Resource Book Research Articles

Improving Left Ventricular Assist Device Competency in Emergency Nurses Using Quarterly Skills Check and Simulation.

Heart failure is a progressive disease that affects more than 6.7 million people in the United States and has a 50% mortality rate. A left ventricular assist device provides an option to many patients with heart failure as a bridge to either transplantation or destination therapy. Patients are becoming more prevalent with improved survival rates. Emergency nurses must have a basic understanding and skills to provide high-quality care. The competency program aims to elevate the confidence of emergency nurses caring for left ventricular assist device patients and reduce the reliance on the circulatory support technician through quarterly skills assessment and simulation. A quality improvement project was implemented using quarterly assessments of skills and confidence perception surveys. The competency program resulted in an increased confidence perception for every skill: changing batteries, exchanging controllers, transporting left ventricular assist device patients, and identifying alarms with appropriate intervention. Overall, 35.6% of nurses felt confident caring for left ventricular assist device patients during baseline data collection, 13.3% during the midyear session, and 75.6% during the final education session. The quality improvement project identified a need to provide additional support to emergency nurses to increase their skills and confidence. Replication is needed to assess further the efficacy of more frequent simulation-based learning and the implementation of readily available resource books and left ventricular assist device nurse champions.

Fellowship by the Numbers: Surgical Fellowship Applications in the United States.

The majority of residents pursue fellowship following training in general surgery, especially at academic medical centers. However, there is no singular body that oversees fellowship, and many aspects of fellowship remain speculative, including application and admissions. Our aim was to define the known statistics around surgical fellowships. We performed a retrospective analysis of publicly available data from the National Residency Match Program (NRMP), the Fellowship Council, the SF Match, and the American Council on Graduate Medical Education Data Resource Book for 2014-2023. We included data on colorectal surgery, surgical critical care, minimally invasive surgery, surgical oncology, pediatric surgery, plastic surgery, thoracic, transplant, and vascular surgery fellowships. We did not include burn fellowship, pediatric critical care surgery, or research fellowships. 66% of US surgical residents pursue fellowship, which has been stable over the past decade. The largest fellowships are critical care, minimally invasive, vascular, and colorectal surgery. There is a very high match rate among critical care, surgical oncology, vascular, and transplant surgery for US trainees, while pediatric surgery consistently has the lowest match rate. US trainees are more likely to match into fellowship than non-US graduates. This study provides a comprehensive snapshot of surgical fellowships in the United States. Two-thirds of surgery residents pursue fellowship, and the likelihood of matching varies substantially between specialties. These results can help inform national workforce planning and may be valuable to current residents in their fellowship application process.

Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in US Anesthesiology Residency Matching.

Patient outcomes are improved with physician-patient gender, racial, and ethnic concordance. However, female, Black, Hispanic or Latino, Native Hawaiian-Pacific Islander (NH-PI), and American Indian-Native Alaskan (AI-AN) physicians are underrepresented in anesthesiology. The American Association of Medical Colleges 2018 Diversity in Medicine Report revealed that women comprise only 35% of anesthesiologists yet nearly half of medical school graduates are women. More than 77% of anesthesiologists are White or Asian. Anesthesiology applicant and match trends may provide insights needed to address underrepresentation within anesthesiology. We hypothesized that proportionally fewer women and racially and ethnically minoritized applicants apply and match into anesthesiology. This retrospective observational study identified 47,117 anesthesiology applicants among the 546,298 residency applicants in the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS) system between 2011 and 2022 and stratified applicants by self-reported gender, race, and ethnicity. The demographics of anesthesiology trainees reported in the 2014 to 2015, 2018 to 2019, and 2022 to 2023 Accreditation Counsel of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Data Resource Books were used as surrogates for matched applicants as demographics are not reported by the National Residency Match Program. To facilitate comparisons, ERAS applicants were grouped into 4-year epochs to align with consolidated ACGME reports corresponding to the application years. Odds ratios (OR); 95% confidence interval of applying to and matching into anesthesiology were analyzed. Women had lower odds of applying to anesthesiology compared to men overall (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.54-0.56, P < .0001) and maintained significantly lowered odds of applying within each epoch. Women had similar odds of matching into anesthesiology residency compared to men (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.06-1.14, P < .0001). Black, Hispanic or Latino, Asian and NH-PI, and AI-AN applicants had similar odds to White applicants of applying to anesthesiology but odds of matching were significantly lower overall ( P < .0001) for Asian and NH-PI (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.63-0.70), Black (OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.45-0.53), Hispanic or Latino (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.46-0.54), and AI-AN (OR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.15-0.28) applicants. The odds of matching among some minoritized applicants increased in the ACGME 2022 to 2023 report year. From 2011 to 2022, women had lower odds of applying to anesthesiology residency than men yet had similar odds of matching. Racial and ethnic minoritized groups had significantly lower odds of matching compared to White applicants despite similar odds of applying. These findings highlight disparities in the anesthesiology match and may help identify opportunities to promote workforce diversity within the field. More detailed reporting of gender, race, and ethnicity in annual match data may better define barriers to entry and identify opportunities for improvement.

A Mama for Owen: re-addressing adoption creatively in an accordion of visual parallelism

This article critically explores the concept of ‘adoption’ via the semiotic analysis of the picture book A Mama for Owen (Bauer and Butler, 2007), which stands here as a testimony of adoption narratives and the ways in which they are creatively re-addressed in the context of children’s literature – as children’s books challenge traditional stories, establishing a contrastive dialogue, they are able ‘to sow and nurture the seeds of social change’ (see Reynolds, Children’s Literature, 2011: 5). The study proposes the application of textual tools of analysis developed in the area of stylistics (see Short, Exploring the Language of Poems, Plays, and Prose, 1996; Simpson, Stylistics: a Resource Book for Students, 2004; Toolan, Language in Literature: An Introduction to Stylistics, 1998) to the examination of the visual mode. In particular, it suggests (partial) visual repetition and visual parallelism as creative tools that are essential here in the process of meaning-making and re-assessment of adoption. The analysis of the visual mode is completed drawing on visual grammar (see Kress and Van Leeuwen, Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design, 2006[1996] and Painter, Children’s Picture Book Narratives: Reading Sequences of Images, 2009) and pictorial metaphors (see Forceville, Pictorial Metaphor in Advertising,1996, and Non-Verbal and Multimodal Metaphor in a Cognitivist Framework: Agendas for Research, 2006). The investigation identifies the semiotic choices at play and their multimodal display in terms of storytelling and narrative progression (see Labov, Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular, 1972) in an accordion-like structure that results in the cognitive power of a work of art. The article ultimately embraces picture books as enriching multimodal narratives that can build more inclusive communities, in this case celebrating the family unit beyond the genetic bond or gender roles.

Hearing student voice within the context of Iran: Building schools for the future

AbstractSchools adopt student voice as a means of identifying educational problems and weaknesses for improvement. In recent decades, student voice work has gained momentum, and, more importantly, dwelling on hearing students has been noticed as a way of facilitating educational decisions for school reforms. To this end, the study, drawing upon a qualitative research method, investigated the student voice in schools within the context of Iran in an effort to determine what obstacles they face in education. Data was collected through an open‐ended questionnaire. Employing thematic content analysis, the major themes and patterns were extracted for codifications. The findings illustrated that students specified four major problems, including resources (books), processes (rules), relationships (teachers, parents, staff) and environment (school). To conclude, student voice needs to be embedded in the educational system of Iran if stakeholders seek improvement and reform in schools in the near future.

A Comparison of Demographic Diversity Between Orthopaedic Surgery Residents and ACGME Foot and Ankle Fellows From 2007 to 2022.

Academic medicine emphasizes the need to recruit a diverse workforce in graduate medical education. Orthopaedic surgery residency has demonstrated efforts to model program compositions with evolving US demographics. However, it remains unclear whether orthopaedic fellowships, particularly foot and ankle, also reflect these efforts. Using the publicly available Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Data Resource Book, a census of the gender and racial/ethnic identities of orthopaedic foot and ankle fellows, as well as active orthopaedic surgery residents, were compiled from 2007 to 2022. Linear trend analysis was conducted to evaluate the trends of orthopaedic residents and foot and ankle fellows, with a Pearson correlation for comparison. Prior analysis demonstrated no significant change in sex and ethnic diversity of fellows from 2006 to 2015. The majority of foot and ankle fellows were White (31%-69%) and male (63%-88%). Linear analysis demonstrated growing diversity in female and non-White active orthopaedic surgery residents. Similarly, there was an increasing number of female foot and ankle fellows (0%-38%) reflective of the trend in orthopaedic residency (12%-20%); however, there was no significant change among racial/ethnic identities. Pearson correlation analysis between the trend of orthopaedic residency residents and foot and ankle fellows suggests moderate correlation among female, Asian, and "Unknown" racial/ethnic categories. The proportion of foot and ankle female fellows in ACGME-accredited fellowships has matched or exceeded the percentage of female orthopaedic residents. Despite increased diversity of orthopaedic surgery residents over the past 2 decades, ACGME-accredited foot and ankle fellowships do not yet reflect similar trends among racial/ethnic minorities. Level III, retrospective cohort study.

815 Gender Parity in Neurosurgery Residencies: An Analysis

INTRODUCTION: The number of women graduating from U.S. medical schools has reached parity with that of men. However, persistent inequalities and barriers have made the pace towards equity in application and representation in neurosurgery residency slow despite initiatives to increase female representation. METHODS: Data on the number of active female neurosurgery residents and female applicants to neurosurgery was collected from the American Council of Graduation Medical Education Data Resource Book from 2007 to 2021 and Electronic Residency Application Service from 2014 to 2022, respectively. Bivariate linear regression analysis was used to predict percent of active female residents based on academic year (AY). Pearson Chi-squared was conducted to determine the odds ratio of a female applicant to neurosurgery. RESULTS: The percent of active female residents in neurosurgery increased from 11.0% in 2007 to 21.8% in 2021. Bivariate linear regression analysis using AY as predictor of percent of active females was statistically significant. On average, the percent of active female residents increases by 0.65% per year. If trends persist, parity in neurosurgery will not be reached until 2069. Linear regression analysis of the overall rate of attrition in neurosurgery as a predictor of percent of active female residents revealed that for every 1% increase in rate of attrition the percent of active female residents decreases between 1.4% to 4.4%. The percent of female applicants to neurosurgery increased from 19.6% in 2014 to 29.8% in 2022, yet the odds of a female applying to neurosurgery remains low. CONCLUSIONS: Neurosurgery continues to struggle with recruitment of female medical students, despite achievement of parity for female medical school matriculants. Greater effort is needed to recruit and retain female applicants to neurosurgery, including increased transparency in match and attrition metrics.

Review of inside/outside: a nature-themed resource book for embedding emotional literacy by Joe Harkness

Review of inside/outside: a nature-themed resource book for embedding emotional literacy by Joe Harkness

Abstract TP59: Cultivating Stroke Nurse Champions Through Shared Governance

Background and Issue: Shared governance (SG) is an organized forum where bedside nurses are engaged in decision-making about professional practice, QI, and research to improve patient outcomes. Nursing engagement in SG has been linked to promoting improved nursing and patient outcomes. At a CSC, nurses did not have an organized forum to collaborate across units to develop EBP standards in the stroke population. Bedside nurses had limited knowledge of QI methodology and were unsure how to organize cross-unit projects. Purpose: To implement a SG forum aimed at improving the quality of care and patient outcomes in the stroke population through nursing engagement, collaboration, and effective communication. Methods: The Stroke Nurse Champion (SNC) Committee was assembled in November 2020. A charter was developed to organize the meeting. Members include bedside nurses, educators, managers, supervisors, stroke coordinators, nurse practitioners, and a CNS. Meetings were held monthly virtually and in person. The project outcomes were to (a) develop nurse practice standards, (b) enhance nursing education offerings, and (c) develop cross-unit stroke care QI initiatives. Results: SNCs developed and implemented local and corporate initiatives by reviewing literature, identifying barriers, recommending solutions, and identifying data to support evaluation. Initiatives included the creation of practice standards defining nursing assessments for the stroke population, implementation of the Yale Swallow Protocol, optimization of the EHR to address inefficient documentation of nursing assessments, and revision of written patient education to address literacy and grade levels. Peer-led in-hospital stroke alert case reviews prompted the implementation of a QI project to decrease time-to-treatment. To improve adoption of standards, unit-based checklists, tip sheets, stroke boards, and bedside resource books were developed. Conclusion: The SG forum provides a platform for effective collaboration across nursing units among bedside nurses and nursing leaders to develop practice standards, analyze data, identify QI initiatives, and enhance education.

The Future State of Race/Ethnicity in Urology: Urology Workforce Projection From 2021-2061

To project the proportion of the urology workforce that is from under-represented in medicine (URiM) groups between 2021-2061. Demographic data were obtained from AUA Census and ACGME Data Resource Books. The number of graduating urology residents and proportion of URiM graduating residents were characterized with linear models. Stock and Flow models were used to project future population numbers and proportions of URiM practicing urologists, contingent on assumptions regarding trainee demographics, retirement trends, and growth in the field. Currently, there is an increase in the percentage of URiM graduates by 0.145% per year. If historical trends continue, URiM urologists will likely comprise 16.2% of urology residency graduates and 13.3% of the practicing urological workforce in 2061. These percentages would constitute an underrepresentation of URiM urologists relative to the projected 44.2% of the U.S. population who would identify as American Indian/Alaskan Native, Black/African American, Latinx/Hispanic and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander by 2060.1 An increase in the percentage of URiM graduates by 0.845% per year would result in 44.2% URiM urology residency graduates and 26.1% URiM practicing urologists by 2061. An interactive app was designed to allow for a range of assumptions to be explored and for future data to be incorporated. URiM physician representation within urology over the next 40years will remain disproportionately low compared to that of the projected share of people of color in the general U.S. In order to achieve the AUA's Diversity, Equity and Inclusion goals, a concerted effort to implement interventions to recruit, train, and retain a generation of racially diverse urologists appears necessary.

Gender parity in neurosurgery residencies: an analysis.

The number of women graduating from United States medical schools has reached parity with that of men. However, persistent inequalities and barriers have slowed the pace toward equity in application and representation in neurosurgery residency despite initiatives to increase female representation. The objective of the present study was to assess the advancement of gender parity within neurosurgery residency programs. Additionally, the study aimed to analyze the pipeline dynamics by investigating the effects of attrition on women in neurosurgery, as well as exploring the patterns of female applications to neurosurgery residency programs versus other surgical specialties. Data on the number of active female neurosurgery residents and female applicants to neurosurgery were collected from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Data Resource Book from 2007 to 2021 and Electronic Residency Application Service from 2014 to 2022. Linear regression analysis was used to predict the percent of active female residents based on academic year (AY). A Pearson chi-square test was used to determine the odds of a female applying to neurosurgery. The percent of active female residents in neurosurgery increased from 11.0% in 2007 to 21.8% in 2021. Bivariate linear regression analysis using AY as a predictor of the percent of active females showed a statistically significant correlation. On average, the percent of active female residents increased by 0.65% per year. If trends persist, parity for females in neurosurgery will not be reached until 2069. Linear regression analysis of the overall rate of attrition in neurosurgery as a predictor of the percent of active female residents revealed that for every 1% increase in the rate of attrition, the percent of active female residents decreased by 2.91% (p = 0.001). The percent of female applicants to neurosurgery increased from 19.6% in 2014 to 29.8% in 2022 (p = 0.009), yet the odds of a female applying to neurosurgery remain low. Neurosurgery continues to struggle with the recruitment of female medical students even as parity has been reached for female medical school matriculants. Greater effort is needed to recruit and retain female applicants to neurosurgery, including increased transparency in match and attrition metrics.

Where have all the pediatric anesthesiology fellows gone in the USA? Anesthesiology fellowship trends.

Recent consternation over the number of unfilled Pediatric Anesthesiology fellowship positions in the United States compelled us to assess the change in the ratio of Pediatric Anesthesiology fellows to the number of graduating anesthesiology residents over the 14-year period between 2008 and 2022. We also sought to report the total ratio of anesthesiology fellows to graduating residents and trends in the annual number of fellowship applicants relative to the number of Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited anesthesiology fellowship positions by specialty. We used publicly available resources, including ACGME Data Resource Books, National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) data, San Francisco (SF) Match data, and American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) data, to determine the ratio of anesthesiology fellows to graduating anesthesiology residents and to compare the number of fellowship applicants to fellowship positions for Adult Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Critical Care Anesthesiology, Obstetric Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Pediatric Anesthesiology. Since 2008, the ratio of ACGME-accredited anesthesiology fellows to graduating residents increased from 0.36 in 2008 (2007 residency graduates) to 0.59 in 2022 (2021 residency graduates) and the ratio of Pediatric Anesthesiology fellows to graduating residents remained relatively stable from 0.10 to 0.11. The number of unmatched positions in Pediatric Anesthesiology increased from 17 in 2017 to 86 in 2023, and all ACGME-accredited fellowships had more positions available than applicants in 2023. In the USA, while the ratio of Pediatric Anesthesiology fellowship graduates to anesthesiology residency graduates remained relatively constant from 2008 to 2022, this is likely a lagging indicator that has not yet accounted for the recent decrease in fellowship applicants. These findings refute prior estimates for a surplus in Pediatric Anesthesia supply in the USA and have significant implications for the future.

Analisis Strategi Guru dalam Menggunakan Teknologi Berbasis Digital pada Pembelajaran PKN di SD Negeri 105322

Learning strategy refers to an educator planning a series of activities designed to achieve learning goals. It involves the use of various methods, techniques, and approaches to organize the learning process. The strategy must be in accordance with the needs and characteristics of students. In the educational context, learning strategies are the basis for teachers in designing effective and meaningful learning experiences for students. This includes selecting subject matter, determining appropriate strategies, and the required learning media. Digital-based technology in learning in elementary schools is a very useful advancement in the learning and teaching process where there are digital aspects of resource books, assignments, assessments and student attendance books that can be used in the school environment and become preschool infrastructure. And digital technology is a more effective communication tool when designing a more student-oriented environment where teachers can develop creative skills in digital science.

Sistem Pendukung keputusan Pemilihan Bibit Cabai Unggul Berbasis Web Menggunakan Metode Profile Matching di Kab. Langkat Sumut

Chili plants are one of the leafy foods with excellent business prospects. Because of their capacity for development, chili plants are a quality commodity and a significant part of Indonesian horticulture. Because of the strong demand for chili both domestically and internationally, chili becomes a potential item. Farmers often find difficulty to determine the chili seeds. The difficulty of determining good chili seeds often causes some farmers failed to harvest and experience considerable losses. Therefore identifying chili seeds is one of the right solutions compared to buying chili seeds at a fairly high price. Naturally, the process of choosing the best chili seeds is based on pre-established standards. In this study, the profile matching method was used to create a decision support system for selecting the best chili seeds. PHP and MySQL were used to create this system. The goal of developing this method is to facilitate farmers' selection of premium chili seeds. In the province of North Sumatera, Langkat Regency agriculture department provided data for this study, along with information from resource people, books, and other literary works. Based on predetermined criteria, the research produced a rating of the best chili seeds, from highest value to lowest.

Review of Viana (2022): Teaching English with Corpora: A Resource Book

Review of Viana (2022): Teaching English with Corpora: A Resource Book

’’الاخبار الطوال‘‘ از ابوحنیفہ احمد بن داؤدالدینوری مترجم پروفیسر محمد منورمرزا :تحقیقی و تنقیدی مطالعہ

This article is a critical study of Prof. Muhammad Munawwar’s translated version of Al AkhbarulTawal(Arabic) by Abu Hanifa Ahmad Bin Dawood Al Denori a man of letters. Abu Haneefa Al Denori was the eminent Arabic scholar, linguist, botanist of 3rd. c. AH. He is the author of many books, but, unfortunately, most of his books are not available now. His treatise ‘Al Akhbar-ul-Tawal’ is considered an old but most reliable resource book of Islamic history. Like other Arab compilers, he also starts off his history with Adam, continues up to the detailed description of HazratUmer’s conquest of Iran, the clash between Hazrat Ali RA and Ameer Muavia RA, and the martyrdom of Hazrat Imam Hussain RA. His style is based on scholarly narration. Prof. Muhammad Munawwar translation of ‘Al AkhbarulTawal’ with all its technical terminology, and non-Arabic words is a prestigious work. This book may be helpful in resolving many confusions relating to the early period of Islamic history. Very few of the books display such quality of Arabic-to-Urdu translation.

Intersectoral care for children with autism spectrum disorder in Kazakhstan: Parents perspective

Abstract Background The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is steadily increasing worldwide, including in Kazakhstan. Recognizing the significance of early detection and providing intersectoral assistance encompassing social, medical, and educational support, it is essential for promoting children's socialization in their daily lives. The purpose was to analyze the provision of comprehensive assistance to parents of ASD children. We conducted a descriptive qualitative study that involved semi-structured face-to-face interviews with parents of ASD children. 60 respondents (51,7% under 34 years old, 45,0% - 35-44 years and 3,3% up to 45 years) participated in our study. Framework Analysis used to interpret results. Results The average age of ASD children was 6.3. 26.0% of families were single-parent households, 30.0% residents in rural areas, 66.6% had one working parent, and 58.3% had obtained higher education. 52 parents note partial support from the government, mainly the expenses of parents are associated with the purchase of books, receiving other supporting services as sports activities. Due to long waiting list from the government parents noted the other services related to out-of-pocket payments as ABA therapy, a visit to a neurologist, correctional trainings. All parents noted that they want to receive information through organizing seminars, including psychological support. Conclusions Intersectoral collaboration plays a crucial role in facilitating comprehensive assistance for ASD children and meeting their needs through government support. Improving access to transportation, resource books, organizing seminars, and implementing programs to reduce waiting lists for medical and pedagogical specialists are necessary steps. Funding The Ministry of Science and Higher education of Kazakhstan (BR18574199 «Integrating children with autism spectrum disorder into the social and educational environment based on comprehensive support: challenges and benefits). Key messages • To achieve the SDG the decision makers of all three sectors in Kazakhstan need to improve care program for ASD children. • It is necessary to expand and revise the provision of services to ensure access to educational, medical services.

Enabling Dialogue About the Land: A Resource Book for Jews and Christians ed. by Philip A. Cunningham, Ruth Langer, and Jesper Svartvik, and: Peace and Faith: Christian Churches and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict ed. by Cary Nelson and Michael C. Gizzi (review)

Enabling Dialogue About the Land: A Resource Book for Jews and Christians ed. by Philip A. Cunningham, Ruth Langer, and Jesper Svartvik, and: Peace and Faith: Christian Churches and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict ed. by Cary Nelson and Michael C. Gizzi (review)

Enabling Dialogue About the Land: A Resource Book for Jews and Christians ed. by Philip A. Cunningham, Ruth Langer, and Jesper Svartvik, and: Peace and Faith: Christian Churches and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict ed. by Cary Nelson and Michael C. Gizzi (review)

Enabling Dialogue About the Land: A Resource Book for Jews and Christians ed. by Philip A. Cunningham, Ruth Langer, and Jesper Svartvik, and: Peace and Faith: Christian Churches and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict ed. by Cary Nelson and Michael C. Gizzi (review)

The Cost of Being a Woman in Academic Cardiothoracic Surgery: Joint Collaboration of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Workforces on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion and Cardiothoracic Surgery Practice Models

BackgroundGender disparity in the cardiothoracic surgery workforce is challenging to enumerate and quantify. The purpose of our work is to use the most current data to quantify the percentage of women in academic cardiothoracic surgery and salary disparity between women and men. MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional analysis of data collected by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Data Resource Book 2021 and Association of American Medical Colleges Faculty Data for U.S. Medical School Faculty 2019, 2020, and 2021. We used descriptive analysis of the number of faculty and mean salaries of academic cardiothoracic surgeons according to academic rank and gender. Salary disparity in cardiothoracic surgery was compared with salary disparities seen among surgical specialties and academic clinicians. ResultsOver the past 3 years, women comprised 11.5% of the cardiothoracic workforce. In 2021, cardiothoracic surgeons who were women earned $0.71 to $0.86 for every $1.00 earned by cardiothoracic surgeons who were men. Ascending academic rank correlated with greater gender salary disparity; women professors earned less than men of equal and lower academic rank. From 2019 to 2021, women of the academic ranks of associate professor, professor, and chief of cardiothoracic surgery experienced a decrease in mean salaries, whereas men of equivalent academic ranks experienced an increase in mean salaries. ConclusionsGender disparity in cardiothoracic surgery persists, with low representation of women and salary disparity at every academic rank.