Respiratory Synctial Virus Research Articles

“Respiratory Syncytial Viruses (RSV) Infection in Children”: A Scientometric Analysis of Global Publications during 2002-21

International Journal of Medicine and Public Health,2022,12,4,156-164.DOI:10.5530/ijmedph.2021.4.29Published:January 2023Type:Review Article“Respiratory Syncytial Viruses (RSV) Infection in Children”: A Scientometric Analysis of Global Publications during 2002-21BM Gupta, Manish Mohan Gore, Atul Gupta, and Avadhesh Kumar Patel BM Gupta1,*, Manish Mohan Gore2, Atul Gupta3, Avadhesh Kumar Patel4 1Formerly with CSIR-NISTADS, New Delhi, INDIA. 2National Institute of Science Communication & Policy Research, New Delhi, INDIA. 3Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College, Kangra at Tanda, Himachal Pradesh, INDIA. 4Banaras Hindu University, Department of Library and Information Science, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA. Abstract:The study reviewed the publication growth and identified key players and traced the evolution of research themes on “RSV Infection in Children”. Using Scopus database, a keyword search was undertaken, which yielded 917 research records during 2002 to 2021. The retrieved research data was analyzed using a bibliometric analysis techniques and MS-Excel software. The co-authorship network visualization of authors, organizations and countries and cooccurrence network visualization of all keywords are visualized using VOSviewer software. The 917 papers were written by 4902 authors employed at 710 organizations based in 104 countries/territories and were published in 273 journals in the field. The top journals ranked by publication productivity were Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, Journal of Infectious Diseases and PLOS One and by citation impact per paper were American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Therapy and Journal of Pediatrics. Authors from countries contributed the most publications were USA, U.K. and China, and those contributing the most impactful publications were France, Japan and Spain. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, USA, University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands, and MedImmune LLC Inc. USA are the three organizations with the most productive publications and Kenya Medical Research Institute, South African Medical Research Council, South Africa and University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa are the organizations with most impactful organizations. Authors contributing the most were O. Ramilo (USA), E.A.F. Simoes (USA) and R.A. Karron (USA) and the most impactful papers were D.J. Nokes (U.K.), K.M. Edwards (USA) and C.B. Hall (USA). Based on collaboration network maps, there were significant collaborations based on common interests. According to the keyword co-occurrence diagram, the most frequent keywords are “Respiratory Synctial Virus”, “Respiratory Syncytial Pneumovirus”, “Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus”, “Hospitalization”, “Respiratory Tract Infection” and “Brochiolitis”. Analysis of 44 significant keywords showed that the research was distributed into 4 clusters, which indicates the most significant areas of current research. With the acceleration of the child diseases, the number of articles on “RSV in Children” is increasing rapidly. Bibliometric analysis of global research in this area for the last 20 years can provide useful information and meaningful reference to funding agencies and researchers, enabling them to explore current research status and identify the future areas and hotspots. Keywords:Bibliometrics., Children, Global publications, Respiratory Syncytial Viruses Infection, Respiratory Virus, RSV Infection, scientometricsView:PDF (1.59 MB)

Lung-brain axis: Metabolomics and pathological changes in lungs and brain of respiratory syncytial virus-infected mice.

The lung-brain axis is an emerging area of study that got its basis from the gut-brain axis biological pathway. Using Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV) as the model of respiratory viral pathogen, this study aims to establish some biological pathways. After establishing the mice model, the inflammation in lung and brain were assayed using Hematoxylin-eosin staining, indirect immunofluorescence (IFA), and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The biological pathways between lung and brain were detected through metabolomics analysis. In lung, RSV infection promoted epithelial shedding and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Also, RSV immunofluorescence and titerss were significantly increased. Moreover, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were also significantly increased after RSV infection. In brain, the cell structure of hippocampal CA1 area was loose and disordered. Inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β expression in the brain also increased, however, TNF-α expression showed no differences among the control and RSV group. We observed an increased expression of microglia biomarker IBA-1 and decreased neuronal biomarker NeuN. In addition, RSV mRNA expression levels were also increased in the brains. 15 metabolites were found upregulated in the RSV group including nerve-injuring metabolite glutaric acid, hydroxyglutaric acid and Spermine. ɑ-Estradiol increased significantly while normorphine decreased significantly at Day 7 of infection among the RSV group. This study established a mouse model for exploring the pathological changes in lungs and brains. There are many biological pathways between lung and brain, including direct translocation of RSV and metabolite pathway.

P500 The use of budesonide results in lower risk for infections compared to systemic glucocorticoids

BackgroundWe analysed the occurrence of infections with individuals treated with either budenoside (locally acting) or systemically available glucocorticoids (GC); prednisolone, prednisone and methylprednisolone. The risk of infection was divided according to the origin; viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites and we assessed which virus and bacterium caused the most side-effects between locally and systemically acting GC.MethodsIn this analysis, infection reported outcomes with GC drugs reported to FAERS (USA) were extracted and compared to approximately 25’000 drugs in the database. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association of infections between budesonide and systemic GC. The data were classified into virus, bacteria, fungi, parasites and non-defined infections. The number of reported side-effects were ranked from highest to lowest, the 20 most reported viral and bacterial infection were assessed, respectively. All related terms for one species were combined e.g. “SARS-CoV-2” and “Coronavirus”.ResultsThe database contained 20’363 reports for budesonide, 35’452 for methylprednisolone, 60’516 for prednisolone and 102’982 for prednisone. Of these, a total of 4’465 concerned infection related AEs associated with the budesonide and 93’020 for systemic steroids. Bacteria and virus associated side-effects seemed to be more pronounced with the use of systemic GCs, while for fungal infections the risk was less prominent. Interestingly, budesonide users reported less parasite infections compared to systemically GC treated patients (Fig. 1). The highest number of infections of viruses and bacteria were analysed (generic terms such as “Viral infection” were excluded).The most frequent reported viral infections were Herpes Viruses followed by Influenza, Hepatitis B Virus and SARS-CoV-2. Budesonide treated individuals have a lower risk for virus infections, except for influenza, Adenovirus and Respiratory Synctial Virus (Fig. 2); there was a reduced risk for all bacterial infections in budesonide treated patients, compared to systemic GC. The most reported bacterial infections were Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Escheria Coli and Clostridium Difficile (Fig. 3). ConclusionThis unbiased analysis revealed that the use of budesonide was associated with a lower risk of infections of viruses, bacteria and parasites compared to systemic GC. In order to reduce the risk of infections, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, inflammatory bowel disease patients should, where possible, switch from systemic GC to budesonide.

A safe and effective mucosal RSV vaccine in mice consisting of RSV phosphoprotein and flagellin variant.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of serious acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants and the elderly. The lack of a licensed RSV vaccine calls for the development of vaccines with other targets and vaccination strategies. Here, we construct a recombinant protein, designated P-KFD1, comprising RSV phosphoprotein (P) and the E.-coli-K12-strain-derived flagellin variant KFD1. Intranasal immunization with P-KFD1 inhibits RSV replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract and protects mice against lung disease without vaccine-enhanced disease (VED). The P-specific CD4+ Tcells provoked by P-KFD1 intranasal (i.n.) immunization either reside in or migrate to the respiratory tract and mediate protection against RSV infection. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled cell transfer further characterize the Th1 and Th17 responses induced by P-KFD1. Finally, we find that anti-viral protection depends on either interferon-γ (IFN-γ) or interleukin-17A (IL-17A). Collectively, P-KFD1 is a promising safe and effective mucosal vaccine candidate for the prevention of RSV infection.

Vitamin D: A Boon to Respiratory Health in COVID-19

COVID-19 has errupted not only as a pandemic but as challenge to mankind. Life has come to a stand still. All spheres of life are affected not only in terms of jobs and economy but importantly health and well being. In Indian scenario this is of particular significance as autumn coincides with festivities, wedding season and mass gatherings. Outbreaks of respiratory viral infections, such as those caused by influenza A and Respiratory Synctial Virus have long been associated with changing season reaching a peak in winter season and nadir in summer months. Various factors could be attributed to this pattern like increased virus survival at low temperature, tendency of close gatherings in winter months and cold dry air reducing mucus in nasal passages. Clinically Vitamin D deficiency has been shown to associate with increased risk of diverse acute respiratory tract infections. It has been proposed that vitamin D, diminishes production of respiratory cytokines, which appear to play a central part in pathogenesis of severe COVID-19.

A Prospective Study on Respiratory Viral Pathogens Causing Acute Lower Respiratory Infections in Children below Five Years of Ageat a Tertiary Care Hospital of India

Introduction: The lower respiratory tract infections are a major cause of mortality in children below five years of age. Majority of the time the infection is self-limiting but often gets severe and fatal depending on various factors like age, aetiology, time of diagnosis, appropriate treatment, etc. Aim: To study viral aetiology of Acute Lower Respiratory tract Infections (ALRI) using multiplex real time qualitative Polymerase Chain Reactions (qPCR) among hospitalised children under five years of age. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital based prospective study conducted over a period of two years from June 2015 to May 2017, a throat and nasal swab was collected from 512 children ≤5 years who were being hospitalised for ALRI. The samples were tested by multiplex qPCR to detect viral and p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Out of 512 cases, 317 children were further studied. It was found that highest number of ALRI were observed in children of age less than six months i.e., 38.9% followed by 29.4%, 14.8% and 16.9% in the age group of 6-12 months, 12-24 months and 24-60 months, respectively. The one/more viral pathogens were detected in 58.3% (185/317) children. Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV) was most common virus detected in 51.9% followed by Human Rhinovirus (HRV) in 23.2%. RSV was found to be statistically significant in infants and causes very severe ALRI. Conclusion: The use of multiplex qPCR has clarified the scenario of different respiratory viral aetiologies causing ALRI in different age group of children. The study results enhance knowledge for making strategy to prevent severity of ALRI in different age group, seasons and geographical area.

How our specialty can contribute and benefit from COVID‐19 research

How our specialty can contribute and benefit from COVID‐19 research

An Overview of Alternative Herbal Methods Applied in Cases of In Seasonal Common Cold Caused by Viruses

The common cold caused by viruses is an infectious upper respiratory tract disease. A large number of viruses that cause the disease have been identified. Coronavirüs, parainfluenza respiratory synctial virus (RSV), influenza, rhinoviruses are mostly known as common cold-causing viruses. Often the common cold is self-limiting and short-term disease. But, when it is evaluated in terms of quality of life and job losses, the magnitude of its effect is equivalent to chronic diseases. The lack of precise treatment and the desire to recover as soon as well has led to an increase in the orientation towards complementary alternative medicine practices besides drug treatments. One of the complementary alternative medicine practices is herbal treatment methods. In this study, herbal treatment methods used in the case of colds and their frequency of use were investigated. For this purpose, 298 students who were chosen randomly from the students studying in the Faculty of Health Sciences and who agreed to participate in the study were selected as the sample of the study. The reasons for using of the herbal products in colds by students and the levels of their use were tried to be determined. Keywords: The common cold, Herbal treatment, Colds, Complementary alternative medicine DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/77-02 Publication date: July 31 st 2020

Viral co-infections among children with confirmed measles at hospitals in Hanoi, Vietnam, 2014.

To characterize viral co-infections among representative hospitalized measles cases during the 2014 Hanoi outbreak. Throat swabs were collected from 54 pediatric patients with confirmed measles, and molecular diagnostics performed for 10 additional viral respiratory pathogens (Influenza A/H1N1pdm09; A/H3N2 and influenza B; Parainfluenza 1, 2, 3; Respiratory Synctial Virus, RSV; human Metapneumovirus, hMPV; Adenovirus and Picornavirus). Twenty-one cases (38.9%) showed evidence of infection with other respiratory viruses: 15 samples contained measles plus one additional virus, and 6 samples contained measles plus 2 additional viruses. Adenovirus was detected as a predominant cause of co-infections (13 cases; 24.1%), followed by RSV (6 cases; 11.1%), A/H1N1pdm09 (3cases; 5.6%), PIV3 (3 cases; 3.7%), Rhinovirus (3 cases; 3.7%) and hMPV (1 case; 1.96%). Viral co-infections identified from pediatric measles cases may have contributed to increased disease severity and high rate of fatal outcomes. Optimal treatment of measles cases may require control of multiple viral respiratory pathogens.

Bronchiolitis: Comparative Study between Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV) and Non RSV Aetiology.

Bronchiolitis: Comparative Study between Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV) and Non RSV Aetiology.

Demographic, Clinical and Hematological Profile of Children with Bronchiolitis: A Comparative Study between Respiratory Synctial Virus [RSV] and [Non RSV] Groups.

Acute bronchiolitis is one of major disease affecting the lower airways in infants and children with Respiratory Syncitial Virus (RSV) being most common causative organism accounting for 50%-80% of bronchiolitis cases. To analyse the demographic characteristics, clinical features and haematological profile of children with Bronchiolitis. To compare the findings of demographic characteristics, clinical features and haematological profile between RSV and Non -RSV bronchiolitis. This is a prospective study, conducted in a teritiary care center for 1 year period from Jan 2015 to Dec 2015. The demographic characteristics, clinical features and haematological profile of children aged between 1 month to 3 years who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were noted in predesigned proforma, nasopharyngeal swab was sent for RSV analysis and then the findings of the parameters were compared between the two groups of RSV bronchiolitis and Non RSV bronchiolitis. Among 80 cases with 40 in each group, children below the age of 1year were affected more in RSV group, with male preponderance. Among the clinical features except that 89.7% of RSV cases had wheeze that was statistically significant with no difference in other features. Investigations showed no much difference in both the groups. Percentage of Non RSV subjects who received nebulisation with bronchodilators, steroid and antibiotic therapy were higher than RSV subjects. The hospital stay was significantly higher in RSV cases and none of the study participants met with mortality. Children with RSV bronchiolitis had prolonged hospital stay compared to Non RSV group. Need for nebulisation with bronchodilators, steroids and antibiotic therapy was more in Non RSV group.

Ambient Nitric Oxide And Hospitalisation With Rsv Infection In Children

Introduction: Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV) is one of the most important viral pathogens for lower respiratory tract infections in children. RSV infections show seasonal pattern peaking during w...

Respiratory virus identification by interval polymerase chain reaction testing in the southeastern United States

This study was designed to determine if testing the first ~40 nasal washings (interval) each month for 1 year, could be used as an epidemiologic tool for seasonality and prevalence of respiratory viruses such as human metapneumovirus in an adult and pediatric population in the southeastern United States. Results of interval polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of 469 specimens for 8 viruses were compared with our current procedures using PCR, culture, or respiratory synctial virus antigen for all 7435 specimens (routine). One hundred thirty-six viruses out of 469 specimens (29.0%) and 1,495 viruses out of 7,435 specimens (20.1%) were identified by interval and routine testing, respectively. Seasonal detection varied among viruses and to some degree between interval and routine testing. A higher percent of positives and dual infections were detected by interval testing of pediatric specimens, likely due to the use of PCR for viruses commonly seen in this population. Human metapneumovirus was detected in both pediatric and adult specimens between January and August. Interval testing can be used to provide a snapshot of prevalence and seasonality of respiratory viruses, although as currently designed they may not be sensitive enough to identify the beginning of a specific virus season. Exclusive use of interval PCR testing identified several dual infections, including human metapneumovirus, throughout most of the year in Florida. A rapid turnaround time to results translates into improved infection control and improved patient care.

Anesthesia Literature Review

Anesthesia Literature Review

941 Autonomic Dysfunction in Infants with RSV Infection

BackgroundApnea can be a presenting symptom in respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV) infection. The incidence of apnea in RSV infected infants varies between 16 and 25% with a particularly high risk...

This Month in Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine

Mansbach et alArticle found that while human rhinovirus infection alone was associated with a shorter length of stay, coinfection with respiratory synctial virus was associated with longer hospital stays.

Down syndrome increases risk of hospitalization for RSV

Zachariah et al in Colorado used three retrospective administrative databases and study designs to investigate hospitalizations of children with Down syndrome (DS) due to respiratory synctial virus lower respiratory tract infection (RSV LRTI) during the approximate years of 1995 to 2006. They were able to show that population-based incidence of RSV LRTI in DS was approximately 6-fold higher than in children without DS (67 versus 12 per 1000 child-years during the first 2 years of life, respectively). Children with DS without other underlying conditions (such as congenital heart disease, pulmonary hypertension, chronic lung disease or prematurity) still had higher incidence of RSV LRTI hospitalization (42 per 1000 child-years; OR 3.5, 95% CI 3.10-4.12) than children without DS. Severity scores, clinical features of fever, pulmonary consolidation, bronchodilator use, and durations of hospitalization also were higher in patients with DS.Interpretation of these conglomerated studies has substantial limitations, such as use of administrative databases alone to capture infants with DS in Colorado, assumption of accurate and complete coding of underlying conditions and clinical findings, lack of knowledge of co-factors such as number of siblings and daycare attendance, and potential biases of providers to over-admit and over-treat patients with DS.Despite limitations, the conclusion that children with DS (at least in Colorado) with and without underlying conditions have increased severity of RSV LRTI is likely to be valid. This fits with accumulating evidence of innate and adaptive immunologic differences in these patients, as well as potential vulnerability because of altered anatomy and function of the upper and lower respiratory tract. Prospective, generalizable, rigorous data on incidence of hospitalization of patients with DS with RSV LRTI, as well as a fuller understanding of complex reasons for hospitalization, and efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibody prophylaxis in this population are lacking. The findings of this study should not be construed as evidence to indicate palivizumab use for all children with DS. This study does highlight room for improvement in implementation of current recommendations for palivizumab prophylaxis. Of the 35 children with DS admitted with RSV LRTI to The Children's Hospital Denver from 2000-2006, 19 children had underlying conditions that likely indicated its use, but only 1 child had received antibody prophylaxis.Article page 827▶ Zachariah et al in Colorado used three retrospective administrative databases and study designs to investigate hospitalizations of children with Down syndrome (DS) due to respiratory synctial virus lower respiratory tract infection (RSV LRTI) during the approximate years of 1995 to 2006. They were able to show that population-based incidence of RSV LRTI in DS was approximately 6-fold higher than in children without DS (67 versus 12 per 1000 child-years during the first 2 years of life, respectively). Children with DS without other underlying conditions (such as congenital heart disease, pulmonary hypertension, chronic lung disease or prematurity) still had higher incidence of RSV LRTI hospitalization (42 per 1000 child-years; OR 3.5, 95% CI 3.10-4.12) than children without DS. Severity scores, clinical features of fever, pulmonary consolidation, bronchodilator use, and durations of hospitalization also were higher in patients with DS. Interpretation of these conglomerated studies has substantial limitations, such as use of administrative databases alone to capture infants with DS in Colorado, assumption of accurate and complete coding of underlying conditions and clinical findings, lack of knowledge of co-factors such as number of siblings and daycare attendance, and potential biases of providers to over-admit and over-treat patients with DS. Despite limitations, the conclusion that children with DS (at least in Colorado) with and without underlying conditions have increased severity of RSV LRTI is likely to be valid. This fits with accumulating evidence of innate and adaptive immunologic differences in these patients, as well as potential vulnerability because of altered anatomy and function of the upper and lower respiratory tract. Prospective, generalizable, rigorous data on incidence of hospitalization of patients with DS with RSV LRTI, as well as a fuller understanding of complex reasons for hospitalization, and efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibody prophylaxis in this population are lacking. The findings of this study should not be construed as evidence to indicate palivizumab use for all children with DS. This study does highlight room for improvement in implementation of current recommendations for palivizumab prophylaxis. Of the 35 children with DS admitted with RSV LRTI to The Children's Hospital Denver from 2000-2006, 19 children had underlying conditions that likely indicated its use, but only 1 child had received antibody prophylaxis. Article page 827▶

Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia and severe pulmonary fibrosis in a child with down syndrome: Successful treatment with ultra low-dose cytarabine using GATA1 mutation to monitor minimal residual disease

Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia and severe pulmonary fibrosis in a child with down syndrome: Successful treatment with ultra low-dose cytarabine using GATA1 mutation to monitor minimal residual disease

Perspective: emerging challenges in the treatment of influenza and parainfluenza in transplant patients.

Influenza, respiratory synctial virus, and parainfluenza are common respiratory infections in immunocompromised transplant recipients, causing significant morbidity and mortality in this patient population. This paper focuses on influenza and parainfluenza virus infections in transplant patients with emphasis on the pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza infection. Current antiviral treatment recommendations for influenza and parainfluenza in immunocompromised patients as well as novel investigational therapeutic approaches currently being tested in the clinic are discussed. In addition to the morbidity and mortality caused by these viruses, the development of multidrug resistance leading to transmission of resistant viruses is of great public health concern. The development of effective new therapies for influenza and parainfluenza in these high-risk patients is needed with randomized placebo-controlled studies to assess their clinical utility.

Suboptimal implementation of palivizumab prophylaxis

Administrative data from Florida Medicaid fee-for-service recipients under 2 years of age were reviewed for 7 seasons of respiratory synctial virus (RSV) activity and utilization of palivizumab prophylaxis (PP) prior to requirement for authorization. Utilization for certain indications (eg, chronic lung disease), following prematurity and gestational age at birth of <32 weeks, was modest; approximately two-thirds of eligible patients received prophylaxis. Infants with multiple indications had higher (approximately 80%) utilization of PP.