Respiratory Cancer Research Articles

Differential role of chronic liver diseases on the incidence of cancer: a longitudinal analysis among 248,224 outpatients in Germany

BackgroundChronic liver diseases, especially chronic hepatitis, are a known risk factor for the development of liver cancer. However, the risk of total cancer development and malignant potential from these diseases is largely unknown. Systematic data on the risk of cancer development from these diseases are missing. Therefore, the goal of this study is to analyze the risk of total cancer development in chronic liver diseases.MethodsA cohort of 15,706 patients with chronic hepatitis and 15,706 patients without hepatitis were matched by propensity scoring from outpatient practices in Germany over a period of 15 years. Cox regression models were conducted to study the association between alcoholic hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and cancer incidence, including liver, other digestive organs, skin, prostate, breast and lymphoid and hematopoietic tissue cancer.ResultsWithin 10 years of the index date, 19.3% of patients with alcoholic hepatitis and 13.4% of non-hepatitis individuals were diagnosed with cancer (log-rank p = 0.035). These proportions were 15.0 vs. 9.9% (p = 0.078) for autoimmune hepatitis, 8.7 vs. 7.1% (p = 0.015) for hepatitis B, and 12.7 vs. 7.6% (p < 0.001) for hepatitis C. In regression analyses, only alcoholic hepatitis (HR: 1.84, 95% CI 1.32–2.54) and hepatitis C (HR: 2.10, 95% CI 1.77–2.50) were significantly associated with increased risk of cancer. There was a very strong positive association between hepatitis C and liver cancer (HR: 78.2 (95% CI 10.9–560.7). Furthermore, hepatitis C was associated with an increased risk of respiratory organ cancer (HR: 2.59, 95% CI 1.42–4.73).ConclusionThis study confirms the strong association between chronic hepatitis and liver cancer, but also with an overall elevated cancer risk, and especially of cancer in the respiratory tract in patients with chronic hepatitis C.

Soot Pollution and Pathological Implications

Carbon-based soot, a black particulate material, is produced when fossil fuels burn partially. Soot is seen as an unwelcome byproduct that results from the insufficient combustion of carbon-containing compounds. The environment is affected by the deposition of soot in water, air and soil. These environmental components serves as a means of exposure to man although, the effect of water and soil exposure are poorly studied. This reviewed has also shown that three pathological conditions may occur as a result of soot exposure; they include- respiratory disorder, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Poly aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) was reported as carcinogenic substance in soot that causes cancer. Direct contact-mediated lung cell failure and immune response involvement that results in cellular proliferation and fibrosis have been proposed as the mechanisms underlying respiratory illness. Inflammation of myocardiac tissues was considered the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in soot exposure individuals. Treatment options were based on the mechanism of soot pathology. Based on existing literatures, this review has demonstrated that soot polluted environment can lead to cancer, cardiovascular disease and respiratory disorder.

PECULIARITIES OF MALITY AND MORTALITY FROM MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS, INCLUDING RESPIRATORY ORGANS, IN UKRAINE

Ukraine is on the list of countries with a high incidence of malignant neoplasms (MN). Among the adult population of Ukraine and European countries, the most common cancers are malignant neoplasms of the respiratory system (MNRS). High priorities in the continuation of MNRS research are determined by high rates of initially neglected cases of respiratory cancer and low survival rates of patients. MN is one of the leading causes of death in the world. According to the WHO, in 2020 about 10 million people died as a result of MN. The most common were cancers of the breast, lung, colon, prostate, skin and stomach. At the same time, the highest number of deaths was recorded as a result of pulmonary disease.&#x0D; The aim is to investigate and analyze the indicators of the oncological service, as well as the level of morbidity and mortality for malignant neoplasms, including the respiratory organs among the population of Ukraine.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The materials for the study were the data of the Cancer Registry for 2019-2020. In the course of this study, the medical-statistical method and the method of structural-logical analysis were used.&#x0D; Results. According to the Center for Medical Statistics, as of the beginning of 2021, 1 million 187.6 thousand patients with oncological diseases are registered in medical institutions in Ukraine.&#x0D; Men most often had lung cancer, trachea and bronchi (15.3%), prostate (12.4%) and non-melanoma skin diseases (9.9%). In women, breast cancer (20.3%), non-melanoma skin diseases (12.9%) and uterine cancer (9.5%) were the most common. MN of the lungs, trachea and bronchi among women ranks 10th in the structure of morbidity.&#x0D; It has been established that in 2020 every fifth case of MN in Ukraine was detected in the abandoned (4th) stage. Oncological diseases in the first stage were detected in 22.8% of patients, in the second - in 24.6%, in the third - in 18.2%, in the fourth - in 20.5%. At the same time, fewer patients in the first and second stages were detected over the past year and, accordingly, more patients in the third and fourth stages. In 7.8% of primary patients, the stage was not determined.&#x0D; In general, 27.1% of Ukrainians have not lived a year since the detection of the disease. Of the MN of the larynx, the proportion of such patients was 25.1%, and of the MN of the trachea, bronchi, and lung - as much as 59.7%, that is, more than half of the patients.&#x0D; It has been established that in Ukraine in recent years, the detection of patients at professional examinations has almost disappeared. As of 2020, this figure was 20.2%. As for this indicator in case of MN of the respiratory organs, they are critical - 9.7% for MN of the larynx and 11.9% for MN of the trachea, bronchi, and lung. Even compared to 2019, this figure has decreased (22.4% in 2019).&#x0D; Conclusions. It has been established that in the structure of the incidence of MN among the population of Ukraine, the leading place is occupied by MN of the trachea, bronchi, lungs, and they are also the main structure-forming factor in morbidity at the age of 30 to 74 years; most often, MNRO is detected in abandoned stages (third and fourth); 59.7% of patients did not live a year from the time of detection of MN disease in the trachea, bronchi, lungs, which is a significantly higher indicator than in MN in general (27.1%); The proportion of patients who are diagnosed with MNRO during preventive examinations is critically low (10.8%). The above data indicate the imperfection of the organization of oncological care for the population, which requires consideration and clarification of the causes at the regional levels.

Association between trends of mortality and incidence, survival and stage at diagnosis for six digestive and respiratory cancers in United States (2009-2013).

A decrease in cancer mortality has been reported in the USA, possibly due to decreased incidence, downstaging and improved survival. The aim of the present study is to estimate the contribution of these factors on the trend in cancer mortality. Data on incidence, mortality, stage at diagnosis, and overall and stage-specific survival for six common digestive and respiratory cancers (esophagus, stomach, colorectal, liver, pancreas and lung) during 2009-2013 in the USA from the surveillance, epidemiology and end results (SEER) program, was analyzed using generalized linear models separately among men and women. Our study showed a decrease in mortality for esophageal (-0.09/100 000/year and -0.03/100 000/year), stomach (-0.11/100 000/year and -0.05/100 000/year), colorectal (-0.45/100 000/year and -0.29/100 000/year) and lung cancer (-1.89/100 000/year in men and -0.78/100 000/year in women) in men and women, respectively: for all of them, except lung cancer in women, there was a decrease in the incidence of comparable or greater magnitude; stage distribution and survival also contributed to the decrease in mortality for lung and colorectal cancer. Mortality from pancreatic cancer was stable: an increase in incidence was counterbalanced by an improvement in survival. Mortality from liver cancer increased, driven by an increase in mortality that was not offset by favorable trends in stage distribution and survival. Trends in mortality were primarily affected by changes in incidence; an increase in the proportion of local stage at diagnosis and improved survival, although evident for some cancers, played a lesser role in mortality trends.

Alleviating spatial confounding in frailty models.

The confounding between fixed effects and (spatial) random effects in a regression setup is termed spatial confounding. This topic continues to gain attention and has been studied extensively in recent years, given that failure to account for this may lead to a suboptimal inference. To mitigate this, a variety of projection-based approaches under the class of restricted spatial models are available in the context of generalized linear mixed models. However, these projection approaches cannot be directly extended to the spatial survival context via frailty models due to dimension incompatibility between the fixed and spatial random effects. In this work, we introduce a two-step approach to handle this, which involves (i) projecting the design matrix to the dimension of the spatial effect (via dimension reduction) and (ii) assuring that the random effect is orthogonal to this new design matrix (confounding alleviation). Under a fully Bayesian paradigm, we conduct fast estimation and inference using integrated nested Laplace approximation. Both simulation studies and application to a motivating data evaluating respiratory cancer survival in the US state of California reveal the advantages of our proposal in terms of model performance and confounding alleviation, compared to alternatives.

Incidence of other cancer diagnoses in women with breast cancer: a retrospective cohort study with 42,248 women.

The aim of the present study was to determine whether women diagnosed with breast cancer (BC) have an increased incidence of other cancers, e.g., gastric cancer, lung cancer, skin cancer, and so on, compared to healthy women without a breast cancer diagnosis. This retrospective cohort study was based on data from the Disease Analyzer database (IQVIA) and included adult women with an initial diagnosis of BC documented in one of 1,274 general practices in Germany between January 2000 and December 2018. Women with BC were matched to women without cancer by age, index year, yearly consultation frequency, and co-diagnoses. Univariate Cox regression models were used to study the association between BC and the incidence of other cancer diagnoses. 21,124 women with BC and 21,124 women (mean age: 63years) without cancer were included. Within 10years of the index date, 14.3% of women with BC and 10.0% of women without cancer were diagnosed with cancer (p < 0.001). BC was significantly associated with the incidence of other cancer diagnoses (HR: 1.42, p < 0.001). The strongest association was observed for respiratory organ cancer (HR = 1.69, p < 0.001), followed by female genital organ cancer (HR = 1.61, p < 0.001) and cancer of lymphoid and hematopoietic tissue (HR: 1.59, p < 0.001). The results of this study show that women with BC have an increased incidence of another cancer compared to women without cancer. Therefore, it is important to pay particular attention to the development of other malignancies during follow-up in patients with BC. This should be considered especially in patients with a proven genetic mutation.

Primary malt-tracheal lymphoma: case report

Background. Tracheal cancer accounts 2 % of all upper respiratory tract cancers, with the incidence of 0.1 cases per 100,000 people per year. Primary tracheal MALT-lymphoma is extremely rare, and therefore there is no clearly established approach to the treatment of this disease. There are several effective positions regarding the choice of therapy. This article discusses the feasibility of endoscopic surgical treatment of primary tracheal lymphoma. The review of the literature presents current data on the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical features and treatment strategy for this disease. Description of the clinical case. A 72-year-old patient was admitted to the Thoracic Surgical Department of the P.A. Hertzen Cancer Research Center with complaints of shortness of breath with moderate physical exertion and dry cough. The examination revealed a tumor in the upper third of the trachea showing an exophytic growth, and grade I–III tracheal stenosis. To restore the lumen of the trachea and prevent complications, the endoscopic resection of the exophytic part of the tumor was performed. Histological and immunohistochemical studies revealed MALT-lymphoma of the trachea. Taking into consideration the indolent form of lymphoma, small size of the tumor, patient’s age and comorbidity, there were no indications for systemic anticancer therapy. The patient was recommended to be followed up. The patient is alive with no evidence of disease recurrence. Conclusion. This case report demonstrates the feasibility of performing organ-preserving endoscopic surgery in the patient with primary tracheal MALT-lymphoma. Taking into consideration the exophytic form of the tumor growth, endoscopic surgery made it possible to avoid unnecessary open tracheal resection, thus signifcantly improving the quality of life of the patient.

Возможности лабораторной диагностики повреждения миокарда при СOVID-19: в фокусе хроническая сердечная недостаточность

Recent studies of patients with COVID-19 have shown that people with cardiovascular disease, hypertension, bleeding disorders, and diabetes have severe symptoms and higher mortality rates. In addition to cardiovascular disease, potential risks also include age, gender, immunosuppressive state, multiple organ dysfunction, chronic respiratory disease, kidney dysfunction, obesity, and cancer. In the practice of a doctor, it is important to be able to predict and prevent the development of complications, so it is necessary to identify the relationship between COVID-19 and cardiovascular diseases at the molecular level. These data will help in the development of markers for the development of complications and provide an opportunity to adjust treatment tactics and prevent their occurrence. This review considers changes in the main markers of heart failure in coronavirus infection, which can be used for risk stratification.

Main reasons and predictive factors of cancer-related emergency department visits in a Hungarian tertiary care center

BackgroundIdentifying the reasons for the Emergency Department (ED) visit of patients with cancer would be essential for possibly decreasing the burden of ED use. The aim of our study was to analyze the distribution of the demographic and clinical parameters of patients with cancer based on the reasons for the ED visits and to identify possible predictive factors for their visits.MethodsThis retrospective study, carried out at a large, public tertiary hospital in Hungary, involved all patients 18 years or over, who had received a cancer diagnosis latest within five years of their visit to the ED in 2018. Demographic and clinical characteristics were collected partly via automated data collection and partly through the manual chart review by a team of experts, including six emergency physicians and an oncologist. Five main reasons for the ED visit were hypothesized, pilot-tested, then identified, including those with cancer-related ED visits (whose visit was unambiguously related to their cancer illness) and those with non-cancer-related ED visits (whose visit to the ED was in no way associated with their cancer illness.) A descriptive approach was used for data analysis and binary logistic regression was used to determine predictive factors for patients with cancer visiting the ED.Results23.2% of the altogether 2383 ED visits were directly cancer-related, and these patients had a significantly worse overall survival than patients with non-cancer related ED visits. Age 65 or below (Odds Ratio: 1.51), presence of two more comorbidities (OR: 7.14), dyspnea as chief complaint (OR: 1.52), respiratory cancer (OR: 3.37), any prior chemotherapy (OR: 1.8), any prior immune/biological treatment (OR: 2.21), any prior Best Supportive Care/palliative care (OR: 19.06), or any prior hospice care (OR: 9.43), and hospitalization (OR:2.88) were independent risk factors for the ED visit to be cancer-related.ConclusionsOur study is the first to identify independent predictive factors of ED use by patients with cancer based on the chief cause of their visit in the Central and Eastern European region. These results may provide important information for the development of algorithms intended to identify the needs of care of patients with cancer at the ED.

Nutrition Risk Screening and Related Factors Analysis of Non-hospitalized Cancer Survivors: A Nationwide Online Survey in China

PurposesThis study investigated the nutritional problems and risks of Chinese non-hospitalized cancer survivors through an online survey.MethodsThe survey included nutritional and clinical questions distributed to non-hospitalized cancer survivors. All data were screened and analyzed with strict quality control. Nutrition Risk Screening-2002 (NRS-2002) was adopted and the related factors were analyzed.ResultsSix thousand six hundred eighty-five questionnaires were included. The prevalence of nutritional risk was 33.9%, which varied according to age, sex, cancer type, TNM staging, oncologic treatment, time interval since last treatment, etc. In the regression analysis, nutritional risk was associated with age, TNM staging, and nutrition support. Patients with leukemia and digestive cancer had the highest NRS-2002 score (3.33 ± 1.45 and 3.25 ± 1.61); the prevalence of nutritional risk (NRS-2002 ≥ 3) was 66.7 and 55.1%, respectively. Patients with a higher TNM stage had higher NRS-2002 scores in non-digestive cancer, which was not seen in digestive cancer. Among digestive, bone, nervous, and respiratory cancer patients, the NRS-2002 score mainly consisted of “impaired nutritional status,” which coincided with the “disease severity score” in leukemia patients. Nutrition intervention was achieved in 79.7 and 15.2% of patients with nutritional risk and no risk. Of the patients, 60.3% exhibited confusion about nutritional problems, but only 25.1% had professional counseling.ConclusionsRegular nutritional risk screening, assessment, and monitoring are needed to cover non-hospitalized cancer survivors to provide nutrition intervention for better clinical outcome and quality of life. By online survey, the nutritional risk of non-hospitalized cancer survivors was found high in China, but the nutrition support or professional consultation were not desirable. The composition of nutritional risk should also be aware of.

Impact of a previous cancer history on the overall survival of patients with primary gastric cancer: A SEER population-based study

BackgroundThe impact of previous cancers on the survival of gastric cancer (GC) patients is still uncertain. To evaluate the impact of a prior cancer history on the overall survival of patients with primary GC. MethodsThe Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database provided data on patients diagnosed with GC as the first or second primary malignancy between 2010 and 2015 in this retrospective cohort study. Cox proportional hazards models, Kaplan-Meier curves and forest plots were utilized to analyze overall survival. Subgroup analysis was performed based on age, gender, race and prior cancer type. ResultsTotally 39,379 were eligible for this study, including 7403 (18.8%) with a previous cancer history. A previous cancer was an independent risk factor for overall survival [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.103, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.070–1.138]. For GC patients aged 40–60 years (HR = 1.191, 95% CI: 1.084–1.308) and ≥60 years (HR = 1.093, 95% CI: 1.058–1.13) at diagnosis, a previous cancer was significantly associated with worse overall survival. GC patients with previous oral cavity and pharynx cancer (HR = 1.249, 95% CI: 1.038–1.501), respiratory system cancer (HR = 1.177, 95% CI: 1.076–1.286), female genital system cancer (HR = 1.169, 95% CI: 1.011–1.351), or lymphoma cancer (HR = 1.192, 95% CI: 1.023–1.389) had shorter overall survival than GC patients without a previous cancer. ConclusionA previous cancer adversely affected the overall survival of GC patients. Specifically, GC patients aged ≥40 years, or with oral cavity and pharynx cancer, respiratory system cancer, female genital system cancer, or lymphoma cancer had inferior overall survival. These patients should obtain more attention and get individualized treatment to improve prognosis, and clinical trial eligibility criteria could be reconsidered for particular age and cancer types.

Approximation to general economic costs of mental illness

This paper shows characteristics of mental illness and its economic impact, as well as various cost-estimating approaches and insights in missed economic opportunities. To assess the burden of economic diseases, there are three different ways: the human capital, the economic growth and the value of statistical life approach. The first focuses on indirect and direct costs. Direct costs are frequently associated with care and recovery, indirect costs apply to the "invisible costs" correlated with revenue loss due to death, injury, treatment and a fading productivity. The global financial costs of mental illness were evaluated at US$2.5 trillion, with a significantly bigger impact of indirect costs. Moreover, the effect of mental illness on economic development can only be approximated implicitly. Thus, the lack of production is primary estimated for somatic conditions compared to their corresponding quantity of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). According to some research, the total economic productivity drop associated with mental illnesses between 2011 and 2030 is estimated to be US$16.3 trillion globally. Furthermore, the value of statistical life (VSL) method suggests that trade-offs between risks and capital should be used to assess the probability of injury or death due to psychiatric illness. This computation, like the economic increase effect, is equivalent to that of cardiovascular disease and bigger than that of chronic respiratory disease, cancer, and diabetes. However, greater activism is required to better the existing condition. This involves a shift in thinking away from stigmatizing mentally ill people and supports the activation of financial resources.

Aerosol mass and size-resolved metal content in urban Bangkok, Thailand

Inhalable particulate matter (PM) is a health concern, and people living in large cities such as Bangkok are exposed to high concentrations. This exposure has been linked to respiratory and cardiac diseases and cancers of the lung and brain. Throughout 2018, PM was measured in northern Bangkok near a toll road (13.87°N, 100.58°E) covering all three seasons (cool, hot and rainy). PM10 was measured in 24- and 72-h samples. On selected dates aerodynamic size and mass distribution were measured as 3-day samples from a fixed 5th floor inlet. Particle number concentration was measured from the 5th floor inlet and in roadside survey measurements. There was a large fraction of particle number concentration in the sub-micron range, which showed the greatest variability compared with larger fractions. Metals associated with combustion sources were most found on the smaller size fraction of particles, which may have implications for associated adverse health outcomes because of the likely location of aerosol deposition in the distal airways of the lung. PM10 samples varied between 30 and 100 μg m−3, with highest concentrations in the cool season. The largest metal fractions present in the PM10 measurements were calcium, iron and magnesium during the hot season with average airborne concentrations of 13.2, 3.6 and 2.0 μg m−3, respectively. Copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, molybdenum, cadmium, antimony and lead had large non-crustal sources. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified likely sources of the metals as crustal minerals, tailpipe exhaust and non-combustion traffic. A health risk analysis showed a higher risk of both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health effects in the drier seasons than the wet season due to ingestion of nickel, arsenic, cadmium and lead.Graphical abstract

Health Service Readiness, Availability, and Utilization of Primary Health Care Facilities for Non-Communicable Diseases in Shan State, Myanmar.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are increasing in Myanmar. There have been limited studies to assess the health service system for NCDs patients at the primary health care (PHC) level. We aimed to assess and compare the health service readiness, availability, and utilization of PHC facilities for NCDs in districts in Myanmar. This cross-sectional study collected data by questionnaires from 242 health care providers working at PHC facilities in three districts in Shan State, Myanmar from January 2020 to January 2021. Differences were calculated with the ANOVA test for NCD capacity readiness and NCD service availability and the Kruskal-Wallis test for NCD service utilization. PHC facilities had a mean score of greater than 70% for NCD capacity readiness of health workforces, health information systems, and essential medicines and equipment domains, but there were large gaps for improvement in financing and governance of health. Almost all PHC facilities had NCD services available, and the differences were not significant among the three districts. However, the mean scores of NCD services availability for chronic respiratory diseases and cancers were lower in all districts. Regarding NCD service utilization, the screening and new patient rates had significant differences among districts (P-value < 0.05). We revealed the situation and gaps in managing NCDs in Myanmar's PHC facilities. These findings can inform policymakers at the state and district levels to implement programs for improving health services for NCDs, particularly in rural areas.

Brain Abscess and Risk of Cancer: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.

Underlying occult cancer could potentially explain some of the observed increased long-term mortality among patients with brain abscess. Nationwide, population-based health care registries were used to examine long-term risks of cancer in patients with brain abscess from 1982 to 2016 compared with a population comparison cohort individually matched (10:1) on age, sex, and residence. Cumulative incidences and adjusted cause-specific hazard rate ratios (HRRs) with 95% CIs for cancer were computed. Potential confounding by family-related factors was explored by comparing cumulative incidences of cancer among siblings of both groups. Among 1,384 patients with brain abscess (37% female, median age 50 years, interquartile ranges [IQR] 33-63), cancer was observed in 218 (16%) compared with 1,657 of 13,838 (12%) in the comparison cohort yielding an adj. HRR of 2.09 (95% CI 1.79-2.45). The median time to diagnosis of cancer was 1.8 years (IQR 0.02-9.1) in patients with brain abscess and 8.6 years (IQR 3.9-15.9) in comparison cohort. Among patients with brain abscess, CNS and eye cancer was diagnosed in 59 (4.3%), of which 47 of 59 (80%) occurred within 90 days of the admission date, metastasizing cancer in 54 (3.9%), respiratory tract cancer in 48 (3.5%), and gastrointestinal cancer in 36 (2.6%). Results remained consistent in almost all subgroups and in sensitivity analyses. Accounting for competing risk of death, the 1-, 5-, 10-, and 35-year cumulative incidence of cancer was 7% (95% CI 6-8), 11% (95% CI 9-12), 13% (95% CI 11-15), and 24% (95% CI 20-27) in patients with brain abscess compared with 0.7% (95% CI 0.6-0.9), 4% (95% CI 4-5), 8% (95% CI 8-9), and 25% (95% CI 23-27) in the comparison cohort, respectively. The cumulative incidences of cancer among siblings of patients with brain abscess were 10% and 12% among siblings of the comparison cohort. Brain abscess was associated with substantially increased risk of cancer during the first 10 years after diagnosis.

The incidence of cancer recurrence and new cancer following commencement of dialysis.

ABSTRACTBackgroundPatients with kidney failure have a higher cancer risk compared with the age-matched general population. However, the outcomes of incident dialysis patients with a prior cancer history are unknown.MethodsUsing Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry data (2000–2019), the outcomes and survival probabilities of incident dialysis patients with prior cancers and having experienced a cancer recurrence or having developed a new cancer after dialysis commencement were described.ResultsOf 4912 patients with prior cancers before dialysis commencement, 323 (7%) and 343 (7%) patients experienced cancer recurrence or developed new cancers after dialysis initiation, respectively. The median time from dialysis commencement to cancer recurrence was 1.2 years [interquartile range (IQR) 0.5–2.8] and was 2.0 years (IQR 0.7–4.0) for new cancer occurrence. Of those with cancer recurrence, 80% presented with metastatic disease and one in two patients died from cancer, with a median time from cancer recurrence to death of 0.5 years (IQR 0.2–1.7). Of those who developed new cancer, urinary tract and respiratory cancers were the most frequent cancer types, with a median time from new cancer diagnosis to death of 1.3 years (IQR 0.4–3.1). The 3-year survival probabilities on dialysis following cancer recurrence and new cancer were 19% [95% confidence interval (CI) 15–24] and 41% (35–47), respectively.ConclusionAmong incident dialysis patients with a prior cancer history, 14% experienced cancer recurrence or developed a new cancer. Patients who experienced cancer recurrence or developed new cancer have poor outcomes, with ˂50% surviving beyond 3 years. These findings suggest the need to have a greater understanding of the characteristics, cancer screening, treatment responses and reasons for commencing dialysis in patients with kidney failure and prior cancer history, which may help in the shared clinical decision-making process when considering dialysis for these patients.

The incidence and comparative prognosis of primary cancers with metastasis to non-common sites: A SEER database analysis of 2016-2018.

e22506 Background: Primary tumors can present late with metastasis to uncommon sites (such as adrenals, bone marrow, pleura, malignant pleural effusion, peritoneum, and skin, among others) as well as common sites (such as liver, bone, lung, and distal lymph nodes). Our study aimed to investigate the characteristics and comparative survival for metastasis to uncommon sites at the time of diagnosis using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Methods: We extracted the data from the SEER database for the years 2016-2018 to include all patients presenting with metastasis to uncommon sites at diagnosis without restrictions on age, race, year of diagnosis, or histological type. Uncommon sites of metastasis were coded as other sites in the SEER database and did not involve liver, bone, brain, lung, and distal lymph nodes. We used R software to perform the descriptive analysis for uncommon sites according to the primary sites and co-metastasis along with their survival. Results: A total of 25,345 patients were included with metastasis to uncommon sites with a female predominance of 13,033 (51.4 %); the mean age at diagnosis was 68 ± 17 years. Lung and bronchus primaries represented the largest proportion with metastasized to uncommon sites 10,612 (41.9%), followed by non-Hodgkin's lymphoma-nodal 1,871 (7.4%), pancreas 1,690 (6.6%), stomach 940 (3.7%), and ovarian 885 (3.4%). The incidence was most common in respiratory cancers in ages 61-80 years (25%) and least in breast primaries in ages 18-40 years (0.1%). Whites compared to other races had a higher incidence. Liver cancer had the worst prognosis with a median survival of 1 month, whereas small intestine tumors were associated with a better prognosis with a median survival of 13 months. Further survival data is mentioned in the table. Conclusions: Our study concluded that the lung and bronchus cancers were the most common primaries metastasized to uncommon sites at diagnosis while the liver had the worst survival. These findings will help redirect the available screening tools to improve survival in patients with primary tumors with metastasis at diagnosis and may also play an essential role in future research and achieve a better prognosis for cancer patients.[Table: see text]

LINC00116 Is a Novel Prognostic Biomarker of Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer.

Purpose: Lung cancer is the most malignant respiratory cancer with an undesirable prognosis. Emerging evidence shows that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) can regulate lung cancer development. Currently, the role of LINC00116, a novel lncRNA, in lung cancer is unknown. This study was designed to evaluate the association and clinical significance between the level of LINC00116 and lung cancer. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 19 paired lung cancer and non-cancerous adjacent tissues were collected from lung cancer patients to measure the expression of LINC00116 by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Microarray analysis (Oncomine and CCLE). Clinicopathological features of patients were obtained to analyze their relationships with LINC00116 expression levels. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to analyze the prognosis. Results: LINC00116 expression was upregulated in lung cancer. Furthermore, we found that LINC00116 expression was correlated with pT factor, pN factor, pTNM stage, smoking history, differentiation, and Ki-67 labeling index (p < 0.05). In addition, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that high levels of LINC00116 expression were associated with poorer overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and first progression (FP) (p < 0.05) of lung cancer patients. Conclusions: Our study provided evidence that LINC00116 is upregulated in lung cancer tissues and can predict poor survival. It might also be able to serve as a therapeutic target. The Clinical Trial Registration number 2022-020.

Semi-Decadal Spatio-temporal variation of gaseous pollutants over a Part of a National Capital Region, India

Air pollution occurs when fumes (or smoke) and dust particle gases are introduced into the atmosphere insuch a way that endangers animal and plant. Air pollution harms the health of living beings on our planet.It causes acid rain and smog, which cause respiratory diseases and cancer, depletes the ozone layer, andcontributes to global warming. Current study examines gaseous observations, which is a measure sourceof the air pollution, in an urban National Capital Region of India.The concentration of gases was measuredat air quality monitoring stations (AQMS) located throughout Delhi. The collection is from a five-yearperiod of real-time data observation. Gas variations were interpolated in a geographic information system(GIS) to generate digital elevation models (DEMs). The current study investigated the role of gaseouspollutants in increasing overall pollution levels in Delhi NCR, as well as the variation of gaseous pollutionacross Delhi’s different stations. Temporal interpolation of observations based on the concentration of gasesdepicted on the Z-axis. During the winter and monsoon seasons, distinct clusters of high values are depicted,indicating specific natural and anthropogenic activities. Summer months, on the other hand, indicate lowvalues, indicating steady atmospheric conditions. Such information can play a critical part in enhancingthe government’s developmental initiatives and planning to lower the degree of pollution that our countryrequires.

The Beneficial Role of Probiotic Lactobacillus in Respiratory Diseases.

Respiratory diseases cause a high incidence and mortality worldwide. As a natural immunobiotic, Lactobacillus has excellent immunomodulatory ability. Administration of some Lactobacillus species can alleviate the symptoms of respiratory diseases such as respiratory tract infections, asthma, lung cancer and cystic fibrosis in animal studies and clinical trials. The beneficial effect of Lactobacillus on the respiratory tract is strain dependent. Moreover, the efficacy of Lactobacillus may be affected by many factors, such as bacteria dose, timing and host background. Here, we summarized the beneficial effect of administered Lactobacillus on common respiratory diseases with a focus on the mechanism and safety of Lactobacillus in regulating respiratory immunity.