Transfer Of Resources Research Articles

Metabolites from intact phage-infected Synechococcus chemotactically attract heterotrophic marine bacteria.

Chemical cues mediate interactions between marine phytoplankton and bacteria, underpinning ecosystem-scale processes including nutrient cycling and carbon fixation. Phage infection alters host metabolism, stimulating the release of chemical cues from intact plankton, but how these dynamics impact ecology and biogeochemistry is poorly understood. Here we determine the impact of phage infection on dissolved metabolite pools from marine cyanobacteria and the subsequent chemotactic response of heterotrophic bacteria using time-resolved metabolomics and microfluidics. Metabolites released from intact, phage-infected Synechococcus elicited strong chemoattraction from Vibrio alginolyticus and Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis, especially during early infection stages. Sustained bacterial chemotaxis occurred towards live-infected Synechococcus, contrasted by no discernible chemotaxis towards uninfected cyanobacteria. High-throughput microfluidics identified 5'-deoxyadenosine and 5'-methylthioadenosine as key attractants. Our findings establish that, before lysis, phage-infected picophytoplankton release compounds that attract motile heterotrophic bacteria, suggesting a mechanism for resource transfer that might impact carbon and nutrient fluxes across trophic levels.

Reproductive resilience: pathways to gametogenic success in Montipora capitata after bleaching.

Thermal bleaching, or the loss of symbiotic algae that provide most energetic resources for the coral host, is an increasing threat to reefs worldwide and is projected to worsen with climate change. While bleaching is a well-recognized threat, the impact on the process of reproduction in bleaching survivors is not well resolved, despite being central to coral resilience. Montipora capitata can survive bleaching while completing a full gametogenic cycle, offering an ideal system to study gametogenic resilience and physiological tradeoffs. We experimentally bleached fragments of M. capitata colonies and followed their gametogenesis and physiological responses for 10months (six time points). All bleached colonies produced gametes at the same time as controls, suggesting that reproductive processes were energetically prioritized. However, proteomic analysis revealed tradeoffs and delays in activating key physiological processes earlier in gametogenesis in areas such as skeletal growth and reproductive hormone synthesis. Tradeoffs during the gametogenic cycle, likely a direct response to thermal bleaching, resulted in smaller oocytes from bleached colonies, potentially indicating decreased transfer of parental resources to gametes. While gametogenesis is likely to continue in this species, it is unknown how the fecundity, synchrony of spawning, viability and success of future offspring may be impacted by future bleaching events.

The Samaritan bureaucracy in international transfers

AbstractConventional wisdom tells us that other-regarding sentiments are desirable as they yield positive social outcomes. However, the consequences of other-regarding behaviors are broadly ambiguous and may have unintended consequences, especially when they must pass through institutional filters. In this paper, we use the Samaritan’s Dilemma model to understand the perverse unintended consequences of institutionalized commitments to resource transfers expressed through international transfer organizations (ITOs), the collection of government and non-government international organizations involved in transferring foreign assistance. To do so, we maintain the core logic of the classic Samaritan’s Dilemma model but alter its assumptions to account for two features of international transfers. First, transfers are channeled through an ITO bureaucracy, which we call a “Samaritan Bureaucracy.” Second, the recipient effects that extend beyond a single person (the target recipient) to include various heterogeneous individuals. We illustrate these effects by analyzing two different harmful recipient effects—reinforcing a corrupt status quo and exacerbating social conflict.

A Review Paper on IPv4 and IPv6: A Comprehensive Survey

Even though more customers are regularly coming to the Internet, IPv4 addresses have been reduced by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and have been deactivated in domain name registries (RIRs). IPv6, being the sole important next-generation Internet protocol, has yet to be fully developed and deployed, owing to the lack of a scheme that might address the transfer of IPv4 resources to IPv6 networks as well as collective communication between the two incompatible protocols. The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet protocol version 4 (TCP/IPv4) addresses have been reported as being on the verge of collapsing, while the next generation Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is being identified on a regular basis. Among other advantages, IPv6 provides a significantly wider address space, better address design, and more security. IPv6 distribution necessitates a thorough and meticulous setup in order to avoid network disturbance and reap the benefits of IPv6. Because of the problems with IPv4, IPv6 is currently becoming increasingly popular among organizations, businesses, and Internet Service Providers (ISP). This paper we will explores the evolution of Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4), its key features, challenges, and limitations, and examines how Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) addresses these issues. Additionally, we will highlight the key differences between the two protocols and discuss the transition process from IPv4 to IPv6.

Leveraging para-sport events for accessible tourism development in non-host cities: Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games

PurposeThis study aimed to explore Tokyo 2020’s non-host cities leveraging the Paralympic Games for accessible tourism development. Following their successful bid, the Japanese government launched a national initiative to promote an inclusive society, extending beyond Tokyo to include other regions and achieving the social model of disability. In particular, this study examined why and how non-host cities leveraged para-sport events for accessible tourism development.Design/methodology/approachWe conducted multiple case studies focusing on three non-host cities that engaged in the national initiative from Tokyo 2020. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with city employees from the authorities in October 2019 and the municipal council meeting minutes mentioning the initiative.FindingsThematic analysis identified contexts, strategic objectives, resources and means comprising the leveraging processes, differing from the previously suggested leveraging process. Notably, non-host cities embarked on leveraging when they realized alignment between their existing policies and the national initiative. Contrary to assumptions, our findings suggest that sport event leveraging does not always require pre-existing resources. This study also revealed the transfer of various resources (e.g. human, financial, social, image of the event) during the process. Additionally, non-host cities prioritize physical accessibility and a barrier-free mindset for accessible tourism development, diverging from typical sport event impacts on local tourism.Originality/valueThis research provides insights and lessons from Tokyo 2020, guiding future para-sport events. Focusing on the pre-event phase, our data not only enhances research quality by minimizing interviewee recall bias but also contributes to a deeper understanding of ongoing leveraging efforts.

System-environment quantum information flow

The return of the information from the environment to the system is a phenomenon that can be related to the existence of non-Markovian mechanisms in the environment, and such a transformation of resources can be useful for quantum information applications. Thus, understanding the details of the system-environment information dynamics, i.e., the transference of quantum resources, is of key importance to design noise-resilient quantum technologies. In this Letter, we show how a quantum resource propagates from the main system to an environment, using as a model a single qubit coupled to two linear chains of qubits, and also the information dynamics among the environment qubits. In this way, we characterize the propagation of information leaving the main qubit and going through the environment. Finally, we connect the conditions for the emergence of this dynamics to the existence of quantum Darwinism. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Continuous cropping obstacles: Insights from the community composition and the imbalance carbon fluxes within soil nematode food web

Long-term continuouscroppingcan lead to the deterioration of soil environment and the decrease of soil productivity. However, the biological mechanism on the negative effects of long-term continuous cropping has not been extensively explored. Soil nematode food web with multiple trophic levels play critical roles in nutrient cycling and energy flowing in the agroecosystem. Quantifying the carbon flux through different trophic channels within the nematode food web can indicate how continuous cropping influences carbon cycling in the agroecosystem by altering soil biota communities. Therefore, the effects of continuous peanut cropping with different years (1, 5, 20, and 30 years) on soil properties, soil nematode community composition, carbon flux within nematode food web and crop yields were investigated. Results showed that soil pH significantly decreased with increasing continuous cropping years. Differently, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen were the highest in 20-year, and decreased in 30-year of continuous cropping. As continuous cropping years increased, the relative abundance of microbivorous nematodes decreased and that of plant parasites reached as high as 76.11 % and 68.22 % in 20- and 30-year, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis revealed the nematode diversity, the carbon flux uniformity and peanut yield had a significant negative correlation with continuous cropping years. The random forest model indicated that the soil pH and the relative abundance of plant parasites were the key influence factor of the carbon flux uniformity within soil nematode food web. Outbreaks of plant parasites lead to the disruption of carbon flux uniformity within soil nematode food web, which can increase the risk of peanut yield decline after long-term continuous cropping. In conclusion, continuous peanut cropping changed soil properties, reduced soil nematode diversity, and disturbed the multitrophic carbon flux complementarity and uniformity in soil nematode food web, ultimately limiting the crop productivity. This study enhances our understanding of the importance of the resource transfers among soil food web in maintaining sustainable agroecosystem productivity.

Multris: Functional Verification of Multiparty Message Passing in Separation Logic

We introduce Multris, a separation logic for verifying functional correctness of programs that combine multiparty message-passing communication with shared-memory concurrency. The foundation of our work is a novel concept of multiparty protocol consistency, which guarantees safe communication among a set of parties, provided each party adheres to its prescribed protocol. Our concept of protocol consistency is inspired by the bottom-up approach for multiparty session types. However, by considering it in the context of separation logic instead of a type system, we go further in terms of generality by supporting new notions of implicit transfer of knowledge and implicit transfer of resources. We develop tactics for automatically verifying protocol consistency and for reasoning about message-passing operations in Multris. We evaluate Multris on a range of examples, including the well-known two- and three-buyer protocols, as well as a new verification benchmark based on Chang and Roberts's ring leader election protocol. To ensure the reliability of our work, we prove soundness of Multris w.r.t. a low-level channel semantics using the Iris framework in Coq.

Challenges and Perspectives of the Startup Ecosystem for the Development of Innovative Economy in Georgia

The processes of introduction of technology and innovation ecosystem in the economic development of the country have attracted special attention in the global world in the conditions of pandemic and post-pandemic. Accordingly, the research focuses on the formation and development models of modern start-up ecosystems, processes and determinants that ensure their transformation into innovations and the transfer of resources for economic development in the regions. The aim of the paper is to determine the main directions that will contribute to the development of startup ecosystems, taking into account global trends and state-specific practices; The research is based on the methods of grouping, comparison, analogy, analysis, generalization and systemic-structural approaches. As a result of the research, startup ecosystems were defined as an institutional mechanism that is open to the expansion of intersectoral networks and changes the competitive market environment in favor of the architecture of a stable innovative economy. The examples of Estonia, Spain, and Britain show the potential of developing a national startup ecosystem model that prioritizes long-term development, state technical self-sufficiency, and the ability to expand to new markets. Keywords: innovative economy, ecosystems, technoparks, startups, innovations, R&D, economic development

Urban Greening Management Arrangements between Municipalities and Citizens for Effective Climate Adaptation Pathways: Four Case Studies from The Netherlands

The transition towards nature-based cities has increasingly become a central focus in political–environmental agendas and urban design practices, aiming to enhance climate adaptation, urban biodiversity, spatial equilibrium, and social well-being as part of the ongoing socio-ecological urban transition process. Climate adaptation in cities is a complex problem and one of the main collective challenges for society, but the relationships between city managers and citizens as to urban green care still face many challenges. Parks design guided by technical-expert and globalised criteria; inflexibility from bureaucratic inertia; and citizens’ demands to participate in the urban green transition, sometimes without the necessary knowledge or time, are some of the challenges that require further research. In this study, we examine four long-lasting approaches to green-space management in four cities in the Netherlands, ranging from municipality-driven to community-driven management forms, and encompassing diverse spatial configurations of greenery within the urban fabric. Utilising the theoretical lens of the Social–Ecological Systems Framework, we employ a multiple-case-study approach and ethnographic fieldwork analysis to gain a comprehensive understanding of the norms, collective-choice rules, and social conventions embodied in each urban green management arrangement. The purpose of this research is applied, that is, to provide urban managers and decision-makers with a deeper understanding of drivers to promote effective collaborative management approaches, focusing on specific organisational rules that may contribute to more sustained planning and maintenance pathways for urban green spaces, regardless of changes in political leadership or significant external funding sources. The results of the investigated cases show that long-lasting collaborative management of forests and parks has established a set of collective-choice rules for resource transfer between municipalities and citizens, including non-monetary resources (such as pruning-training courses or guided tours that attract tourists and researchers). Additionally, these arrangements have been favoured by the existence of legal norms that enable co-ownership of the land, and monitoring and sanctioning mechanisms that offer a slightly different interpretation from the evidence identified so far in the scientific literature on collective resource management and organisational studies.

Plant functional types and tissue stoichiometry explain nutrient transfer in common arbuscular mycorrhizal networks of temperate grasslands

Abstract Plants and mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relationships that affect how resources flow between organisms and within ecosystems. Common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) could facilitate preferential transfer of carbon and limiting nutrients, but this remains difficult to predict. Do CMNs favour fungal resource acquisition at the expense of plant resource demands (a fungi‐centric view), or are they passive channels through which plants regulate resource fluxes (a plant‐centric view)? We used stable isotope tracers (13CO2 and 15NH3), plant traits, and mycorrhizal DNA to quantify above‐ and below‐ground carbon and nitrogen transfer between 18 plant species along a 520‐km latitudinal gradient in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Plant functional type and tissue stoichiometry were the most important predictors of interspecific resource transfer. Of ‘donor’ plants, 98% were 13C‐enriched, but we detected transfer in only 2% of ‘receiver’ plants. However, all donors were 15N‐enriched and we detected transfer in 81% of receivers. Nitrogen was preferentially transferred to annuals (0.26 ± 0.50 mg N per g leaf mass) compared with perennials (0.13 ± 0.30 mg N per g leaf mass). This corresponded with tissue stoichiometry differences. Synthesis Our findings suggest that plants and fungi that are located closer together in space and with stronger demand for resources over time are more likely to receive larger amounts of those limiting resources. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Transfers in climate action teams

AbstractResource transfers are integral parts of climate negotiations as they affect incentives to participate in climate agreements. Whether to use transfers contingent on observing low emissions or on investment in green compliance technology is an open question. Using a repeated-game model with investment in green technology and resource transfers, we find that, because investments take time to fully affect emission incentives, there is a tradeoff. Investment-based agreements, where transfers are provided before emissions are realized but after investments have been undertaken, maximize the scope of cooperation. Emissions-based agreements, however, minimize the size of transfers whenever they foster cooperation.

Performance Management Decision-Making Model: Case Study on Foreign Language Learning Curriculums

Foreign language learning courses can be regarded as a service operation system, and a complete foreign language learning course performance evaluation model can help improve the effectiveness of student learning. The performance evaluation matrix (PEM) is an excellent tool for evaluation and resource management decision making, and the administrator uses the satisfaction and the importance indices to establish evaluation coordinate points based on the rules of statistical testing. The coordinate points of all service items are plotted into the PEM to grasp the full picture and to make decisions on what to improve or to consider resource transfers so as to elevate the overall satisfaction of the entire service. However, plotting all the coordinate points on the PEM can only be performed by programming, which will lead to limitations in practice. Therefore, instead of the above evaluation rules, this article uses the confidence intervals of decision-making indicators to form a validity evaluation table, to decide which teaching service items should be improved, maintained, or transferred to improve the satisfaction of the entire service system. This form of performance evaluation can be completed using any commonly used word-processing software, so it is easy to apply and promote. Finally, this article provides an applied example to illustrate the proposed method.

Multi-dimensional equilibrium optimal allocation of water resources in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region through spatial association network analysis

The rapid social and economic development has led to problems such as over-exploitation of water resources, strong demand for physical water resources, and disequilibrium of water resources load. Based on the current situation of the water resources system in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, this study proposed an input–output analysis-assessment-prediction-optimization framework. A water resources dissipation environment extended multi-regional input–output model was established, and the spatial equilibrium of water resources load was evaluated comprehensively. Furthermore, a multi-dimensional spatial equilibrium optimal allocation for water resources was built to identify key nodes and sectors. The primary findings were as follows: (1) Shijiazhuang and Tangshan were the main cities with net virtual water outflow, while Beijing and Baoding were the primary recipients of net virtual water inflow; (2) The overall score for the spatial equilibrium assessment of water resource load was low, with dimension scores predominantly ranging between 0.2 and 0.6; (3) The key transfer nodes were predominantly concentrated on the “outflow from Shijiazhuang” and the “inflow to Cangzhou and Langfang” nodes. This research conducted an in-depth exploration of the direction of water resource transfers, the actual stress conditions, and the spatial equilibrium of water resources within the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Finally, the future adjustment strategy for water-intensive industries at the urban agglomeration scale was obtained.

Surrogate-assisted cooperative learning genetic programming for the resource-constrained project scheduling problem with stochastic activity durations and transfer times

For the project scheduling problem with transfer times under an uncertain environment, not only the activity durations are stochastic, but transfer times are often also stochastic. Therefore, we propose a resource-constrained project scheduling problem with stochastic activity durations and transfer times (RCPSP-SDT), which requires complex activity sequencing and resource transfer decisions with an activity priority rule (APR) and a resource transfer priority rule (RTPR) under unpredicted dynamic factors. However, manually designed combination rules of APRs and RTPRs are time-consuming and only for specific scenarios. Therefore, we develop a hyper-heuristic approach based on genetic programming (GP), which has been successfully applied to evolve activity priority rules for project scheduling problems. A new representation of GP individuals was designed to evolve the APR and the RTPR simultaneously. In order to improve the efficiency and solution quality of the approach, we propose surrogate-assisted cooperative learning genetic programming (SCLGP) based on GP. Based on the benchmark data set, computer experiments were conducted under nine variance levels of stochastic distributions. The results show that the proposed algorithm SCLGP performs significantly better than the classical priority rule (PR)-based heuristics. Furthermore, the effectiveness and efficiency of SCLGP were verified by comparing it to four other GP-based algorithms. Finally, the impact of the parameters on the algorithm was investigated, proving that these parameters affect the algorithm’s performance.

Peningkatan Kapasitas Bisnis AgroEcofarm pada Kelompok P4S Tani Makmur Jaya

Gogodeso Village consists of settlements, moorland, people's plantations, rice fields with a village area of 383 Ha. In general, livelihoods are identified into several sectors, namely agriculture (mostly), services/trade, industry and others. One of the farmer empowerment programs is the Tani Makmur Jaya Self-Help Agricultural and Rural Training Center (P4S). In its activities, P4S consistently and routinely develops organic farming, one of which is making organic fertilizer and carrying out healthy cultivation practices. However, they experienced problems with production, management and human resources and marketing. The implementation methods used are: (1) Planning (2) Administrative preparation and team coordination (3) Socialization of Organic Fertilizer (4) Training in Making Organic Fertilizer (5) Management and marketing training (6) Mentoring (7) Supervising related production activities and post-production (8) Evaluation (9) Program sustainability. Community-based empowerment activities in increasing the capacity of AgroEcofarm-based businesses at P4S Tani Makmur Jaya can run smoothly, including the transfer of organic fertilizer technology, transfer of business management and human resources and transfer of marketing branding. In making fertilizer, production can be increased by 2000 bottles of POC/year and 2000 sacks/year of solid organic fertilizer respectively. Apart from that, there are new brands for P4S fertilizer, namely POC Orchomi and Biokosh for solid organic fertilizer.

Harnessing food system equity from the ground up: shifting co-governance practices in the funding of food security responses during the pandemic crisis in Toronto, Canada

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic was a disrupting force that magnified social inequities and service gaps in underserved urban communities. It was also a “window of opportunity” for the Black Lives Matter movement and Indigenous reconciliation synergies to spur calls to action for more open and inclusive dialog regarding community food security. Increasingly, community-based organizations (CBOs) that have not been traditionally food-focused are becoming more involved in food security responses. These factors have offered space to revisit antiquated and exclusionary practices within resource allocation and decision-making processes that reinforce systems of oppression within the food system. We explore the interconnection between CBOs, municipal actors, and funders in Toronto and draw upon the concept of co-governance to unpack their evolving relationships and influence on equity-focused change in policies and practices. Based on an analysis of interviews (n = 48), this paper articulates that a number of realized progressive, yet incremental, changes have been made, including changes to policies and internal practices and targeted support for Black and Indigenous communities. However, ultimately, a transfer of resources and influence is required in order to achieve the broader goal of harnessing food system equity.

Co-evolution genetic programming-based hyper-heuristics for the stochastic project scheduling problem with resource transfer and idle costs

In this paper, we study the stochastic resource-constrained project scheduling problem with transfer and idle costs (SRCPSP-TIC) under uncertain environments, where the resource transfer and idle take time and costs. Priority rule (PR) based heuristics are the most commonly used approaches for project scheduling under uncertain environments due to their simplicity and efficiency. For PR-based heuristics of the SRCPSP-TIC, activity priority rules (APRs) and transfer priority rules (TPRs) are necessary to decide the activity sequence and resource transfer. Traditionally, APRs and TPRs need to be manually designed, which is time-consuming and difficult to adapt to different scheduling scenarios. Therefore, based on two individual representation methods, we propose two co-evolution genetic programming (CGP) based hyper-heuristics to evolve APRs and TPRs automatically. Furthermore, a fitness function surrogate-assisted method and a transfer learning mechanism are designed to improve the efficiency and solution quality of the CGP. Based on the instances with different stochastic activity duration distributions, we test the performance of different CGP-based hyper-heuristics and compare the evolved PRs with the classical PRs to demonstrate the effectiveness of evolved PRs. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithms can automatically evolve efficient PRs for the SRCPSP-TIC.

Employment restrictions on resource transferability and value appropriation from employees

AbstractResearch SummaryWe examine the joint adoption of four employment restrictions that limit firm resource outflows—nondisclosure (NDA), non‐solicitation, non‐recruitment, and noncompete agreements—and their associations with value appropriation from employees. Using novel individual‐ and firm‐level survey data, we find that when firms adopt restrictions, they tend to adopt either all four restrictions or only an NDA. Adoption of all four restrictions is more likely when workers have access to valuable resources, noncompetes are more enforceable, and states adopt the inevitable disclosure doctrine. Employees with all four restrictions earn 5.4% less than employees with only NDAs, and this effect is driven by workers with low bargaining power. Analyses of earnings and a single restriction (e.g., only noncompetes) yield opposite results from those considering joint adoption, likely because of selection.Managerial SummaryValuable firm resources are often embedded in employees. We study whether and when firms adopt four employment restrictions that could protect such resources—agreements not to disclose information, not to solicit clients or coworkers, and not to join or start a competitor—and examine the extent to which they are associated with value capture from employees. Using novel firm and worker‐level surveys, we find that firms mostly adopt either all four restrictions together, only an NDA, or use no restrictions. Workers are more likely to have all four restrictions when they have access to valuable resources, when noncompetes are more enforceable, and when states adopt the inevitable disclosure doctrine. Finally, all four restrictions are associated with 5.4% lower earnings on average relative to workers with only an NDA, driven by workers with low‐bargaining power.

Foreign multinational enterprises pose hidden environmental pressures on China

Foreign Multinational Enterprises (FMNEs), as core participants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), play a significant role in international transfers of pollution, emissions, and resources. To mitigate the hidden environmental pressures induced by inward FDI, it is necessary for host countries to scrutinize the environmental spillovers of FMNEs from a life cycle perspective, rather than solely focusing on direct impacts. However, existing studies have primarily centered on the direct environmental impacts of FMNEs when evaluating their environmental externalities. In response to this limitation, we employed an environmentally extended Multi-Regional Input-Output model and the Analytical AMNE database to assess the life cycle environmental impacts of FMNEs in China, a leading destination for FDI globally. The study examines five environmental impacts, including carbon emission, blue water consumption, land use, metal depletion, and air pollution. The results show that FMNEs in China have low direct environmental footprints but receive substantial environmental footprints from their major upstream partners – Chinese domestic enterprises, posing a great “hidden” environmental pressure on China. The findings reveal that the FDI into China is seemingly clean from a “direct impact” perspective but in actually not environmental friendly from a “life cycle” perspective. Our research provides insightful implications for host countries to understand the environmental spillovers of FMNEs from a life cycle perspective and attract “life-cycle clean” FDI that harmonize economic value with environmental sustainability. The findings could guide policymakers to adopt effective environmental regulations to address carbon leakage, shifting the focus from producers to initiators.