measures which have direct implications on controller design.

Supplemental Material for Probabilistic Visual Attentional Guidance Triggers “Feature Avoidance” Response Errors

Supplemental Material for Probabilistic Visual Attentional Guidance Triggers “Feature Avoidance” Response Errors

Моделирование эквивалентной передаточной функции и импульсного отклика схемы голографии Фурье для высокочастотных голограмм

An approach for modeling the transfer function and approximating the impulse response in the +1 diffraction order of the 4f holography scheme of the Fourier holography under usage of high-frequency holograms characterized by the presence of an inverse section of the dependence of the local diffraction efficiency on the spatial frequency in the frequency range below the frequency of equality of local amplitudes of the reference spectrum and the reference beam by the model of “Difference of Gaussians” is proposed and justified. The expediency of using, when implementing processing models that involve working only with the global maximum of the circuit response, a transfer function that is equivalent in terms of the minimum mean square error of the impulse response, as providing a more accurate approximation of the impulse response compared to the approximation of the direct transfer function, is shown. The validity of the approach is confirmed by comparing the simulation results with experimental data.

Discrete-Time Control for Double-Integrator Systems With State Constraint and Learning Gain

This brief investigates a barrier Lyapunov function based discrete-time control with Q-learning based gains for double-integrator systems with state constraint. It is found, from the stability proof, that the high conservatism of analysis for the stabilization of discrete-time system with state constraint is revealed, where the explicit selection of constant high gain is challenging. To address this problem, the fuzzy Q-learning algorithm is employed to search for the nearly optimal control gains for both fast response and low steady-state error in the long view of performance consideration. The numerical and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, and varying gains based on fuzzy approximation Q-learning can aid to reduce the steady-state error while fast response to the reference motion trajectories.

The role of speed-based strategy instruction on learning and transfer of motor sequences in a complex task

Abstract Study aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of speed-based strategy instruction on motor sequence learning and transfer. Material and methods: Male participants (n = 30, 18 to 24 years old) were assigned to one of the groups based on instruction. Motor sequence learning was examined using the complex dynamic arm movement task. Two sets of speed and control instructions completed ten blocks of 100 trials in the acquisition phase followed by the retention and transfer test after 24 hours. Results: Mixed analysis of variance (2×10 and 2×4) and the independent samples t-test were used to examine the data. The results demonstrated that element response time and error of prediction in both groups were significantly improved in the acquisition phase (P < 0.05), but in the 24-hour retention test, the speed group had a significantly better element response time than the control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the findings of the independent samples t-test in the transfer test revealed that element duration and error rate were significantly better in the speed group than the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: According to the data, when compared to the conventional technique, in which participants were not given any special instructions, the speed-based instruction resulted in greater acquisition of the acquired motor sequence and better transfer of a new sequence.

A MySQL-Based Software System of Urban Land Planning Database of Shanghai in China

With the development of the digital city, data and data analysis have become more and more important. The database is the foundation of data analysis. In this paper, the software system of the urban land planning database of Shanghai in China is developed based on MySQL. The conceptual model of the urban land planning database is proposed, and the entities, attributes and connections of this model are discussed. Then the E-R conceptual model is transformed into a logical structure, which is supported by the relational database management system (DBMS). Based on the conceptual and logical structures, by using SpringBoot as the back-end framework and using MySQL and Java API as the development tools, a platform with data management, information sharing, map assistance and other functions is established. The functional modules in this platform are designed. The results of JMeter test show that the DBMS can add, store and retrieve information data stably, and it has the advantages of fast response and low error rate. The software system of the urban land planning database developed in this paper can improve the efficiency of storing and managing land data, eliminating redundant data and sharing data.

Dominance and transitivity

Abstract This article describes a study of transitivity of preference and of transparent dominance with 220 participants who judged each choice problem 4 times. It shows how a true-and-error model with 2 error terms per choice problem can be applied to replicated data, to ask if violations of dominance or of transitivity are ‘real’ rather than due to random response errors. These models allow one to estimate the incidence of systematic violations and of error rates. The new data showed about 3% violations of transitivity, corrected for error. This incidence might be statistically significant, but a skeptic might dismiss it as too small to build a theory upon. Tests of dominance found violations with overall rates from 4% to 18%. As in previous research, violations of transparent dominance appeared almost exclusively among people who systematically prefer ‘safe’ gambles (with low ranges of outcomes) over ‘riskier’ gambles with higher expected values when the ‘safe’ gamble was dominated by the higher-ranged gamble. For those participants and choice problems, rates of violation were 28%–45%, corrected for error. It was theorized that these violations of dominance may be due to a subgroup of risk-averse participants using a strategy in this experiment to find ‘safe’ alternatives, without comparing outcomes between gambles.

ANFIS multi-tasking algorithm implementation scheme for ball-on-plate system stabilization

This paper presents the design and realization of a ball-on-plate system using a 3-degree-of-freedom parallel robot controlled by an adaptive neuro-fuzzy in-ference system. The ball-on-plate system is nonlinear, multivariable, with an under-actuated feature. Initially, the parallel robot is designed using SolidWorks and mechanized using a computer numerical control machine. Followed by the presentation of the ball-on-plate system mathematical model and the simplified model obtained. Afterwards, the inverse kinematics are performed to derive the appropriate angle for each servomotor. Eventually, the controller is designed and implemented in a double loop feedback scheme. A comparison between the proposed controller and a conventional proportional–integral–derivative controller in terms of time response, overshoot, and steady-state error is carried out. Furthermore, a comparison between sequential and asynchronous parallel processing is conducted for two different scenarios. The first scenario is when moving the ball to the origin while the second is for disturbance rejection. Simulation and experimental results show that the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system implemented using asynchronous parallel processing improves the real-time system stability by considerably decreasing oscillations as well as enhancing the ball movement smoothness with a small stead-state error.

Refinement of the extended crosswise model with a number sequence randomizer: Evidence from three different studies in the UK.

The Extended Crosswise Model (ECWM) is a randomized response model with neutral response categories, relatively simple instructions, and the availability of a goodness-of-fit test. This paper refines this model with a number sequence randomizer that virtually precludes the possibility to give evasive responses. The motivation for developing this model stems from a strategic priority of WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency) to monitor the prevalence of doping use by elite athletes. For this model we derived a maximum likelihood estimator that allows for binary logistic regression analysis. Three studies were conducted on online platforms with a total of over 6, 000 respondents; two on controlled substance use and one on compliance with COVID-19 regulations in the UK during the first lockdown. The results of these studies are promising. The goodness-of-fit tests showed little to no evidence for response biases, and the ECWM yielded higher prevalence estimates than direct questions for sensitive questions, and similar ones for non-sensitive questions. Furthermore, the randomizer with the shortest number sequences yielded the smallest response error rates on a control question with known prevalence.

Newman’s Error Analysis: Set Material in 7th-Grade Junior High School

Set is one of the main materials contained in the mathematics subject for 7th-grade junior high school in odd semesters. In the set material, there's no formula used, but there are various kinds of notations, symbols, and also diagrams. Basically, some or even most students still face various difficulties in understanding and working on problems in set operations. This study aims to determine the types of errors and the percentage of errors in 7th-grade junior high school's responses to set material test questions using Newman's error analysis procedure. In this study, we used a qualitative descriptive method, while the data processing technique was done by analyzing student answers based on questions that were test instruments. The research subjects were taken from students in the VII-E class at SMP IT Fithrah Insani, which included as many as 22 students. Then the subjects were analyzed, and based on the results of the research, it turned out that there were still errors in solving set questions. The most frequent error made by students is an encoding error of 40.91%. In this error, the student did not write a complete final answer, or even the conclusion of the solution, so that he did not answer the question posed by the problem.

Simplified modelling of self-piercing riveted joints and application in crashworthiness analysis for steel-aluminium hybrid beams

In this paper, an equivalent simplified model of self-piercing riveting (SPR-ESM) validated by tests is constructed to characterize the macroscopic mechanical responses of SPR joints under quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions. The application of SPR-ESM in the crashworthiness analysis of steel-aluminium hybrid beam is investigated. The results reveal that the failure of the riveting point in the test specimen is accurately simulated by the numerical model connected by SPR-ESM, and relative errors of mechanical responses between simulation and test are controlled within 7 %. Parametric study is performed to explore the effect of the riveting point failure on the mechanical performance of steel-aluminium hybrid beam under different loading angles. The results indicate that: (1) a severe instability deformation mode of steel-aluminium hybrid beam is easily to happen when the loading angles increases; (2) the effect of riveting point failure on the mechanical performance of steel-aluminium hybrid beam is limited when the beam has a stable folding deformation; and (3) a significant decrease in the ability of resisting deformation and energy absorption is easily to happen when the steel-aluminium hybrid beam has a severe instability deformation mode.

What does a "good life" mean for people living with dementia? A protocol for a think-aloud study informing the value of care.

Economic evaluation currently focuses almost exclusively on the maximization of health, using the Quality-Adjusted Life-Year (QALY) framework with instruments such as the EQ-5D, with a limited number of health-focused dimensions providing the assessment of health benefit. This evaluative framework is likely to be insufficient for setting priorities in dementia care because of its exclusive concern with health. Data are also often collected from the perspective of a proxy, limiting the voice of those living with dementia in decision-making. This protocol describes a research project that aims to gather the perspectives of people living with dementia, their insights, and preferences for assessing their quality of life to inform economic evaluation outcome measurement and design with a goal of creating a more robust evidence base for the value of healthcare services. Specifically, this study will elucidate what a "good life" means to people living with dementia and how well instruments currently used in economic evaluation meet this description. This project will further test the acceptability of capability wellbeing instruments as self-report instruments and compare them to generic and dementia-specific preference-based instruments. People living with dementia, diagnosed, or waiting to receive a formal diagnosis and with the capacity to participate in research, will be invited to participate in an hour "think aloud" interview. Participants will be purposefully selected to cover a range of dementia diagnoses, age, and sex, recruited through the integrated care, geriatric, and post-diagnostic clinics at St James' and Tallaght University Hospitals and dementia support groups in the Ireland. During the interview, participants will be invited to reflect on a "good life" and "think aloud" while completing four economic quality of life instruments with a perspective that goes beyond health (AD-5D/QOL-AD, AQOL-4D, ICECAP-O, ICECAP-SCM). An interviewer will then probe areas of difficulty when completing the instruments in a semi-structured way. The analysis will identify the frequency of errors in comprehension, retrieval, judgment, and response from verbatim transcripts. Qualitative data will be analyzed using constant comparison. The St James's Hospital and Tallaght University Hospital Joint Research Ethics Committee approved the study (Approval Date: 11 April 2022).

A mechanical equivalence similitude method for dynamic responses of high-speed train middle vehicles in a collision

Predicting the dynamic behavior of train collisions using similitude theory is a valuable design tool. However, several limitations and difficulties persist when designing a similar train model. This study proposes a mechanical equivalence similitude method when a train crashes into a rigid obstacle longitudinally, which can be used to establish similitude laws and predict the dynamic responses of a full-scale high-speed train middle vehicle. This method includes impact force equivalence (IFE) and finite-element stiffness equivalence (FESE). The aim is to overcome the insufficient accuracy of establishing a similar train model using traditional similitude methods. First, the similitude laws of the end energy absorber and the vehicle body were deduced. Subsequently, the 1/8th equivalent similar middle vehicle model of the high-speed train was established. The IFE method was employed to design a 1/8th equivalent similar model of the end energy absorber. Based on the FESE method, a 1/8th equivalent similar model of the middle vehicle body was built. Finally, the accuracy and effectiveness of a similar train model were validated through numerical simulations and tests. Comparing the results of the prototype, the errors of the dynamic responses were less than 4%, indicating that the mechanical response equivalence similitude method is effective for constructing a similar train model.

Improving Dynamic Accuracy of the Electric Motor Emulator at High Speed via MIMO Design Method

The application of electric motor emulators (EME) has been prosperous in recent years along with the advancement in power hardware-in-the-loop technology. However, EME design methods based on a typical modeling approach and control structure tend to be invalid in promising a clear, dynamic accuracy objective and a robust dynamic accuracy performance over wide working points, especially at high operating speed. Hence, a new EME design method based on multi-input multioutput (MIMO) modeling and a MIMO closed-loop current control (MCLCC) structure is proposed in this article. Singular values of the MIMO motor model are analyzed to clarify the influence of the rotor speed on the dynamic accuracy objective of EME for the first time, based on which an unknown input observer is designed in the MCLCC structure to compensate for disturbance voltages caused by modeling errors. The transient tracking errors of both current and torque responses can thus be remarkably reduced at 300-Hz electrical speed in the experiment even if 35% modeling errors exist, verifying the superiority of the proposed EME design method in dynamic accuracy.

An Improved One-Cycle Control Algorithm for a Five-Phase Six-Leg Switching Power Amplifier in Active Magnetic Bearings

To achieve levitation in active magnetic bearing (AMB) systems, levitation coils must be driven by a switch power amplifier (SPA). Therefore, SPA performance is important to stable levitation. In previous studies, five-phase six-leg (5P6L) SPA topology was proposed to reduce hardware costs. However, current tracking performance degrades due to the coupling problem of the five-phase current and freewheeling loss. Then, the rotor may deviate markedly from the balance position, affecting rotor stability. The keys to solving these problems lie in the duty cycle control of the common leg and the compensation of freewheeling loss. This article proposes an improved one-cycle control (OCC) algorithm in which the duty cycle of the common leg is optimized by finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC), and the freewheeling loss is compensated for by a high-precision mathematical model. In addition, the parameter uncertainty of the FCS-MPC model is analyzed, and the convergence of the optimization algorithm is investigated. Simulations and experiments show that the proposed algorithm is effective, and the high dynamic response and low steady-state error performance of SPA are achieved.

Control Strategy for Boost Converter Based on Adaptive Integral Terminal Sliding-mode Control

The control system for the fixed-frequency boost converter does not consider the situation from the input voltage and the unknown load, which makes the system vulnerable to external disturbances, resulting in slow system response and large output voltage error. The state space equation of the boost converter is established by the state space averaging method, and the adaptive control rate of the load resistance and the input voltage is designed by the adaptive control, which effectively reduces the influence of the disturbance on the system output. The sliding mode surface adopts the integral terminal sliding mode surface, and the isokinetic approach law control is used to effectively reduce the influence of chattering and improve the dynamic response speed and robustness of the system. The simulation experiment proves the validity and reliability of the integral terminal adaptive sliding mode control.