Use Of Resources Research Articles

A Novel Approach for Solving the N-Queen Problem Using a Non-Sequential Conflict Resolution Algorithm

The N-Queens problem is a fundamental challenge in combinatorial optimization, commonly used as a benchmark for assessing the efficiency of algorithms. Traditional algorithms, such as Backtracking with Forward Checking (BFC), constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) techniques, Lookahead algorithms, and heuristic-based methods, often face challenges with exponential time complexity, making them less practical for large-scale instances. This paper introduces a novel algorithm, non-sequential conflict resolution (NSCR), which improves performance over traditional algorithms through dynamic conflict resolution. The NSCR algorithm iteratively resolves conflicts among queens by adjusting their positions, aiming to optimize both time complexity and memory usage. While NSCR also operates within exponential time bounds, it demonstrates improved scalability and efficiency compared to traditional methods. A significant strength of the NSCR algorithm lies in its space complexity, which is O(n), and a time complexity that, while typically lower than traditional methods, can reach O(n3) in the worst-case scenario. This linear space complexity is highly advantageous, particularly when dealing with large problem sizes, as it ensures efficient use of memory resources. Comparative analysis with the aforementioned algorithms shows that NSCR offers superior resource management, using up to 60% less memory and reducing runtime by approximately 50%, making it an efficient option for large-scale instances of the N-Queens problem. The algorithm’s performance, evaluated on problem sizes ranging from 8 to 1000 queens, highlights its ability to manage computational resources effectively, despite the inherent challenges of exponential time complexity.

Nursing home leader response during COVID-19: a qualitative descriptive study about use of external resources during the pandemic

BackgroundUS nursing homes were ground zero for COVID-19 and nursing home leaders faced multiple challenges to keep residents and staff safe. Understanding the leader’s role and their use of external resources to rapidly respond to the pandemic is important to better prepare for the next infectious disease outbreak emergency. The purpose of this study is to describe Missouri nursing home leaders’ use of external resources to manage challenges encountered during the pandemic.MethodsThis qualitative descriptive study uses data from semi-structured interviews conducted with leaders from 24 Midwestern nursing homes between March 2022 and March 2023. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using Dedoose software. Directed content analysis, guided by Donabedian’s Structure, Process, Outcome framework, was used for analysis. Interviews were conducted as part of a larger mixed-methods study focused on developing knowledge and recommendations to improve US nursing homes’ capacity to respond to infectious disease outbreaks.ResultsForty-three interviews were conducted across the 24 homes. Participants included administrators (n = 24), nurse leaders (n = 19), and infection preventionists (n = 16). Six sub-categories of external resources/support were used by leaders to manage challenges during the pandemic:1) corporate support and communications, 2) statewide resources, 3) community-based resources, 4) health care coalitions focused on emergency response planning, 5) existing affiliations with local organizations i.e., hospitals, and 6) community members and families. Corporate support was a primary resource; however, it was limited to chain-based homes. Leaders from standalone homes seemed most reliant on statewide agencies, existing affiliations, and other community-based resources due to their lack of corporate connections. Health care coalitions were few, but when available, helped nursing homes prepare for the pandemic onset. Family and community members were vital despite being off-site from nursing homes at the pandemic onset.ConclusionLeaders played a pivotal role in accessing and using external resources to manage challenges during the pandemic. Statewide and community-based agencies and existing affiliations were particularly critical for standalone homes who otherwise had little to no means of support. Federal, state and local agencies must consider opportunities to build multi-agency regional collaborations, local health care coalitions and community-based partnerships that include nursing homes as member. Finally, community members and family were important in providing support, thus closing visitation is a double-edged sword that needs careful, future consideration.

Weather based Yield Prediction of Pigeonpea Crop with the Resource Use Efficiency under Varied Sowing Windows

Background: Sowing of crops at the optimal time is a non-cash input, which maximizes yield by effectively utilizing available resources. Choosing the best sowing time is crucial for exploiting a crop’s fullest potential in a specific environment with good agronomic management. Methods: A long term experiment (2004-2020) was conducted at research farm under AICRP on Agro meteorology field unit, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru from 2004-2020 to find out the different sowing windows on the performance and resource use efficiencies in pigeonpea. Result: Long term (2004-2020) pooled data analysis reveals that, among the different sowing windows, early sown pigeonpea produced higher seed yield with effective utilization of the resources compared to the normal and late sown crops.

Reliability of a Tailored Tele-Medicine Model for Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (ORL-HNS) Clinical Practice in Remote Areas of Nepal: A Pilot Study from Tertiary Referral Center.

Introduction: Despite the ever-expanding scope of telemedicine, studies regarding its application in the field of otorhinolaryngology-head and neck surgery (ORL-HNS) in remote parts of the world are lacking. This pilot study aims to bridge the research gap and to assess the efficacy of our tailored telemedicine clinic model, operating in an "asynchronous" mode, in diagnosing various ORL-HNS diseases. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary care center of Nepal. An asynchronous telemedicine portal was used with a store and share approach to telecast the pen endoscopic camera findings to the consultant in order to formulate a diagnosis and a management plan. Interobserver reliability was assessed using SPSS version 26 based on Cohen's kappa. The association between the results of the Mimi Hearing App (v. 5.0) and pure tone audiometry were performed using chi-square test. Results: The overall diagnostic agreement in our study was substantial to almost perfect with kappa values of .843, .784, .737, and .764 for rhinology, head and neck, otology, and pediatric cases. Chronic otitis media was the predominant diagnosis across all age groups. Various head and neck swellings, symptomatic deviated nasal septum and chronic rhinosinusitis with polyposis followed closely. Discussion: The future of telemedicine in otorhinolaryngology can be gauged to be effective in reducing cost and human resource use in the limited setting of Nepal with the model allowing for remote but effective communication between the concerned patients and the expert doctor in clarifying doubts and making diagnosis, early recognition of diseases and preventing or decreasing complications of those diseases.

The Synergistic Effect of the Same Climatic Factors on Water Use Efficiency Varies between Daily and Monthly Scales

The coupled processes of ecosystem carbon and water cycles are usually evaluated using the water use efficiency (WUE), and improving WUE is crucial for maintaining the sustainability of ecosystems. However, it remains unclear whether the WUE in different ecosystem responds synchronously to the synergistic effect of the same climate factors at daily and monthly scales. Therefore, we employed a machine learning-driven factor analysis method and a geographic detector model, and we quantitatively evaluated the individual effects and the synergistic effect of climate factors on the daily mean water use efficiency (WUED) and monthly mean water use efficiency (WUEM) in different ecosystems in China. Our results showed that (1) among the 10 carbon flux monitoring sites in China, WUED and WUEM exhibited the highest positive correlations with the near-surface air humidity and the highest negative correlation with solar radiation. The correlation between WUEM and climate factors was generally greater than that between WUED and climate factors. (2) There were significant differences in the order of importance and degree of impact of the same climate factors on WUED and WUEM in the different ecosystems. Among the 10 carbon flux monitoring sites in China, the near-surface air humidity imposed the greatest influence on the WUED and WUEM changes, followed by the near-surface water vapor pressure. (3) There were significant differences in the synergistic effects of the same climate factors on WUED and WUEM in the different ecosystems. Among the 10 carbon flux monitoring sites in China, the WUED variability was most sensitive to the synergistic effect of solar radiation and photosynthetically active radiation, while the WUEM variability was most sensitive to the synergistic effect of the near-surface air humidity and soil moisture. The research results indicated that synchronous responses of the WUE in very few ecosystems to the same climate factors and their synergistic effect occurred at daily and monthly scales. This finding enhances the understanding of sustainable water resource use and the impact of climate change on water use efficiency, providing crucial insights for improving climate-adaptive ecosystem management and sustainable water resource utilization across different ecosystems.

THERMAL ADAPTIVE ARCHITECTURE: INTERPLAY BETWEEN ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE

The concept of architecture as a form of shelter, integral to both classical and contemporary discourse emphasizes the interplay between building structures and their climatic contexts. Vitruvius early observations underscore the importance of understanding how buildings act as barriers and responsive filters to their environments thereby shaping human activities. This paper explores the multi-faceted roles of buildings-functional, social, symbolic, artistic and their interconnections with thermal performance. While the adaptability of buildings to thermal conditions is well recognized, the impact of fluctuating economic factors such as energy prices, and the unpredictability of space usage add layers of complexity to thermal performance assessments. The research highlights the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application in achieving optimal thermal conditions. By examining the integration of precise thermal techniques into building design this study aims to bridge these gaps and propose strategies for designing climate-sensitive architecture. The focus is on achieving comfortable and healthy living environments while ensuring cost-effective resource use. This approach advocates for a refined understanding of thermal response and its application in the design-build-occupy process ultimately contributing to more efficient and adaptive building practices.

Improving the Performance of Mortar under Carbonization Curing by Adjusting the Composition of Ternary Binders

As the most widely used building material, cement has attracted the attention of scholars because of its large carbon emission. To alleviate the problems of carbon emission and limited resource use caused by cement production, this study focuses on the performance of mortar after carbonization curing by regulating the composition of ternary binders. Testing involved mechanical parameters, carbon shrinkage, water absorption, hydration product, microstructure, adsorption of carbon dioxide, calcium carbonate content, and carbonization degree of mortar, as well as comparisons with the effect of calcium carbide slag and sintered red mud. We carried out several studies which demonstrated that carbonization curing and adjusting the content of calcium carbide slag and sintered red mud were beneficial to improve the mechanical properties, peak load displacement, slope, elastic energy, plastic energy, carbon shrinkage, carbon dioxide adsorption, calcium carbonate content, and carbonization degree of mortar, while the addition of calcium carbide slag and sintered red mud increased the water absorption of mortar, and the greater the dosage, the greater the water absorption. Meanwhile, adding 25%–50% calcium carbide slag and sintered red mud still had negative effects on the mechanical properties of mortar. But carbonation curing and the addition of calcium carbide slag and sintered red mud could promote the hydration reaction and consume calcium hydroxide formed by hydration to form calcium carbonate. When the dosage was 50%, the carbon dioxide adsorption capacity, calcium carbonate content, and carbonization degree of calcium carbide slag mortar were higher than those of sintered red mud mortar, which increased by 29.56%, 102.73%, and 28.84%, respectively. By comparison, calcium carbide slag and sintered red mud still showed superior carbon sequestration capacity, which was higher than fly ash and Bayer red mud. From the experiment, we came to realize that adjusting the composition of cementitious materials could realize the carbon sequestration of cement-based materials and promote the road toward low-carbon sustainable development of cement.

The Role of Digital Technologies in Climate Change Management: Strategies for Minimizing the Environmental Impact of USA Companies

The article examines the role of digital technologies in climate change management and reducing the environmental impact of U.S. companies. Innovations such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and big data are analyzed for their ability to help companies minimize CO2 emissions, optimize resource use, and improve energy efficiency. Challenges companies face when implementing digital solutions: high initial costs, integration difficulties, and regulatory complexities, are discussed. Strategies for overcoming these barriers to achieve sustainable development are proposed.

Instrument of the Legal Mechanism of Tax Revenues to the State Budget

The article presents the economic essence of the state budget of the country as an instrument of the legal mechanism of tax revenues, which allows the state to influence consumption, investment and export, as well as redistribute budget funds in favor of the neediest sectors of the economy. The authors define the instruments of public administration as an integral part of economic regulation of the socio-economic development of the Kyrgyz Republic, as well as the main areas of use of public financial resources, financing methods and the main sources of replenishment of the treasury. The source of the study was the works of scientists considering issues of the state budget. A set of research methods with an emphasis on theoretical and practical methods was used.

Cutting Edge Nanoplatforms with Smart Bio-sensing Applications: Paving the Way for Sustainable Green Approaches

Abstract: In the era of automation, sustainable technologies employing eco-friendly materials and manufacturing techniques such as ‘Green nanobiosensors’ have taken centre stage, owing to their opulent portfolio encompassing renewable fabrication and design from biomaterials, biocompatibility, and ease of functionalization. Generally, sensors utilize nanomaterials sourced from renewable resources or with minimal environmental impact, such as cellulose nanocrystals, chitosan, and biopolymers, owing to their exceptional properties such as high surface area. With the advent of environmentally conscious attributes in the cutting-edge nano biosensing technology, green nano-biosensors offer innovative avenues for sensitive and selective detection and monitoring of myriad analytes with minimal environmental repercussions. Further, such sensors operate at low energy levels, contributing to reduced energy consumption, and can be mass-produced with minimal environmental influence. The present outlay of literature aims to decipher the utilization of eco-friendly materials and sustainable manufacturing techniques in creating nano-biosensors and subsequently promulgating their advantages in terms of energy efficiency, low environmental impact, and use of renewable resources. Furthermore, this study embellishes a comprehensive framework that delineates the diverse applications of these green nanobiosensors as eco-friendly technological solutions across diverse sectors primarily agriculture, environmental monitoring, and biomedicine, showcasing their potential to revolutionize these domains while minimizing environmental impact.

Metabolic and histopathological impact of local resource food consumption on blood markers in rats previously subjected to moderate acute malnutrition

Malnutrition is caused by dietary and nutritional imbalances that can have an impact on blood parameters and vital organs. The use of local agricultural resources for adapted diets appears to be an effective solution to post-weaning infant malnutrition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of four newborn diets made from local agricultural resources in improving biochemical, hematological, and histological parameters in rats that had previously experienced mild acute malnutrition. A total of 42 juvenile male rats, with an average age of 80 ±5 days and an average weight of 103.46 ± 5.10 g, were divided into six groups. Each group consisted of seven rats, with two control groups (LTC and LSA) and four experimental groups (LAR1A, LAR1B, LAR2A, and LAR2B). The experiment had three distinct phases: an initial adaptation period lasting 5 days, followed by a phase of inducing malnutrition lasting 19 days, and finally a phase of nutritional rehabilitation lasting 14 days. At the conclusion of the malnutrition induction and nutritional rehabilitation phases, blood samples were collected and used to evaluate biochemical and haematological markers. Kidneys and liver were removed for histological analysis.The findings revealed that the period of inducing malnutrition had a detrimental impact on several parameters, such as urea, triglyceride, total protein, C-reactive protein, albumin, ALAT, ASAT, WBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and MCV. Nevertheless, the ingestion of LAR diet derived from indigenous ingredients successfully returned all of these blood markers to the required levels for rats. Furthermore, histological examinations demonstrated that there were no kidney or liver abnormalities at the end of the trial.The LAR diets have rehabilitative effects on the biochemical and haematological parameters of rats. This suggests that these diets can be used therapeutically to treat moderate acute malnutrition and meet the nutritional needs of children aged 6 to 36 months.

Influence of Non-academic Factors on the Overall Evaluation of International: Chinese Students and Their Adaptation to Universities

This article explores the impact of non-academic factors on the overall evaluation and university adaptation of international and Chinese students. The study involved non-academic factors such as family background, personality traits, learning environment, and social interaction. Data were collected through questionnaire surveys, in-depth interviews, and literature analysis. The results showed that factors such as family economic status, parents' educational level, family upbringing style, personality traits, interests and motivation, self-efficacy, adequacy of learning resources, learning atmosphere, use of online resources, teacher-student relationship, peer relationship, and cross-cultural communication significantly affect students' academic performance, mental health, and university adaptability. Based on this, this article proposes suggestions such as strengthening home-school cooperation, optimizing the learning environment, and promoting social interaction, in order to provide a reference for universities to improve their student evaluation system and enhance students' adaptability to university life.

Fit-for-Purpose Water in the Baltic Sea Region

Climate change is visible everywhere, including in Baltic Sea Region (BSR). One of the symptoms is water scarcity, occurring relatively locally but persisting over longer and longer periods. The European and Global Drought Observatories (https://drought.emergency.copernicus.eu) present increasing BSR areas where soil moisture is alarmingly low. Water shortages cause technical and organizational problems in water utilities, agriculture, energy, industry, etc. Hence, competition for water between industry, agriculture, and municipal services has emerged. Sustainable water resource management requires solutions that rationalize and optimize the use of available resources with particular care for the environment. One of the methods of remedying local problems is closing local water and nutrient cycles by recovering water from urban wastewater and using rainwater

Green Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Synthesis: Sustainable Strategies for Drug Production

The world is shifting from traditional synthetic or chemical technologies towards greener methods due to increasing concerns about maintaining a clean and sustainable environment. The development of eco-friendly products through processes that support environmental sustainability is referred to as a "green approach." In the pharmaceutical industry, there is growing attention to green synthesis of chemicals and materials, both in research and applied science, because green chemistry eliminates harmful processes and materials while promoting innovation in drug and therapeutic agent development. Green chemistry encompasses chemical reactions that minimize environmental impact and reduce toxicity. This field is rapidly evolving within pharmaceutical synthesis, focusing on the creation of sustainable medicines. This review explores the principles and practical applications of this innovative strategy within the pharmaceutical sector. By using environmentally friendly chemical processes, green chemistry reduces hazardous materials and pollution. Its aim is to mitigate the environmental footprint of drug production without compromising the quality and effectiveness of medicines. The approach also emphasizes the use of renewable and sustainable resources, such as shifting from petrochemical-based to bio-based feedstocks, allowing pharmaceutical companies to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions

The evolution of transnational municipal knowledge networks

AbstractThe recent growth of transnational municipal networks requires a better understanding of their evolution. For some actors, this growth has resulted in arbitrary or top‐down decisions on network membership followed by low commitment and inefficient use of time and financial resources. By reinterpreting secondary data through an evolutionary approach, this paper argues that the overall systemic nature of the networks is shaped not only by their institutional settings and the composition of actors but also by a set of specific qualities (coherence, boundedness and unified function) that may change over time. Based on the network perspective and system approach, the paper advances our understanding of transnational knowledge networks and the maximising of their effectiveness. Using exemplars, it suggests a conceptual framework for the evolution of transnational municipal knowledge networks.

The effects of environmental evolution on runoff and hydrological health variations in the upper Shule River, Northwest China

Promptly grasping the process of runoff change and the mechanism of hydrological health (H) variation in inland river basins is essential for the optimal use of water resources in the arid area of Northwest China. In this study, the upper Shule River (USR) was selected as the research area. The Budyko equation and the slope changing ratio of cumulative quantity method (SCRCQ) were used to analyze the response of environmental changes to the evolution of runoff and hydrological health during 1956–2022. The findings showed that the streamflow at various time scales in the USR showed a significantly increased trend from 1956 to 2022. The change rate of annual maximum runoff (Rmax) was 3.3 times that of annual runoff (R), the change rate of R in the flood period was 2.4 times that in the non-flood period, and the change rate in summer was 5 times that in winter. The H of the USR indicated a downtrend during 1956–2022, and the H in the Ta period was better than that in the Tb period. June and August were the main periods of runoff increase and hydrological health evolution, and precipitation (P) was the main driving factor. The response of Rmax increased to climate variability and anthropogenic stressors was 50.42 % and 49.58 %, respectively. The response degrees of H to climate variability and anthropogenic stressors were 62.89 % and 37.11 %, respectively. In general, climate variation was the major factor in the increase of R and the decrease of H in the USR. The findings are useful for getting the streamflow evolution process and hydrologic cycle mechanism and playing a supporting role in the sustainable management of water resources in the future.

ANEL: a novel efficient and lightweight authentication scheme for enhancing security in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) using elliptic curve cryptography

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) offer immense potential for revolutionizing modern transportation systems through real-time communication and interaction between vehicles and roadside infrastructure. These networks can significantly enhance traffic management, improve safety, and support various vehicular services. However, ensuring secure communication in VANETs remains a critical challenge due to the highly sensitive nature of the data exchanged, such as location and personal information. Current authentication schemes, including the ANEL scheme, exhibit vulnerabilities like data interception and tracking risks. In this paper, we propose a novel, efficient, and lightweight authentication scheme that leverages elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) and message mapping techniques to address these security issues. The proposed solution strengthens encryption, enhances privacy protection, and mitigates risks such as unauthorized access and man-in-the-middle attacks. Furthermore, the scheme offers scalability and distinguishes between regular and priority users, making it adaptable to various VANET applications. This approach significantly improves the overall security and privacy framework of VANET systems while ensuring the efficient use of computational resources in vehicular environments.

Data Envelopment Analysis and Models in Healthcare Services: A Review

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a widely used method for measuring efficiency and performance in healthcare services. In this article, we will examine the role of DEA and the models used in the healthcare sector. DEA is a method used to measure the efficiency of units (such as hospitals, clinics) with multiple inputs and outputs. Essentially, data envelopment analysis conducts a performance analysis that shows how units utilize their existing resources and how they can optimize these resources. Units such as hospitals, clinics, and healthcare organizations must deliver more services with limited resources. DEA helps these organizations to use their resources most efficiently. DEA is used to increase operational efficiency, reduce costs, and improve service quality in healthcare services. There are various models available for data envelopment analysis. The most common ones include Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Stochastic Data Envelopment Analysis (SDEA). While DEA is used for measuring efficiency that can be either constant or variable in scale, SDEA considers uncertainties and random effects. There are various advantages and disadvantages. Facilitates efficient use of resources, brings a data-driven approach to the decision-making process and objectively evaluates performance in healthcare services. Disadvantages are data deficiencies or poor quality may pose challenges in some cases and the complexity of the model may complicate the application and interpretation process. Data envelopment analysis in healthcare services is a powerful tool for measuring and improving the efficiency of organizations. However, proper use of data and careful application of the model are essential.

Assessing disease control in inflammatory bowel disease: a real world cross-sectional study in the UK (PODCAST-IBD)

Objective Proportion Of suboptimal Disease Control And Strategy of Treatment in IBD (PODCAST-IBD) was an international real-world study which aimed to quantify disease control in IBD using STRIDE-II recommendations. Design/Method Cross-sectional assessment of IBD patients attending routine clinic appointments in four UK centers October 2022 to January 2023. Clinician-reported outcomes, patient-reported outcomes and retrospective data from medical chart review were used to assess IBD control against red flags aligned to STRIDE-II. Results Data were available from 198 UK patients. IBD was suboptimally controlled in 52.4% (54/103) of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and 45.3% (43/95) with ulcerative colitis (UC). Impaired quality of life (QOL), defined as Short inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire (SIBDQ) score <50, was the main contributor to suboptimal disease control. Suboptimal disease control has a detrimental impact on fatigue and disability with significantly lower mean Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy – Fatigue (FACIT-F) score in suboptimally controlled disease (CD: 81.5 vs 125, UC: 87.4 vs 122.8) and IBD Disk. Suboptimal disease control results in higher health care resource use (HCRU) (CD: £4,746 vs £1,924; UC: £2,428 vs £1,121) and higher rates of work productivity loss (CD: 41.7% vs 11.9%, UC: 38.0% vs 22.6%). Conclusion IBD was suboptimally controlled in around one-half of patients. Impaired QOL was the most common contributor (64%, 62/97) to suboptimal control. Suboptimal control had a considerable economic impact; HCRU more than doubled and productivity fell. Physicians could consider regular QOL assessments to prompt timely disease monitoring to enable identification of early active disease and appropriate treatment.

Evaluation of Wheat Genotypes for Growth and Yield Performance under Rainfed Conditions

This research evaluated the growth and yield potential of five wheat genotypes viz., UJ-2021, Sindh-2023, Punjab-2024, NWFP-2022 and Balochistan-2020 under rainfed environment at National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad during 2024. The major aim was to establish optimal and drought-tolerant genotypes in low water supply conditions. Having laid down three replications per genotype according to a randomized complete block design, the work concentrated on plant population, plant height, and number of tillers, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and biomass yield. Punjab-2024 genotype showed better performance than other genotypes in all parameters though variations were observed in plant population (210 plants/m²), plant height (112 cm), number of tillers (8. 2 per plant), 1000-grain weight (48 g), grain yield (520 g/m²), and biomass production (1. 50 kg/m²). On the other hand Balochistan-2020 had the lowest yield potential attributed to lower adaptability and productivity under rainfed environment. The current research is paramount in understanding ways of selecting better genotypes in order to increase the production of wheat under water deficit conditions. The results of Punjab-2024 indicate its enhanced yield and resource use efficiency in rainfed situation thus signifying its potential. The results are important for maintenance and improvement of high yielding and resistant wheat genotypes which would help in food security and sustainable farming. Future work should be aimed more at improving the low performing genotypes of Punjab-2024 and identify the underlying genetics for the said advantageous traits.