Respiratory Compartments Research Articles

Identification of tumor markers and differentiation markers for molecular diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma

To identify tumor markers and differentiation markers for lung adenocarcinoma (AdC), we analysed expression profiles of 14,500 genes against three cases of type II alveolar epithelial cells, bronchiolar epithelial cells, and bronchial epithelial cells, respectively, and 10 cases of AdC cells isolated by laser capture microdissection. Hierarchical clustering analysis indicated that AdC cells and noncancerous lung epithelial cells are significantly different in their expression profiles, and that different sets of differentiation markers are expressed among alveolar, bronchiolar and bronchial epithelial cells. Nine genes were identified as being highly expressed in AdC cells, but not expressed in noncancerous lung epithelial cells. Sixteen genes were identified as differentiation markers for lung epithelial cells. Real-time RT-PCR analysis of 45 lung AdC cases further revealed that expression of four tumor markers in AdC cells was significantly higher than that in noncancerous lung cells and that expression of ten differentiation markers was retained in a considerable fraction of lung AdC cases. Five tumor markers and seven differentiation markers were not expressed in peripheral blood cells. Similarities and differences in expression profiles between normal epithelial cells from different lung respiratory compartments and AdC cells demonstrated in this study will be informative for the molecular diagnosis of lung AdC.

On the interaction between respiratory compartments during passive expiration in ARDS patients

Relaxed expiratory volume-time profile has been frequently analysed by fitting exponential functions of time to one- or two-compartment models. In the latter case, the two exponential constants are assumed as representing the time constants of both compartments. Least-square fittings on the experimental data of five consecutive mechanically ventilated supine patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were performed using rate-constants (flow/volume ratio) as parameters in order to obtain the model matching. Passive expiratory volume-time curves were recorded under PEEP = 0 and 13.6 +/- 3.3 S.D. cmH2O conditions. Model matching was optimal with significant, reliable parameter values. As a result, the use of a PEEP in ARDS patients: (a) delayed expiration; (b) decreased the percentage initial volume contribution of the slow-emptying compartment; and, (c) modified the interaction between compartments. The volume-time profile of the second compartment was found to increase at the beginning of expiration, and, then, progressively decayed towards zero, showing a maximum, although the overall curve decreased throughout expiration.

Defining ventral medullary respiratory compartments with a glutamate receptor agonist in the rat

Defining ventral medullary respiratory compartments with a glutamate receptor agonist in the rat

Defining ventral medullary respiratory compartments with a glutamate receptor agonist in the rat.

The regional organization of the ventral respiratory group (VRG) was examined with respect to generation of respiratory rhythm (breathing frequency) versus control of the respiratory motor pattern on individual nerves. In urethane-anaesthetized, neuromuscularly blocked and vagotomized Sprague-Dawley rats, arterial blood pressure (ABP) and respiratory motor outputs (phrenic, pharyngeal branch of the vagus, or superior laryngeal nerves) were recorded. The VRG organization was mapped systematically using injections of the excitatory amino acid DL-homocysteic acid (DLH; 5-20 mM, 2-6 nl) from single- or double-barrel pipettes at 100-200 microm intervals between the facial nucleus and the calamus scriptorius. Recording of respiratory neurons through the injection pipette ensured that the pipette was located within the VRG. At the end of each experiment, the injection pipette was used to make an electrical lesion, thereby marking the electrode position for subsequent histological reconstruction of injection sites. Four rostrocaudal regions were identified: (1) a rostral bradypnoea area, at the level of the Bötzinger complex, in which respiratory rhythm slowed and ABP increased, (2) a tachypnoea/dysrhythmia area, at the level of the preBötzinger complex, in which breathing rate either increased or became irregular, with little or no change in ABP, (3) a caudal bradypnoea area at the level of the anterior part of the rostral VRG in which ABP decreased and (4) a caudal 'no effect' region in the posterior part of the rostral VRG. The peak amplitude of phrenic nerve activity decreased with injections into all three rostral regions. Changes in respiratory rhythm were associated with opposite changes in inspiratory (TI) and expiratory (TE) durations after injections into either the Bötzinger complex or anterior rostral VRG, while both TI and TE decreased after injections into the preBötzinger complex. Effects on selected cranial nerves were similar to those on the phrenic nerve except that tonic activity was elicited on the superior larygneal nerve ipsilateral to injections in the Bötzinger complex and on the pharyngeal branch of the vagus ipsilateral to injections in the preBötzinger complex. These data reinforce the subdivision of the VRG into functionally distinct compartments and suggest that a further subdivision of the rostral VRG is warranted. They also suggest that region-specific influences, especially on the pattern of cranial motor discharge, can be used to assist the identification of recording sites within the VRG. However, the postulated clear functional separation of rhythm- versus pattern-generating regions was not supported.

Sensitivity of doses and associated uncertainties in bioassay estimates to ICRP Publication 66 Respiratory Tract Dosimetric Model with respect to the parameters: Ventilation rates, time budget, total and regional deposition, oral versus nasal breathing and clearance rates of compartments

An analysis of the reliability of the ICRP's dose coefficients for intake of radionuclides, applied on the Human Respiratory Tract Dosimetry Model proposed in ICRP Publication No. 66 was carried out, with respect to the following variables: ventilation rates, time budget, total deposition, regional deposition for the four respiratory tract compartments (alveolar-interstitium, bronchioles, bronchi and extrathoracic), oral versus nasal breathing patterns, and variation in clearance rates of compartments. The analysis was done by calculating reliability factors defined as the square root of the ratio of larger to smaller dose coefficient calculated at the extreme values for the model parameter being tested, in intervals of values of the effective dose. Calculations for each of the variables were carried out for an adult, using these 12 radionuclides: 3H, 60Co, 90Sr, 95Zr, 106Ru, 125Sb, 131I, 137Cs, 210Pb, 226Ra, 238U and 239Pu. For AMAD = 0.1 mm the analysis associated with the total deposition in the compartments indicated a Reliability Category II. For AMADs = 1.0 and 10 mm the analysis associated with the deposition in the extrathoracic compartments indicated a Reliability Category II. For AMAD = 10 mm the deposition in the compartments of the tracheobronchial region also showed a Reliability Category II. Most results for all other parameters for the studied AMADs were found to be in Category I. The corresponding impacts on the uncertainties in the predicted bioassay results for these twelve radionuclides were also determined. This analysis is especially helpful when doses are estimated through bioassay measurements employing the ICRP Publication 66respiratory tract model.

Respiratory dynamics during laughter.

Lung and chest wall mechanics were studied during fits of laughter in 11 normal subjects. Laughing was naturally induced by showing clips of the funniest scenes from a movie by Roberto Benigni. Chest wall volume was measured by using a three-dimensional optoelectronic plethysmography and was partitioned into upper thorax, lower thorax, and abdominal compartments. Esophageal (Pes) and gastric (Pga) pressures were measured in seven subjects. All fits of laughter were characterized by a sudden occurrence of repetitive expiratory efforts at an average frequency of 4.6 +/- 1.1 Hz, which led to a final drop in functional residual capacity (FRC) by 1.55 +/- 0.40 liter (P < 0.001). All compartments similarly contributed to the decrease of lung volumes. The average duration of the fits of laughter was 3.7 +/- 2.2 s. Most of the events were associated with sudden increase in Pes well beyond the critical pressure necessary to generate maximum expiratory flow at a given lung volume. Pga increased more than Pes at the end of the expiratory efforts by an average of 27 +/- 7 cmH2O. Transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) at FRC and at 10% and 20% control forced vital capacity below FRC was significantly higher than Pdi at the same absolute lung volumes during a relaxed maneuver at rest (P < 0.001). We conclude that fits of laughter consistently lead to sudden and substantial decrease in lung volume in all respiratory compartments and remarkable dynamic compression of the airways. Further mechanical stress would have applied to all the organs located in the thoracic cavity if the diaphragm had not actively prevented part of the increase in abdominal pressure from being transmitted to the chest wall cavity.

Determination of equivalent dose rates and committed effective doses in the respiratory system from the inhalation of radon decay products by using SSNTD and a dosimetric compartmental model.

Alpha activities per unit volume, due to radon (222Rn), thoron (220Rn) and their progenies, were evaluated inside different dwelling rooms by using CR-39 and LR-115 II solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTD) and calculating their mean critical angles of etching. The influence of the ventilation rate and nature of the building material has been investigated. Equivalent dose rates and annual committed effective doses due to the inhalation of radon decay products have been determined in the respiratory system by using a dosimetric compartmental model. The influence of the deposition fraction, residual time and activity absorbed fraction of the respiratory system compartments for the radon daughters has been studied.

Retention of Teflon particles in hamster lungs: a stereological study.

The significance of aerosols in medicine is increased when the distribution of inhaled aerosols in the different respiratory tract compartments and their interaction with lung structures are known. The aim of this study was to investigate the retention of the hydrophobic Teflon spheres used in human beings so as to analyze their regional distribution and to study their interaction with lung structures at the deposition site. Six intubated and anesthetized Syrian Golden hamsters inhaled aerosols of Teflon particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 5.5 microns by continuous negative-pressure ventilation adjusted to slow breathing. Lungs were fixed by intravascular perfusion within 21 minutes after inhalation was started, and tissue samples were taken and processed for light and electron microscopy. The stereological (fractionator) analysis revealed that particle retention was the greatest in alveoli (72.4%), less in intrapulmonary conducting airways (22.9%), and the least in extrapulmonary mainstem bronchi (0.3%) and trachea (4.4%). Particles were found submerged in the aqueous lining layer and in close vicinity to epithelial cells. In intrapulmonary conducting airways, 21.5% of Teflon particles had been phagocytized by macrophages. This study with highly hydrophobic Teflon particles clearly demonstrates that for spheres of this size, surface tension and line tension forces rather than the particles' surface free energy are decisive for the displacement of particles into the aqueous phase by surfactant. It was this displacement that enabled subsequent interaction with macrophages. Refined knowledge of particle retention may help us to better understand the biological response to inhaled particles.

Poster 35: Effects of Manipulation of Respiratory Tract Compartments on Gas Composition in the Rabbit Maxillary Sinus

Poster 35: Effects of Manipulation of Respiratory Tract Compartments on Gas Composition in the Rabbit Maxillary Sinus

Time constants may be meaningless in exponentials fit to pressure relaxation data

LETTERS TO THE EDITORTime constants may be meaningless in exponentials fit to pressure relaxation dataT. A. WilsonT. A. WilsonPublished Online:01 Sep 1994https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.3.1570MoreSectionsPDF (662 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInEmailWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformationCited ByStandard and viscoelastic mechanical properties of respiratory system compartments in dogs: Effect of volume, posture, and shapeRespiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, Vol. 261Cell and tissue mechanics in cell migrationExperimental Cell Research, Vol. 319, No. 16Linear and Nonlinear Rheology of Living CellsAnnual Review of Materials Research, Vol. 41, No. 1Viscoelasticity of the human red blood cellMarina Puig-de-Morales-Marinkovic*, Kevin T. Turner*, James P. Butler, Jeffrey J. Fredberg, and Subra Suresh1 August 2007 | American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, Vol. 293, No. 2Cytoskeletal mechanics in adherent human airway smooth muscle cells: probe specificity and scaling of protein-protein dynamicsMarina Puig-de-Morales, Emil Millet, Ben Fabry, Daniel Navajas, Ning Wang, James P. Butler, and Jeffrey J. Fredberg1 September 2004 | American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, Vol. 287, No. 3Time scale and other invariants of integrative mechanical behavior in living cells27 October 2003 | Physical Review E, Vol. 68, No. 4 More from this issue > Volume 77Issue 3September 1994Pages 1570-1571 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1994 the American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.3.1570PubMed7836169History Published online 1 September 1994 Published in print 1 September 1994 Metrics

The Influence of Body Mass on the Endurance to Restrained Submergence in the Pekin Duck

ABSTRACT Pekin ducks, ranging in mass from 0·05 to 3·5 kg, were force-dived to determine the maximum tolerance to diving asphyxia. The size of the respiratory and blood oxygen storage compartments and oxygen utilization during the dive were also measured. By the end of a maximum dive, less than 4% of the original O2 store remained in the blood, whereas almost 25% remained in the respiratory system. In contrast, the level of arterial glucose did not change significantly during diving. The relationship of a number of measured variables to body mass was analysed using linear regression analysis on log10-transformed variables to generate power equations of the form Y = aXb (Y, any variable; X, body mass; a, mass coefficient; b, mass exponent). The mass exponent was 1·19 for the total oxygen stores and 0·64 for maximum diving duration. Using measurements of brain and heart mass and literature estimates of the scaling of O2 consumption, it was also possible to predict a mass exponent aerobic metabolism by these organs during a maximum dive. Allometric cancellation of mass exponents for O2 availability and predicted utilization resulted in a residual mass exponent almost identical to the measured value for maximum dive duration. Thus it is possible to predict the relationship of maximum underwater endurance to body mass in Pekin ducks from a knowledge of the oxygen consumption by, and availability to, the central aerobic organs.

Respiration of the air breathing fishPiabucina festae

Piabucina festae, a Central American stream fish, breathes air frequently, even in air saturated water, however, is not an obligate air breather. Without access to air, it can maintain routine\(\dot V_{O_2 }\) by aquatic respiration down to aPwO2 of about 70 Torr which is its critical O2 tension (PcO2, Fig. 5). Aerial respiration averages 10% of total\(\dot V_{O_2 }\) in air saturated water and 70% in hypoxic water (Fig. 4). At lowPwO2 air breathing is more frequent (Fig. 1), and more O2 is utilized from each air breath (Table 3), and tidal volume may increase (Fig. 7). Vascularized respiratory compartments or cells (Fig. 6), located in the second chamber of the physostomus gas bladder, function for aerial respiration. In ventilation air is gulped and forced through a large pneumatic duct into the gas bladder, excess gas is then released through opercula. Inspiration always precedes expiration and tidal volume is small, keeping gas bladderPO2 low (Table 4). Major differences in the air breathing physiology ofP. festae and other species are its higherPcO2, a low aerial\(\dot V_{O_2 }\) in normoxic water, even though air gulps are frequent, and its pattern of inhalation prior to expiration. The interrelationship and optimization of the three gas bladder functions (buoyancy, sound reception, and air breathing) inP. festae is discussed. Aerial respiration may have evolved secondarily to the gas bladder's function in buoyancy control.

A model for deposition of fibers in the human respiratory system.

A mathematical model for estimating lung deposition of fibers is described. It is based on the aerodynamic behavior of thin straight rods. Predicted deposition values for rods of various equivalent aerodynamic diameters and lengths, for each of three tidal volumes and for each of three respiratory system compartments are reported.

Hysteresis and stress adaptation in the human respiratory system.

ArticleHysteresis and stress adaptation in the human respiratory system.J T Sharp, F N Johnson, N B Goldberg, and P Van LithJ T Sharp, F N Johnson, N B Goldberg, and P Van LithPublished Online:01 Oct 1967https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1967.23.4.487MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByRespiratory‐Cardiovascular Interactions During Mechanical Ventilation: Physiology and Clinical Implications26 April 2022Standard and viscoelastic mechanical properties of respiratory system compartments in dogs: Effect of volume, posture, and shapeRespiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, Vol. 261Patient-specific optimization of mechanical ventilation for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome using quasi-static pulmonary P-V dataInformatics in Medicine Unlocked, Vol. 12Quasi-static pulmonary P–V curves of patients with ARDS, Part I: CharacterizationRespiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, Vol. 248Minimization of Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury in ARDS Patients – Part I: Complex Model of Mechanically Ventilated ARDS LungsMetrology and Measurement Systems, Vol. 24, No. 4Transpulmonary pressure and lung elastance can be estimated by a PEEP-step manoeuvre2 December 2014 | Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 59, No. 2Lung ViscoelasticityClinical Pulmonary Medicine, Vol. 20, No. 3Lung elastance and transpulmonary pressure can be determined without using oesophageal pressure measurements23 April 2012 | Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 56, No. 6A model of ventilation of the healthy human lungComputer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, Vol. 101, No. 2Gas distribution in a two-compartment model during volume or pressure ventilation: Role of elastic elementsRespiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, Vol. 171, No. 3A Mathematical Physiological Model of the Pulmonary VentilationIFAC Proceedings Volumes, Vol. 42, No. 12Lung Mechanics in HealthEffects of viscoelasticity on volume distribution in a two-compartmental model of normal and sick lungs7 December 2004 | Physiological Measurement, Vol. 26, No. 1A new approach to mechanical simulation of lung behaviour: Pressure-controlled and time-related piston movementMedical and Biological Engineering and Computing, Vol. 39, No. 1ENERGY ANALYSIS OF A NONLINEAR MODEL OF THE NORMAL HUMAN LUNG21 November 2011 | Journal of Biological Systems, Vol. 08, No. 02Relaxation of diaphragm muscleCatherine Coirault, Denis Chemla, and Yves Lecarpentier1 October 1999 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 87, No. 4Statics of the respiratory systemMechanical models of the respiratory system: linear modelsMechanical implications of viscoelasticityParaquat poisoning: an experimental model of dose-dependent acute lung injury due to surfactant dysfunctionBrazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Vol. 31, No. 3Mechanical advantage of the canine triangularis sterniAndré De Troyer, and Alexandre Legrand1 February 1998 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 84, No. 2Viscoelastic model and airway occlusionNeuromuscular Blockade Does Not Decrease Oxygen Consumption or Energy Expenditure Beyond Sedation in the Mechanically Ventilated Child1 November 1997 | Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, Vol. 12, No. 6Respiratory mechanics in rabbits ventilated with different tidal volumesRespiration Physiology, Vol. 106, No. 3Contribution of Lung and Chest Wall Mechanics Following Emphysema ResectionChest, Vol. 110, No. 1Mathematical Models in Respiratory MechanicsAssessment of the Viscoelastic Constants Using the Rapid Airway Occlusion TechniqueEffects of Viscoelastic Properties of Respiratory System on Respiratory DynamicsViscoelastic properties of rabbit lung during growthRespiration Physiology, Vol. 86, No. 2Expiratory Mechanics Before and After Uncomplicated Heart SurgeryChest, Vol. 95, No. 1Age related changes in the rate stress relaxation within the rat respiratory systemRespiration Physiology, Vol. 67, No. 3Static Behavior of the Respiratory System1 January 2011Lung Recoil: Elastic and Rheological Properties1 January 2011Passive Mechanical Properties of the Chest Wall1 January 2011Mechanics of the Pleural Space1 January 2011Role of surface tension and tissue in rat lung stress relaxationRespiration Physiology, Vol. 48, No. 1Factors influencing the bronchodilator effect of a deep inspiration in asthmatic patients with provoked bronchoconstriction.Thorax, Vol. 37, No. 2AtemphysiologieAtemmechanische und surfactantbedingte Störfaktoren bei der Entstehung des akuten LungenversagensEvaluation of some alternative mechanisms for interface-related stress relaxation in lungRespiration Physiology, Vol. 34, No. 3Design for positive pressure respiratorsMedical & Biological Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 2Gas Permeability of the Alveolo-pleural Wall in the Mouse LungActa Physiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 84, No. 3A Comparative Study of Lung Compliance and Pulmonary Surfactant Activity in Human SubjectsThe Annals of Thoracic Surgery, Vol. 11, No. 2Measurement of respiratory inertance in anesthetized subjectsRespiration Physiology, Vol. 9, No. 1Dynamic compliance of living lungs before and after perfusionJournal of Biomechanics, Vol. 3, No. 1Pulmonary Mechanics in Normal Men, Studied with the Flow Regulator Method8 July 2009 | Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, Vol. 25, No. 4Respiratory Mechanics in HealthRespiratory control of heart rate†International Journal of Control, Vol. 10, No. 3A Method for Determination of Pulmonary Elastic Recoil and Resistance at a Regulated Flow Rate8 July 2009 | Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, Vol. 24, No. 2 More from this issue > Volume 23Issue 4October 1967Pages 487-97 https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1967.23.4.487PubMed6053674History Published online 1 October 1967 Published in print 1 October 1967 Metrics