Resource Failures Research Articles

Nash equilibrium, dynamics and control of congestion games with resource failures

Nash equilibrium, dynamics and control of congestion games with resource failures

A modified method of self-recovery of distributed software in heterogeneous computer systems

The object of research is the distributed computing process in heterogeneous computer systems. The subject of the research is methods of self-healing for distributed software on heterogeneous computer systems. The goal is to increase the efficiency of distributed data processing systems with support for the functional stability of the computing process by developing a modified method of self-healing of distributed software. Tasks: to investigate the existing methods of restoring the distributed computing process, to draw conclusions about their advantages and disadvantages; on the basis of mathematical models of tasks, computing resources and existing methods of resource allocation, develop a modification of the method of self-recovery of distributed software taking into account management strategies, finding the best solution for the selected criteria, reducing energy consumption during the execution of tasks; conduct a number of experiments comparing the developed method with existing ones. Research methods are based on the use of set theory, general systems theory, and simulation modeling theory. The results of the experiments obtained during the simulation of the allocation of software tasks to computing resources in a simulated simulation environment and the simulation of the computing process during self-recovery in case of resource failures confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method. Conclusion: the application of the method in distributed computing control systems does not increase the time the system spends on performing the task in the absence of failures, at the same time, in the presence of failures, it allows to restore the functionality of the software task faster and reduces the execution time by 8–17%, and energy consumption by 7–12%. There is also an increase in efficiency with an increase in the size of the tasks and the probability of failures. The development of technologies for automated or automatic use of methods of resource allocation and self-recovery can be indicated as areas for future research.

Disputes and Solutions During the Installation of Charging Piles in Residential Communities in Tianjin, China

With the rapid popularization of new energy vehicles, the demand for supporting charging infrastructure continues to increase. However, given the constraints of specific conditions, some private vehicle owners fail to equip their vehicles with charging facilities, leading to a series of disputes over the installation of charging piles in residential neighborhoods. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the basic situations such as the tension of public parking spaces and the difficulty of renovation, the refusal of property companies to install, the failure of public power resources in the district to meet the voltage demand of charging piles, and the disagreement of the relevant interested parties in the district on the matter of installation, and to explore in depth the legal basis for the resolution of these disputes from the perspective of balancing the interests of the relevant parties, and to further explore the perfect resolution mechanism in order to promote the development of new energy vehicles.

Adaptive supervisory control for automated manufacturing systems using borrowed-buffer slots

Robust deadlock supervisory control techniques for automated manufacturing systems under resource failures that need additional central buffers may lead to supererogatory cost in control implementation. To mitigate this issue, this paper reports a Petri net-based low-cost adaptive supervisory control policy that does not require extra buffers. If an unreliable resource fails, three classes of buffer spaces can be temporarily used to store parts that require the failed resource in their impending processing routes. The proposed adaptive supervisory control comprises of control places and switch controllers. If an unreliable resource fails, the switch controllers are activated to move the part types that require the failed resource in their subsequent processing stages into borrowed buffer spaces. After the failed resource is recovered, the system returns to its normal operating mode. The part types in the borrowed buffer spaces will be returned to their last processing stages before the occurrence of the failure and continued along their processing route. We propose criteria for selecting buffer space borrowers and buffer space lenders. Furthermore, redundant control places are removed by a new technique proposed in the paper in order to reduce the complexity of the supervisory control structure. We demonstrate the proposed method using examples.

Obscured inequity: How focusing on rates of disparities can conceal inequities in the reasons why adolescents are unvaccinated.

Traditional sociodemographic disparities in adolescent vaccination initiation for the HPV, Tdap, and MenACWY vaccines have declined in the United States of America. This decline raises the question of whether inequities in access have been successfully addressed. This paper synthesizes research on the resource barriers that inhibit vaccination alongside research on vaccine hesitancy where parents actively refuse vaccination. To do so, I classify the primary reason why teens are unvaccinated in the National Immunization Survey-Teen 2012-2022 into three categories: resource failure, agentic refusal, and other reasons. I use three non-exclusive subsamples of teens who are unvaccinated against the HPV (N = 87,163), MenACWY (N = 54,726), and Tdap (N = 10,947) vaccines to examine the relative importance of resource failure reasons and agentic refusal reasons for non-vaccination across time and teens' sociodemographic characteristics. Results indicate that resource failure reasons continue to explain a substantial portion of the reasons why teens are unvaccinated and disproportionately affect racially/ethnically and economically marginalized teens. Thus, even as sociodemographic inequalities in rates of vaccination have declined, inequities in access remain consequential.

Emergency task offloading strategy based on cloud-edge-end collaboration for smart factories

The realization of smart factories is becoming increasingly possible due to the rapid development of edge computing technology and 5G communication technology. Smart devices in smart factories can perform tasks such as environmental monitoring, production scheduling, and autonomous mobility. These tasks cannot be completed on time depending only on the computing power of smart devices. Therefore, some tasks need to be performed on edge servers and cloud servers. However, events such as natural disasters, network attacks, and hardware failures will cause server computing resource failures. These threats bring hidden dangers to the normal operation of smart factories. This paper proposes an emergency offloading strategy based on cloud–edge-end collaboration for smart factories. In this strategy, the total task execution delay and the key task execution delay constitute an objective function, which is solved by a Fast Chemical Reaction Optimization (Fast-CRO) algorithm. The algorithm follows the principle of prioritizing the offloading of key tasks in emergency situations, and it quickly makes emergency offloading decisions for the system. Simulation results show that this strategy outperforms the other five baseline algorithms and existing priority based CRO algorithms.

Maximally Permissive Robustness Analysis of Automated Manufacturing Systems With Multiple Unreliable Resources

For real-world automated manufacturing systems (AMSs), the failures of multiple unreliable resources are very common. Maximal permissiveness is a key aspect for evaluating the performance of robust control strategies of failure-prone AMSs. However, there exist fewer works in the existing literature that can achieve maximally permissive robustness analysis. This may impede the applicability of existing robust control strategies in realistic AMSs. This article tackles the issue in the paradigm of Petri nets (PNs). We present an innovative mechanism to formalize unreliable resource failures by preventing all ingoing transitions of unreliable resource places from firing. Both reachability graph-based and integer linear programming-based methods are proposed to analyze the robustness of AMSs with either single or multiple unreliable resources. Several examples are proposed to illustrate the approach.

Modeling of Fault Recovery and Repair for Automated Manufacturing Cells with Load-Sharing Redundant Elements Using Petri Nets

Failure of resource in automated manufacturing systems could cause a complete system shutdown. This paper addresses the issue of unreliable resource failure in manufacturing cells through the use of load-sharing redundant resources (LSRRs). The aim is to use more than one type of a failure-prone resource to share tasks between a failure-prone resource, called a target resource, and reliable ones called load-sharing redundant resources (LSRRs). Both an unreliable resource and its LSRR perform the same tasks, and there is normally a system that assigns tasks to them. If the target resource fails, all the tasks will be performed by the LSRRs. After the faulty target resource is fixed and restored, its assigned tasks are automatically returned to it. This way the system can continue to produce or process parts. Thus, a total system shutdown due to unreliable resource failures is eliminated. The proposed method is tested using real examples. The results, compared with those obtained by the studies in the literature, show that the proposed method has an outstanding performance and outperforms some of the existing studies.

Pure Nash equilibria in a generalization of congestion games allowing resource failures

We introduce a model for congestion games in which resources can fail with some probability distribution. These games are an extension of classical congestion games, and like these, have exact potential functions that guarantee the existence of pure Nash equilibria (PNE). We prove that the agent's cost functions for these games can be hard to compute by giving an example of a game for which the cost function is hard for Valiant's #P class, even in the case when all failure probabilities coincide. We characterize the complexity of computing PNE in congestion games with failures with an extension of the local search class PLS that allows queries to a #P function, and show examples of games for which the PNE search problem is complete for this class. Furthermore, we provide a variant of the game with the property that a PNE can be constructed in polynomial time if this also holds in the restricted game without failures.

PREREQUISITES OF ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT OF BUSINESS PROCESSES IN THE CONDITIONS OF DIGITALIZATION: THE NATIONAL DIMENSION

The article defines the factors that form the environment of adaptive management of business processes in the conditions of digital transformation, and the nature of their influence. It was determined that the characteristic features of digital technologies are integration, intellectualization, and individualization. It is noted that the business process as a sequence of interrelated events that ensure the result of the activity of the subject of economic activity depends on many factors at each of the stages. It has been determined that the orientation of business processes on performance determines the objective necessity of classifying factors according to the nature of the impact – positive or negative. Among the favorable conditions, structural shifts in the labor market under the influence of digitalization, the formation of cyber-physical systems and platform technologies are highlighted. Structural shifts in the labor market under the influence of digitalization are associated with changes in labor relations, forms of employment, the quality of labor resources and their motivation, which will certainly contribute to changes in business models and their management. Cyber-physical systems, embodying material and virtual space, contribute to prompt response to problem situations, effective use of resources, and synchronization of work operations. Platform technologies help reduce transaction costs and save time. The threats of unfavorable factors are in the demographic and institutional planes and are related to deglobalization, resource failure. Unfortunately, it has been determined that the negative trends associated with the decrease in the number of labor resources and the deterioration of their quality characteristics will intensify. It is substantiated that in Ukraine at the current stage of development, the institutional environment does not have enough motivating motives for the effective use of the potential opportunities of business entities in the field of digitalization. It is noted that the resource failure is multi-layered and is a consequence of imperfect state regulation of the national economy, institutional environment, and low labor productivity. Prospects for further research are related to today’s challenges and substantiation of the possibilities of using digital technologies in the construction of business models during the post-war reconstruction of our state.

Robustness Analysis of Automated Manufacturing Systems With Uncontrollable Events Using Petri Nets

In this paper, we address the robustness analysis problem of automated manufacturing systems with uncontrollable events in the paradigm of Petri nets (PNs). First, we formalize unreliable resource failures as the removal of all ingoing transitions of unreliable resource places (denoted by unreliable transitions hereafter). Second, we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition to check the robustness of markings, so called robustness controllability theorem (abbreviated as RCT hereafter) in the paradigm of reduced reachability graph (abbreviated as R2G hereafter). All markings involved in the R2G of a PN are equivalent to that of its reachability graph, except that all arcs associated to unreliable transitions are removed from R2G. Based on RCT, the robustness of all markings in an R2G can be determined. An example is proposed to illustrate the approach. Note to Practitioners—In reality, it is an urgent issue to analyze the behaviors of automated manufacturing systems (AMSs) so as to guarantee their stable operation against resource failures, e.g., the missing of a signal or the failure of a sensor. In this connection, different methods are proposed to deal with the robustness analysis and control problem of AMSs with unreliable resources. The objective is to avoid any deadlock in the AMSs or to ensure the liveness of the subsystems that require only reliable resources when there exist resource failures. Due to limited actuating and sensing abilities, AMSs may be partially controlled, i.e., there exist events whose firing may not be inhibited by an external action. However, fewer research works consider this practical situation when handling robustness analysis and control issue, which renders the existing approaches impracticable. In this paper, we solve the robustness analysis problem of AMSs with uncontrollable events by using Petri nets. A necessary and sufficient condition is proposed to check the robustness of markings, called robustness controllability theorem (abbreviated as RCT hereafter) in the paradigm of reduced reachability graph. With the aid of RCT, the robustness of all markings can be determined so as to guarantee the flexibility of AMSs.

A Novel Weight-Assignment Load Balancing Algorithm for Cloud Applications

Web applications commonly suffer from flash crowds and resource failure, resulting in performance degradation. Flash crowds are large, sudden, yet legitimate influxes of user requests that constitute a critical problem because of their potential economic damage. For cloud providers, resource estimation is challenging, while distributing workload and sustaining performance. To alleviate flash crowds and resource failure problems, we propose a novel weight assignment load balancing algorithm that combines five carefully selected server metrics to efficiently distribute the workload of three-tier web applications among virtual machines. We experimentally characterised, using a private cloud running OpenStack, the load distribution ability of our proposed novel algorithm, as well as a baseline algorithm and round-robin algorithm. We compared the performance of the three algorithms by simulating resource failures and flash crowds, while carefully measuring response times. Our experimental results show that our approach improves average response times by 12.5% when compared to the baseline algorithm and 22.3% when compared to the round-robin algorithm in the flash crowds’ situation. In addition, average response time was improved by 20.7% when compared to the baseline algorithm and 21.4% when compared to the round-robin algorithm in resource failure situations. These experiments show that our novel algorithm is more resilient to fluctuating loads and resource failures than baseline algorithms.

Proactive Fault Prediction of Fog Devices Using LSTM-CRP Conceptual Framework for IoT Applications.

Technology plays a significant role in our daily lives as real-time applications and services such as video surveillance systems and the Internet of Things (IoT) are rapidly developing. With the introduction of fog computing, a large amount of processing has been done by fog devices for IoT applications. However, a fog device's reliability may be affected by insufficient resources at fog nodes, which may fail to process the IoT applications. There are obvious maintenance challenges associated with many read-write operations and hazardous edge environments. To increase reliability, scalable fault-predictive proactive methods are needed that predict the failure of inadequate resources of fog devices. In this paper, a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)-based method to predict proactive faults in the event of insufficient resources in fog devices based on a conceptual Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and novel Computation Memory and Power (CRP) rule-based network policy is proposed. To identify the precise cause of failure due to inadequate resources, the proposed CRP is built upon the LSTM network. As part of the conceptual framework proposed, fault detectors and fault monitors prevent the outage of fog nodes while providing services to IoT applications. The results show that the LSTM along with the CRP network policy method achieves a prediction accuracy of 95.16% on the training data and a 98.69% accuracy on the testing data, which significantly outperforms the performance of existing machine learning and deep learning techniques. Furthermore, the presented method predicts proactive faults with a normalized root mean square error of 0.017, providing an accurate prediction of fog node failure. The proposed framework experiments show a significant improvement in the prediction of inaccurate resources of fog nodes by having a minimum delay, low processing time, improved accuracy, and the failure rate of prediction was faster in comparison to traditional LSTM, Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Logistic Regression.

Robust Petri Net Controllers for Flexible Manufacturing Systems With Multitype and Multiunit Unreliable Resources

It is inevitable that resource failures occur in real production processes, and sometimes many different types of unreliable resource failures may occur. Once there are resource failures, the stagnation states of production caused by these failures, called as failure blockings (FBs), tend to appear. Hence, both deadlocks and FBs can arise to reduce production efficiency sharply. Designing robust control policies for such an automated system is thus very important. Our work focuses on a novel robust Petri net controller of flexible manufacturing systems with multitype and multiunit of unreliable resources. First, under the assumption that all resources are reliable, these systems are modeled by a class of Petri nets called systems of simple sequential processes with resources (S3PRs). For each operation place that is a holder of an unreliable resource, the corresponding repair place and related transitions are added to the net and an S3PR with unreliable resources (S3PRu) is developed. For an S3PRu, the formal definition of FBs is then proposed. Such an FB is characterized by a maximal perfect resource-transition circuit (MPC). Next, the concept of a critical set of MPCs is introduced. For any two adjacent MPCs in such a critical set, one input transition of the former and one output transition of the latter are connected by passing through resource places. A <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\xi $ </tex-math></inline-formula> -resource is a one-unit resource shared by two or more MPCs that do not contain each other. For an S3PRu without <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\xi $ </tex-math></inline-formula> -resources and critical sets of MPCs, a control place corresponding to an MPC is added to the net with its output arcs to the input transitions of the MPC. However, for an S3PRu with <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\xi $ </tex-math></inline-formula> -resources or critical sets of MPCs, the output arcs of each control place are added to the source transitions of the original net. Thus, a novel robust controller of an S3PRu is synthesized. Such a robust controller can guarantee that as long as at least one unit of each type of unreliable resources can work normally, all kinds of parts can be processed to complete smoothly their tasks through any one of their process routes. Finally, three examples are provided to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed robust controller.

Effectiviness of a crisis comunity-based program in primary mental health care

IntroductionA crisis is defined as a disruption in equilibrium at the failure of own personal resources which results in important distress and functional impairment. Particularly after Covid-19 pandemic we have been attending an increased number of this kind of consultations in the mental health services.ObjectivesTo expose a new mental health program called PAIC (Ambulatory Intensive Community Program) started in March 2019 and addressed to people who are suffering a crises period, and to evaluate its effectiveness. The aim of this program is to reach prior stability, trying to avoid chronicity, clinical status perpetuation and sociofunctional impairment, as well as assessing suicidal risk and perform early prevention interventions.MethodsPAIC is proposed as an early, intensive, focused and psychotherapeutic intervention led by psychiatrist. Consist in an 8-week program of 30 to 60 minute weekly individual sessions. A total of a 205 patients were attended in PAIC during 2021 and 84,6% of the patients completed the program. Mixed-methods, clinical interviews and measurements using validated self-administrated questionnaires were used: CORE-OM pre/post treatment (“Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure”), List of Threatening Experiences, LTE and Clinical Global Impression (CGI-I). Changes in CORE-OM Scale were analysed using t-student test and a descriptive analysis was used for CGI-results.ResultsCORE-OM (“Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure”) showed improvement in all of four dimensions: subjective well-being (TW), problems/symptoms (PT), general function (TF) and risk (TR).Perception of clinical improving measured by CGI was 81,6%. There were no cases of clinical worsening.ConclusionsWe conclude that intensive and early programs are effective reducing the intensity of symptoms and the level of disability in people who are experiencing a psychological crisis. Also, it supports primary health care as well as helps to avoid saturation of specialized system.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

A Study on the Barriers to Entrepreneurship in the UAE

A variety of factors have an influential impact on how an enterprise develops. This study examined factors that operate as market barriers to entrepreneurship in the United Arab Emirates. These factors are fear of failure, risk aversion, lack of social networking, lack of resources, political instability, and economic instability. A survey-based approach framework was used. This survey recruited 150 participants, including UAE students, business owners, and budding entrepreneurs. Multiple-item survey questionnaires and secondary data were used in the data analysis process to identify and evaluate the barriers preventing people from starting new businesses and becoming entrepreneurs in the United Arab Emirates. According to the research results, fear of failure, risk aversion, and lack of resources in the United Arab Emirates make it difficult for business owners to launch brand new business ventures.

Fault Detection, Diagnostics, and Treatment in Automated Manufacturing Systems Using Internet of Things and Colored Petri Nets

Internet of things (IoT) applications, which include environmental sensors and control of automated manufacturing systems (AMS), are growing at a rapid rate. In terms of hardware and software designs, communication protocols, and/or manufacturers, IoT devices can be extremely heterogeneous. Therefore, when these devices are interconnected to create a complicated system, it can be very difficult to detect and fix any failures. This paper proposes a new reliability design methodology using “colored resource-oriented Petri nets” (CROPNs) and IoT to identify significant reliability metrics in AMS, which can assist in accurate diagnosis, prognosis, and resulting automated repair to enhance the adaptability of IoT devices within complicated cyber-physical systems (CPSs). First, a CROPN is constructed to state “sufficient and necessary conditions” for the liveness of the CROPN under resource failures and deadlocks. Then, a “fault diagnosis and treatment” technique is presented, which combines the resulting network with IoT to guarantee the reliability of the CROPN. In addition, a GPenSIM tool is used to verify, validate, and analyze the reliability of the IoT-based CROPN. Comparing the results to those found in the literature shows that they are structurally simpler and more effective in solving the deadlock issue and modeling AMS reliability.

A smart palletising planning and control model in Logistics 4.0 framework

The paper describes a smart model for palletising as main intra-logistics task for product-on-pallet distribution, and its development in Logistics 4.0 framework aligned to Industry 4.0. The model is developed in holonic paradigm as a 2-layer Holonic Logistics Execution System (HLES) in semi-heterarchical topology. Scheduling of logistics activities and allocation to resources are optimised for global efficiency on compact time periods. The logistics model virtualises physical entities: resources, pallets and orders as holons implemented with digital twin software, and categories of task workloads: resource health monitoring, dispatching and tracking pallet orders, re-assigning jobs at resource failure, which grants reality-awareness and robustness. Global workload optimisation uses Constraint Programming as decision making technology with ILOG optimiser engine as situation-specific solver tool in SaaS cloud model, and delegate multi-agent system (MAS) technology for intelligence distribution. The optimised objective function is a combination of palletising cost weighted by robot speed limits and pallet storage cost in payable stocks. The main constructs are exemplified and validated on a real-life structure with multiple palletising resources in which programmable logic controllers (PLC) coordinate locally the parallel execution of order holons according to their globally optimised sequence.

Implementasi Kebijakan Pelayanan Administrasi Terpadu Kecamatan (PATEN) di Kantor Kecamatan Katapang Kabupaten Bandung

The problem studied is the implementation of the policy of the District Integrated Administrative Service (PATEN) at the Katapang District Office, Bandung Regency in the service of making Identity Cards and Family Cards that have not been running optimally. The purpose of the research is to determine the implementation of the policy by using a qualitative approach through descriptive analysis that describes the situation according to the facts that occurred in the research process without manipulation. Analyzed based on four factors that influence the success or failure of implementation, namely communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. Informants as data sources include three elements including structural ranks of officials at the Katapang District Office, functional staff serving as operators, representatives from village level government and the general public. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of the District Integrated Administrative Service (PATEN) policy at the Katapang District Office, Bandung Regency in the service of making Identity Cards and Family Cards in general has achieved quite good results. Communication based on aspects or distribution of information through policy socialization has been carried out in accordance with the provisions but has not achieved optimal results, the clarity is quite clear through appeals, announcements through letters and information boards and Whatsapp Group, and consistency covers the entire service process. Resources include aspects of competent human resources at work because they were prepared in advance, financial resources are adequate, facility resources are adequate even though there are some shortcomings and damages, and authority resources are already available based on regional regulations and Regent regulations. Disposition based on the aspect of bureaucratic appointments is in accordance with the needs and incentives in accordance with policy provisions. The bureaucratic structure based on the SOP aspect is already available through the District Head's decision letter and is linked to the Service SOP and the fragmentation is well established.

Implementasi Kebijakan Pelayanan Administrasi Terpadu Kecamatan (PATEN) di Kantor Kecamatan Katapang Kabupaten Bandung

The problem studied is the implementation of the policy of the District Integrated Administrative Service (PATEN) at the Katapang District Office, Bandung Regency in the service of making Identity Cards and Family Cards that have not been running optimally. The purpose of the research is to determine the implementation of the policy by using a qualitative approach through descriptive analysis that describes the situation according to the facts that occurred in the research process without manipulation. Analyzed based on four factors that influence the success or failure of implementation, namely communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. Informants as data sources include three elements including structural ranks of officials at the Katapang District Office, functional staff serving as operators, representatives from village level government and the general public. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of the District Integrated Administrative Service (PATEN) policy at the Katapang District Office, Bandung Regency in the service of making Identity Cards and Family Cards in general has achieved quite good results. Communication based on aspects or distribution of information through policy socialization has been carried out in accordance with the provisions but has not achieved optimal results, the clarity is quite clear through appeals, announcements through letters and information boards and Whatsapp Group, and consistency covers the entire service process. Resources include aspects of competent human resources at work because they were prepared in advance, financial resources are adequate, facility resources are adequate even though there are some shortcomings and damages, and authority resources are already available based on regional regulations and Regent regulations. Disposition based on the aspect of bureaucratic appointments is in accordance with the needs and incentives in accordance with policy provisions. The bureaucratic structure based on the SOP aspect is already available through the District Head's decision letter and is linked to the Service SOP and the fragmentation is well established.