Resource Drain Research Articles

Concentration of critical events over the life course and life satisfaction later in life

Critical events create turning points, disrupt individuals’ life courses, and affect wellbeing. Periods of life densely populated with critical events may translate into an acute resource drain, affecting long-term wellbeing more strongly than if the same events were sparsely distributed. We investigate how the co-occurrence of critical events and their concentration in time influence life satisfaction in later life. To do so, we construct a novel indicator, the Concentration Index, based not only on the number but also on the time lag between occurrences. Using retrospective information on critical events in family, work, health, and residential trajectories in Switzerland, we show that the higher the concentration in time of critical events is, the stronger their negative long-term relation to wellbeing, net of sociodemographic characteristics, the total number of events ever experienced, and the time since the last event. Furthermore, relevant gender and social origin differences emerged with a stronger negative association with wellbeing among men and respondents from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Our work clearly shows that simply counting the number of events gives only a partial and potentially inaccurate measure of the complexity of the life course and its relationship with quality of life. Not only how many events experienced matter but also the spacing between them.

The hidden cost of excess capabilities: a threat to future military readiness

ABSTRACT There is an often-neglected aspect of defence and military planning: the presence of excess and excessive capabilities in certain areas, despite existing capability gaps elsewhere. Focusing on Estonia's recent experiences, the analysis reveals how unchecked excesses can lead to unwanted resource drain. The study highlights the critical need to address the risks associated with surplus capabilities, which can cause cost inefficiencies and hinder force development. Findings from the Estonian case study indicate that excess capabilities within the existing force structure accounted for an average of 10–25% of total resource requirements, and in the context of certain capabilities, this excess was even more. These findings are relevant to both military and non-military contexts and underscore the importance of continuous reassessment and optimization of resource use.

Family–work conflict and work-from-home productivity: do work engagement and self-efficacy mediate?

The shift towards remote work has been expedited by the COVID-19 pandemic, and COVID-19 has increased the need to understand the factors affecting remote work productivity such as family–work conflict, work engagement, and self-efficacy. However, the previous research may not comprehensively capture the intricacies associated with remote work amidst the pandemic. This study proposes a model to explore the relationship between family–work conflict and work-from-home productivity based on role conflict and resource drain theories as well as the family–work-conflict literature. The quantitative approach was used. A questionnaire was distributed using a convenience sampling technique and a response rate of 90.1% (1177 respondents) was achieved. After data cleaning, 785 valid cases were analysed. SPSS 22 and AMOS 20 were used to test the descriptive statistics, reliability, and validity, and the proposed hypotheses were evaluated using Process Macro (Model 5). The findings found that family–work-conflict negatively affected work engagement, self-efficacy, and work-from-home productivity. The negative effect of family–work-conflict on work-from-home productivity was stronger for employees with more work-from-home days than those with fewer. The partial mediation of work engagement and self-efficacy was established. This study contributes to the understanding of remote work productivity during the pandemic, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprise employees. It highlights the regulatory role of working hours when working from home and examines the mediation of self-efficacy in the association between family–work conflict and work-from-home productivity. This study also confirms the gender differences in work-from-home productivity which has been previously inconsistent in the literature. Managerially, the research has practical implications for employers, managers, and the government. Employers should adopt family-friendly policies and offer training programmes to enhance work-from-home productivity. Employers need to pay extra attention to their female employees’ work and family responsibilities and guarantee positive working outcomes through online surveys and two-way communication strategies. Professional training and work-from-home skill development programmes should be provided to boost employee confidence and self-efficacy. Governments and employers should also consider implementing regulations on the duration of working-from-home to avoid negative impacts on work efficiency and family–work conflict.

Remedy or Resource Drain: Modeling and Analysis of Massive Task Offloading Processes in Fog

Task offloading, which refers to processing (computation-intensive) data at facilitating servers, is an exemplary service that greatly benefits from the fog computing paradigm, who brings computation resources to the edge network for reduced application latency. However, the resource consuming nature of task execution, as well as the sheer scale of IoT systems, raises an open and challenging question: whether fog is a remedy or a resource drain, considering frequent and massive offloading operations? This question is non-trivial, because participants of offloading processes, i.e., fog nodes, may have diversified technical specifications, while task generators, i.e., task nodes, may employ a variety of criteria to select offloading targets, resulting in an unmanageable space for performance evaluation. To overcome these challenges of heterogeneity, we propose a gravity model that characterizes offloading criteria with various gravity functions, in which individual/system resource consumption can be examined by the device/network effort metrics, respectively. Simulation results show that the proposed gravity model can flexibly describe different offloading schemes in terms of application and node level behavior. We find that the expected lifetime and device effort of individual tasks decrease as O(1N) over the network size N, while the network effort decreases much slower, even remain O(1) when load-balancing measures are employed, indicating a possible resource drain in the edge network.

Retreating or repairing? Examining the alternate linkages between daily partner-instigated incivility at home and helping at work.

Although research has recognized the straining effects of incivility at work, it is less clear how incivility experiences at home affect employees' daily states and behaviors at work. We argue that partner-instigated incivility-ambiguous aggressions from an employee's partner prior to work may affect helping behavior at work in multiple ways. Building on prior research, which has identified different mechanisms (i.e., resource drain, reactive compensation) linking family and work domains, we argue that whereas partner-instigated incivility may be cognitively depleting, thus limiting employees' capacity to help others, it may also induce negative mood, which may drive employees to compensate for this unpleasant experience by engaging in more person- and task-focused helping behaviors at work. Furthermore, we consider perspective taking as an individual difference with the potential to buffer the effects of partner-instigated incivility on cognitive depletion and negative mood. Results from a critical incident study (Study 1) supported our assertion that partner-instigated incivility is cognitively depleting and inducing of negative mood. In an experience sampling study (Study 2), which included daily reports from employees and their partners who instigated incivility, we replicated the initial effects and found support for a compensation linkage between partner-instigated incivility and both forms of helping at work via negative mood and partial support for the moderating role of perspective taking. Results also indicated that person-focused helping lessened employees' negative mood in the evening, suggesting that mood repair benefits are associated with this behavior. Implications of these findings for family incivility occurrences and self-regulation are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Dualna praksa, faktori i rešenja za zdravstvene radnike

Dual practice is a phenomenon found in most countries, but it is noticeably more frequent in low-income countries, such as ours. It has been gaining more and more importance lately due to the fact that it may contribute to reducing the already insufficient number of professional health workers in healthcare systems. The reasons that lead to dual practice have not been sufficiently studied. Research results mainly point to economic factors as predictors, but apart from these factors, it is necessary to investigate the prevalence, real consequences, managing this phenomenon, as well as the assessment of the impact of policy measures implemented in this area. Although dual practice is seen as a possible systemic solution to issues such as limited resources (and revenues) in the public sector, low regulatory capacity and the interaction between market forces and human resources, if poorly regulated, it can lead to a conflict of interest as well as resource drain from the public to the private sector. An optimal regulation of the situation and the mobility of health workforce depends on the exceptional circumstances of the country, government capabilities, and the improvement of the health system. At the international level, governments react differently to the phenomenon of dual practice. To recognize the role of dual practice and mobility in the health workforce market, experts advocate more data on dual practice of healthcare workers and the need to integrate these data into national health workforce accounts. The need to develop a national health policy for monitoring dual practice in our country and to develop strategies for mitigating negative effects was highlighted. This paper analyzes the available literature on dual practice, the factors that influence the emergence of this phenomenon, and possible solutions for health workers.

A Social Support and Resource Drain Exploration of the Bright and Dark Sides of Teachers’ Organizational Citizenship Behaviors

Our study explores workload and social support as two mechanisms that explain the cost-benefit interplay of organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) in relation to teachers’ work performance (WP) and maladaptive work outcomes (MWO, stress and burnout). We use a cross-sectional design to test the bright and dark sides of teachers’ OCBs with a sample of 2224 Romanian teachers (with an average age of 42.72 years old). Workload explains the association between OCBs, WP and MWO for high rather than low levels of OCBs, while social support explains the association irrespective of the OCB level. The association between OCBs targeted towards the organization, WP and MWO is mediated by workload, while the association between OCBs targeted towards individuals, WP and MWO is mediated by social support. Our results join the call for substantial social support offered to teachers and call for more refined and joint evaluations of the type and level of OCB that are conducive for teachers’ performance.

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF WORK-FAMILY BALANCE THEORIES

This study offers a thorough analysis of work-family balance theories. Secondary data from books and published articles were used in the investigation. There is no widely acknowledged central paradigm for work-family balance, according to the paper's conclusion. The breadth of the study's framework, variables, or perspectives affects the theories utilized by academics in the subject of work-family balance, which can lead to omissions or overlap in frameworks or constructions. The segmentation, resources, spillover, resource drain, integration, border, and enrichment theories, among others with acceptable descriptions, are the key conceptual frameworks relevant to the work and family domains that are included in this research.

Understanding Metabolic Alterations in Cancer Cachexia through the Lens of Exercise Physiology.

Cancer cachexia is one of the leading causes of mortality for late-stage cancer patients. One of its key characteristics is abnormal metabolism and loss of metabolic flexibility, i.e., loss of ability to switch between use of fats and carbohydrates as needed. Here, it is hypothesized that late-stage systemic cancer creates a chronic resource drain on the body that may result in the same metabolic adaptations that occur during intense endurance exercise, activating some of the same mechanisms of nutrient consumption that are supposed to be transient during strenuous physical activity. This hypothesis is evaluated by creating a mathematical model that characterizes the relationships between increased exercise intensity and carbohydrate and fat oxidation. The model is parametrized using published data on these characteristics for a group of professional athletes, moderately active individuals, and individuals with metabolic syndrome. Transitions between different zones of relative nutrient consumption as a function of increased effort are captured through explicitly modeling ventilatory thresholds, particularly VT1 and VT2, where fat is primarily used below VT1, both carbohydrates and fats are used between VT1 and VT2, and where carbohydrates become the primary source of fuel above VT2. A simulation is conducted of projected patterns of nutrient consumption when simulated “effort” remains between VT1 and VT2, or above VT2, and it is proposed that it is the scenario when the simulated effort is maintained primarily above VT2 that most closely resembles metabolic patterns characteristic of cachexia. A discussion of a broader framework for understanding cachectic metabolism using insights from exercise physiology, including potential intervention strategies, concludes this paper.

Excessive Mobile Use and Family-Work Conflict: A Resource Drain Theory Approach to Examine Their Effects on Productivity and Well-Being

Given the pervasiveness of mobile technologies, it is important for organizations to gain a better understanding of the potential benefits and unexpected negative consequences of mobile use. Recent research outlined that 76% of employees in the United States handled work-related e-mails during nonwork time, and this phenomenon has been further amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic, which emphasized the pivotal role of constant connectivity and distributed work arrangements. Our research aims at providing a better understanding of why individuals engage in excessive use of mobile devices for work purposes during nonwork time and to elucidate the effects of such behavior. Our results show that investing time and energy in family demands during work time reduces individuals’ ability to fulfill job demands and leads to excessive mobile use during nonwork time. Such excessive use increases the individual perception productivity, but it comes at a cost in terms of physiological, psychological, and relational well-being because it prevents individuals to restore their energies. Our results show also that a competitive climate within the organization exacerbates such negative effects on well-being, thus elucidating the pivotal role of organizational policies and interventions in supporting a responsible use of mobile technologies.

A Bio inspired optimization with Reliable QoS Routing through Efficient Packet Transmission in Mobile ad-hoc Network

A collection of mobile devices is defined as a Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). Without any prior management these devices can communicate and synchronize with one another. The state of the concerned channel determines how much life energy can be increased. It also extends the node's lifetime while it waits for the control messages to be completed. The nodes' lifespan and packet flow quality are harmed in the current system due to unanticipated energy conservation strategies. It causes post-network collapse due to an energy throughput trade off. This failure causes an increase in overhead and a decrease in Time-to-Live (TTL). In addition to proposing a novel performance modeling in Volunteered Computing MANET and tactile internet, this paper discusses an effective buffer management mechanism. The best execution the nodes can achieve with fractional data is depicted for utilities in general. A switch state promoting Optimized mutual MAC (OMAC) process was presented in this study for node conserving energy and the optimal utilization of accessible nodes before their resource drain to link the space between network efficiency conservation based on minimal overhead. As proof of the proposed solution, simulation results are provided. Compared the simulation outcomes with the existing system using the parameters like latency, quantity, node availability & energy consumption.

Excessive Mobile Use and Family-Work Conflict: A Resource Drain Theory Approach to Examine Their Effects on Productivity and Well-Being

Excessive Mobile Use and Family-Work Conflict: A Resource Drain Theory Approach to Examine Their Effects on Productivity and Well-Being

Mutual gain or resource drain? Attitudes toward international financial assistance during the early COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT Despite the need for international cooperation on COVID-19, the United States displayed reluctance to contribute to a global response. To shed light on the domestic politics that may underlie this foreign policy, we investigate how the US public viewed financial assistance to international organizations (IO)s and developing countries during the early stages of the pandemic. On one hand, the pandemic may illustrate the importance of cooperation; on the other hand, voters may be reluctant to engage internationally during a national crisis. In a survey fielded to 2,500 Americans in early April 2020, we find that personal exposure to the effects of COVID-19 is associated with increased support for IOs but decreased support for foreign aid. We suggest that Americans, especially those most affected by COVID-19, perceive benefits to supporting IOs but not to assisting developing countries. Partisanship moderates this relationship: although Republicans are less likely to support both forms of economic engagement, the positive relationship between exposure and support for IOs is actually stronger for Republicans. These findings are consistent with the notion that Americans, and especially Republicans, support international engagement when they feel it benefits them. A pesar de la necesidad de cooperación internacional en materia de la COVID-19, los Estados Unidos demostraron renuencia a contribuir a una respuesta global. Con el fin de esclarecer la política nacional que puede ser la base de esta política exterior, investigamos qué opinó el público de los EE. UU. sobre la ayuda financiera a las organizaciones internacionales y a los países en vías de desarrollo durante las primeras etapas de la pandemia. Por un lado, la pandemia puede ilustrar la importancia de la cooperación; por el otro, los votantes pueden ser reacios a participar a nivel internacional durante una crisis nacional. En una encuesta realizada a 2500 estadounidenses a principios de abril de 2020, observamos que la exposición personal a los efectos de la COVID-19 se relaciona con un mayor apoyo a las organizaciones internacionales, pero un menor respaldo a la ayuda extranjera. Esto nos hace pensar que los estadounidenses, especialmente aquellos que se vieron más afectados por la COVID-19, perciben beneficios de apoyar a las organizaciones internacionales, pero no de ayudar a los países en vías de desarrollo. El partidismo modera esta relación: a pesar de que es menos probable que los republicanos apoyen ambas formas de participación económica, la relación positiva entre la exposición y el respaldo a las organizaciones internacionales es, de hecho, más sólida en el caso de los republicanos. Estos resultados son coherentes con la noción de que los estadounidenses, en especial los republicanos, apoyan la participación internacional cuando sienten que esta los beneficia. Malgré le besoin d’une coopération internationale contre le COVID-19, les États-Unis se sont montrés réticents à contribuer à une réponse mondiale. Pour apporter un éclairage sur la politique intérieure qui peut sous-tendre cette politique étrangère, nous avons étudié la manière dont le public américain percevait l’aide financière apportée aux organisations internationales (OI) et aux pays en développement durant les premières phases de la pandémie. D’une part, la pandémie peut illustrer l’importance de la coopération, et d’autre part, les électeurs peuvent être réticents à s’engager à l’internationale durant une crise nationale. Dans une enquête menée auprès de 2 500 Américains début avril 2020, nous avons constaté que l’exposition personnelle aux effets du COVID-19 était associée à une augmentation du soutien aux OI mais à une réduction du soutien à l’aide étrangère. Nous suggérons que les Américains, tout particulièrement ceux qui sont les plus affectés par le COVID-19, perçoivent les avantages de l’apport d’un soutien aux OI, mais pas ceux d’aider les pays en développement. L’attachement à un parti modère cette relation : bien que les Républicains soient moins susceptibles de soutenir les deux formes d’engagement économique, la relation positive entre exposition et soutien aux OI est en réalité plus forte pour les Républicains. Ces conclusions sont cohérentes avec la notion selon laquelle les Américains, tout particulièrement les Républicains, soutiennent l’engagement international lorsqu’ils estiment qu’il leur est bénéfique.

Long-Term Perspectives of Human Resources in Georgia

we have analyzed Georgia’s population by country and by region, developed calculation methodology of occupied region’s population, analyzed quantitative condition of Georgia’s citizenship receiving persons and those with residency permit , natural increase and Natural increase coefficient are studied on the level of country and region. Based on research we made Georgia’s population and human resource (work force) quantitative forecast for 2025-2100 years. Also, it is mentioned, that for human resource drain, decrease and natural population growth it is important for economical politics to be completely revised and with that, happen the reforming of educational system in a way, that the development of technology-generating specializations and increase of research costs within at least 1.5 percent of GDP to be fully supported. Also, it is important to implement large projects in the regions, such as, for example "Anaklia Port". The Non-implementation of this kind of project specifically in region of Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti will decrease the population in nearest 45 years by 50 percent. The situation is similar in almost all regions of Georgia.

Beyond the Bottom Line: Don’t Forget to Consider the Role of the Family

Our work investigates the influence of supervisor bottom-line mentality (SBLM) (i.e., a one-dimensional focus on bottom-line outcomes to the exclusion of other organizational priorities) on employees’ organizational commitment via the work-family interface as well as the crossover effects of SBLM on the organizational commitment of the employees’ spouse. More specifically, we examined how SBLM contributes to work-family conflict (WFC) and impacts the experienced commitment of the dyad along three paths. We conducted two studies across three samples (Study 1, Sample A: 186 employees; Study 1, Sample B: 258 employees; Study 2: 399 employee-spouse dyads) to demonstrate the unique role of SBLM in this context and find support for the hypothesized relationships. First, the resource drain of SBLM had a spillover effect through WFC to decrease the employee’s commitment at work. Second, it crossed over to the spouse to reduce their own organizational commitment due to the employee being a source of family undermining, which subsequently influenced the spouse’s family-work conflict (FWC). Third, SBLM impacted the spouse such that it crossed back to contribute to decreased organizational commitment for the employee. Theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed as well as directions for future research.

Learning-by-Teaching and Service Learning to Promote Bleeding Control Education: An Academic-Community Partnership.

Stop the Bleed is a free 1-hour class that teaches laypersons to identify and treat life-threatening bleeding. The training requires a 1:10 instructor-to-participant ratio, which creates a resource drain on volunteer instructors. Nursing students are eligible to assist instructors. Our State Legislature mandated that public schools equip themselves with bleeding control kits resulting in thousands of school staff needing training. Our nursing school used a service learning model to aid schools. Nursing students coordinated the program, and student learning occurred through a learning-by-teaching strategy. We trained 656 community members, taught in 5 counties, and students received 320 clinical hours. If not for COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), numbers would have been doubled. We developed a sustainable relationship with school nurses. Students rated the program highly with respect to meeting course objectives and preparation for professional practice. The program met its goals and will continue.

Too proactive to switch off: When taking charge drains resources and impairs detachment.

Although proactive behavior is an important determinant of individual work performance, its consequences for employee well-being and other personal outcomes have been largely neglected. In this study, we adopted a within-person perspective to investigate how taking charge behavior (a form of proactivity) affects employees' life outside of work by examining when and how it impacts on their ability to detach and recover from work. Drawing upon resource drain theory, we hypothesized that taking charge has the potential to undermine the process of detachment and recovery from work by draining personal resources. However, based on self-determination theory, we identified autonomous motivation as an essential boundary condition, such that the negative effects of taking charge on detachment and recovery via resource drain occur only when daily autonomous motivation is low. We tested this model on a sample of 77 managers, who provided daily survey data 3 times per day over 5 consecutive working days. Our analyses showed that daily taking charge behavior was negatively related to detachment in the evening, via resource drain, only on days in which people reported low autonomous motivation at work. However, this conditional effect of taking charge did not reach through to next morning recovery. No negative effects of daily taking charge on detachment were observed when people had high autonomous motivation. Overall, these findings suggest that, under some motivational conditions, proactivity can consume resources and interfere with the process of detachment. We offer practical advice for how organizations might encourage proactive behavior while minimizing its drawbacks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Deep Learning for Enterprise Systems Implementation Lifecycle Challenges: Research Directions

Transforming the state-of-the-art definition and anatomy of enterprise systems (ESs) seems to some academics and practitioners as an unavoidable destiny. Value depletion lead by early retirement and/or replacement of ESs solutions has been a constant throughout the past decade. That did drive an enormous amount of research that works on addressing the problems leading to the resource drain. The resource waste had persisted throughout the ESs implementation lifecycle phases and dimensions especially post-live phases; leading to depleting the value of the social and technical dimensions of the lifecycle. Parallel to this research stream, the momentum gained by deep learning (DL) algorithms and platforms has been exponentially growing to fuel the advancements toward artificial intelligence and automated augmentation. Correspondingly, this paper is set out to present five key research directions through which DL would take part as a contributor towards the transformation of the ESs state-of-the-art. The paper reviews the ESs implementation lifecycle challenges and the intersection with DL research conducted on ESs by analyzing and synthesizing key basket journals (list of the Association of Information Systems). The paper also presents results from several experiments showcasing the effectiveness of DL in adding a level of augmentation to ESs by analyzing a large set of data extracted from the Atlassian Jira Software Issue Tracking System across different ecosystems. The paper then concludes by presenting the research directions and discussing socio-technical research courses that work on key frontiers identified within this scholarly work.

An independent evaluation of laboratory staffing needs: Launching the forensic laboratory workforce calculator

The 2019 NIJ Report to Congress on the needs of the forensic science community [1] highlighted the staffing deficit of forensic scientists by more than 900 positions. The Report emphasized the impact of the opioid crisis and the evolution of synthetic opioids on the demands for forensic laboratories. The resource drain attributable to the opioid crisis has filtered into all other areas of investigation as laboratories divert limited resources from other uses to meet the high demand in drug chemistry and toxicology from opioid abuse. We introduce the forensic laboratory workforce calculator, a tool that any forensic laboratory may use to evaluate their current personnel allocation and estimate any under- or over-staffing to meet current or estimated caseloads. The forensic laboratory workforce calculator is available free to any laboratory through the Forensic Technology Center of Excellence website.

WORK LIFE BALANCE: A HOLISTIC REVIEW OF THEORETICAL CONCEPTS

Work-life balance (WLB) has made remarkable development in the field of research during the last decade. Even though there is extensive literature available to support the concept, and contextual attempts have been made thoroughly, the current study shall provide a much more precise and concrete literature for researchers. The review encompasses work from the field of HR, OB and few multidisciplinary research articles as a reference to explain WLB theories. The major theories that have been covered in the paper are Segmentation Theory, Enrichment/enhancement Theory, Facilitation Theory, Spillover Theory, Social identity Theory, Compensation Theory, Congruence Theory, Conflict Theory, Human capital Theory, Instrumental Theory, Resource drain Theory, Conservation of resources Theory, Ecology Theory & Border TheoryWork-life balance (WLB) has made remarkable development in the field of research during the last decade. Even though there is extensive literature available to support the concept, and contextual attempts have been made thoroughly, the current study shall provide a much more precise and concrete literature for researchers. The review encompasses work from the field of HR, OB and few multidisciplinary research articles as a reference to explain WLB theories. The major theories that have been covered in the paper are Segmentation Theory, Enrichment/enhancement Theory, Facilitation Theory, Spillover Theory, Social identity Theory, Compensation Theory, Congruence Theory, Conflict Theory, Human capital Theory, Instrumental Theory, Resource drain Theory, Conservation of resources Theory, Ecology Theory & Border Theory