Resource Of Bioactive Compounds Research Articles

Potential Medicinal Fungi from Freshwater Environments as Resources of Bioactive Compounds.

Owing to their nutritional, culinary, and nutraceutical, mushrooms are worldwide consumed and appreciated. Moreover, many of these mushrooms are also known as medicinal mushrooms since they possess several pharmacological properties attributable to a huge number of bioactive compounds derived from their sporophores. Several studies are available in the literature about in vitro and in vivo mechanisms of actions of such bioactive compounds. Most of these surveys are focused on macrofungi belonging to the genera Pleurotus, Ganoderma, or specific taxa such as Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus blazei, Boletus eduliInonotus obliquus, Hericium erinaceus, Lentinula edodes, and Grifola frondose. On the other hand, there is a lack of information on the under investigated ecological group of freshwater fungi. These fungi play a very important role in freshwater environments and some of them, belonging to Basidiomycota, are also edible and largely consumed. In this review we collected information about the medicinal properties of freshwater macro- and micromycetes. Among them, macrofungi, such as Amanita vaginata, Armillaria mellea, Armillaria tabescens, Astraeus hygrometricus, Auricularia auricula-judae, Bjerkandera adusta, Bovista nigrescens, Calocybe gambosa, Candolleomyces candolleanus, Collybia dryophila, Coprinus comatus, Cyclocybe cylindracea, Hypsizygus ulmarius, Inonotus hispidus, Lactarius controversus, Lentinus tigrinus, and Schizophyllum commune, observed in riparian habitat, and microfungi, such as Penicillium aculeatum, P. chrysogenum, and Fusarium incarnatum, isolated from aquatic plants, have been reported to have antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, immunomoludatory, hypoglycaemic, and other pharmaceutical activities. Such fungal species are noteworthy since they represent an important quote of biodiversity to preserve their fundamental ecological role and a possible solution for different health problems for humans and animal farms.

Food Waste As A Useful Resource Of Bioactive Compounds And Their Extraction

Food Waste As A Useful Resource Of Bioactive Compounds And Their Extraction

Food Waste As A Useful Resource Of Bioactive Compounds And Their Extraction

Food Waste As A Useful Resource Of Bioactive Compounds And Their Extraction

Impact of solvent type, solvent-water concentration, and number of stages on the extraction of coumarin mixture from tamanu (Calophyllum inophyllum) oil and its antioxidant activity

Natural products have been receiving the spotlight from the people of developing and developed countries in recent years due to rising health care expenses and global financial crises. These natural products are the resources for bioactive compounds used in the drug development process. Tamanu seed oil is used for traditional remedies and cosmetic ingredients. The dried seed produces an oil with a yield of 50–75 %. Previous works reported that the seed oil comprised coumarins, one of the eminent groups of phenolics. Coumarins have anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antiviral, wound healing properties, and anti-HIV effects. Extraction is often referred to as the sample preparation method as its essential to purify bioactive compounds. In this work, coumarin mixture from tamanu oil was extracted by batchwise multi stages extraction. The effects of solvent used (methanol and ethanol), solvent–water concentration, and the number of stages were studied. The optimal conditions for the extraction of the coumarin mixture were 90 % ethanol and eight stages of extraction, which contributed to 50.73 ± 0.16 % of purity and 92.95 ± 3.76 % of recovery. Also, these conditions removed up to 66 % free fatty acids (FFA) and 100 % triglycerides (TG). It was found that the DPPH inhibition at 400 ppm shows that 90 % ethanol has the highest inhibition (57.72 ± 2.70 %) with an IC50 value of 305 ppm. Moreover, various compounds like pyrrole-2 carboxylate, epicrinamidine, cholestane, and hydroxysclerodin trimethyl ether were also detected in the polar fraction of tamanu oil.

Endophytic Fungi from Marine Macroalgae in Nova Scotia

Marine macroalgae are a polyphyletic group of photosynthetic eukaryotes and play critical roles in oxygen production, as primary producers, and in providing physical habitat structure. They harbor diverse microbial communities, including mutualistic, commensalistic, and parasitic fungi. These fungi may be obligately or facultatively marine and symbiotic. In this investigation, we isolated endophytic algicolous fungi from marine macroalgae collected from 5 intertidal sites in Nova Scotia. Fungi were cultured from surface-sterilized algal tissue and identified using ITS rDNA barcoding. From 21 marine macroalgal species collected, 11 algal species harbored endophytic fungi. We identified 23 endophytic algicolous fungi from the Bay of Fundy and Atlantic coasts of Nova Scotia. Marine endophytes are a promising new resource for bioactive compounds.

Olea europaea bud extracts: inhibitory effects on pancreatic lipase and α-amylase activities of different cultivars from Calabria region (Italy)

Plants have always represented a great resource of bioactive compounds. Olea europaea is considered one the most important fruit trees of the entire Mediterranean basin and its use in traditional medicine dates back to very ancient times. In this work, bud extracts from two O. europaea cultivars, ‘Carolea’ and ‘Cassanese’, were investigated in order to evaluate their phytochemical profile and biological activities. Each sample was extracted with a hydroalcoholic solution with two different extraction techniques: classical maceration and extraction by Naviglio Extractor®. Total phenolic and flavonoid content was assessed, and the apolar constituents were detected by means of GC-MS. In vitro radical-scavenging, anti-obesity and hypoglycemic properties were investigated through the DPPH test, pancreatic lipase and α-amylase inhibition assays. Results showed that ‘Carolea’ extracted by Naviglio® was able to exert the best antioxidant activity and an excellent inhibitory effect on digestive enzymes with IC50 values equal to 1.27 ± 0.04 mg/mL and 33.21 ± 0.23 µg/mL for lipase and α-amylase inhibition, respectively.

Exploring the potential of using bioactive plant products in the management of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. albedinis: the causal agent of Bayoud disease on date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

Background“Bayoud” disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis (Foa) poses a serious threat to date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in Morocco. However, research studies performed to discover biological methods to control this disease remain limited. The present study has set objectives to determine antifungal activity of five plants extracts (Acacia cyanophylla, Cupressus atlantica, Eucalyptus torquata, Nerium oleander, and Schinus molle) against Foa and link this effect to their content in polyphenols and flavonoids as well as their antioxidant properties.ResultsPlant extracts showed significant differences (p < 0.05) regarding their antifungal activity. The extracts of E. torquata and C. atlantica showed the strongest antifungal effect resulting in the inhibition of mycelial growth, sporulation, and spore germination in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, there were significant differences among the examined plant extracts in respect to their total polyphenols (1.536–7.348 g GAE/100 g DW), flavonoids (0.986–5.759 g RE/100 g DW), and antioxidant properties measured by Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) (7.47–38.97 mmol TE/100 g DW) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay (8.95–47.36 mmol TE/100 g DW). Moreover, the antifungal potential of plant extracts was found to be moderately to strongly correlated with their polyphenol and flavonoid contents as well as their antioxidant activity, implying that the effective inhibitory activity of these plant extracts is partly due to their richness in antioxidative secondary metabolites.ConclusionOur findings shed further light on plants as a-yet-untapped resource of bioactive compounds and constructed the foundation for the development of new biological approaches to best manage Bayoud disease.

Polyalcohols as Hydrogen-Bonding Donors in Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extraction of Xanthones from the Pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L.

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a fruit that is rich in xanthones, utilized as health supplements or additives in food products due to their high antioxidant activities. Choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with polyalcohols (ethylene glycol, glycerol, propanediols, and butanediols) as hydrogen bonding donors (HBDs) were used to extract the xanthones from the pericarp of mangosteen. DESs with 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, and 1,2-butanediol as HBDs (ChCl to HBD mole ratio of 1:3) afforded the highest extraction yields (2.40-2.63%) of α-mangostin, the most abundant component that represents xanthones. These DESs have intermediate Nile Red polar parameter values similar to that of ethanol and provide extraction yields with a quadratic dependence on the polar parameter. Polarity and viscosity, the important physicochemical properties to consider in the selection of DES as an extraction solvent, could be adjusted based on the consideration of the molecular structure of the polyalcohols. The following factors qualifies the ChCl-1,2-propanediol DES as a designer solvent for green extraction: It is selected from a set of DESs having a homologous class of HBDs to deliver the highest α-mangostin extraction yield, its extract composition similar to that obtained using ethanol, it has low or negligible vapor pressure, both of its components are generally recognized as safe chemicals so that direct utilization of a DES extract is possible, and this DES is used for utilization of agricultural waste products as the resource of bioactive compounds.

Bioactive and bioaccessibility characteristics of honeybee pollens collected from different regions of Turkey

Pollens used by honey bees as a primary protein source has been attracted attention due to their positive health effects. The geographical and botanical origin of honeybee pollens affect their nutritional value as well as bioactive and bioaccessibility properties. This study investigated the bioactive and bioaccessibility properties (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity) of some honeybee pollens collected from different seaside regions of Turkey. Results indicated that total phenolic content, total flavonoid and total antioxidant (DPPH and CUPRAC) were between 3.9 and 9.2 mg GAE/g, 1.2–1.9 mg CAE/g sample, 1.7–17.6 mg TEAC/g and 0.68–3.04 mg TEAC/g, respectively. As for the bioaccessible fraction (IN) of collected pollens was 0.24–0.37 mg GAE/g for total phenolic, 0.01–0.08 TEAC/g for total flavonoid, 0.01–0.38 mg TEAC/g for DPPH and 0.01–0.4 mg TEAC/g for CUPRAC. Maximum recovery (%) was obtained for the sample collected from Canakkale city of Turkey for total phenolics (7.3%), total flavonoids (5.9%) and DPPH (6.6%). The results of the present study showed that bee pollen can be used as a resource of bioactive compounds in the daily diet due to the bioaccessibility properties and be added to formulation of the different food products to improve functionality.

Applying Parallel Factor Analysis models to HPLC diode array detector datasets reveals strain dependent regulation of polyketide biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium pseudograminearum

Fungal secondary metabolites confer an indiscriminate resource of bioactive compounds with both pharmaceutical and industrial relevance. Synthesis of these compounds is tightly controlled through regulatory networks. These networks act in response to the environmental conditions in which the fungus grows. One class of fungal secondary metabolites that have drawn increased attention, is the polyketides produced by a high number of fungi and bacteria. The increasing number of publicly available genomic sequences of filamentous fungi, combined with new and highly efficient DNA-cloning techniques, has allowed the use of new efficient approaches to study the regulation and synthesis of these compounds. With the availability of new molecular genetic tools, a new bottleneck has occurred in fungal molecular biology; the analytical chemical analysis of the generated transgenic mutants. In this study, a method based on PARAFAC data analysis of HPLC data is presented and shown useful for gaining overview of complex and diverse datasets. Further, the strain specific and nutrient dependent regulation of polyketide synthesis is discussed.

Biological activities of seaweed extracts from British Columbia, Canada, and Korea. I. Antiviral activity

We report the results of the first screening of 89 seaweeds collected from British Columbia, Canada, and Korea for antiviral activity. Various concentrations of methanol extracts of dried algae were tested against 100 plaque-forming units of herpes simplex virus type 1 and Sindbis virus in Vero cell monolayers. Eleven extracts inhibited both viruses, and 22 extracts were active against only one of the viruses. Thus, in total 37% of the species were active, and only two of these extracts also showed cytotoxicity at the concentrations tested. The antiviral activities were proportionately more frequent in the Korean extracts (56% compared with 27% of Canadian extracts), but in general the more potent extracts were of Canadian origin. Analipus japonicus was the most potent anti-herpes species, and the Korean species of Codium fragile was the most potent against both viruses. This high yield of antiviral extracts illustrates the potential of seaweeds as a resource for bioactive compounds. Key words: seaweeds, algal extracts, antiviral activities.