Resorbable Blast Media Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of Surface Modification Techniques for Assessing Oral Implant Osseointegration: An Animal Study.

Effective implant placement depends critically on the implant's level of osseointegration with the alveolar bone. To increase osseointegration during implant placement, research has concentrated on the surface modificationof implants, and morphological analyses have looked at the thread pattern in close interaction with the bone's surface. This study aimed to assess and compare the extent of oral implant osseointegration in different surface modification techniques. In this study, 12 healthy adult dogs aged 18-24 months were used. Tooth extractions were performed on both sides of the mandible, and wounds were closed with sutures. Two months later, the right mandible of each dog underwent local anesthesia and general anesthesia. Four different implant types were placed based on their surface treatments: resorbable blast media (RBM)-treated implants, hydroxyapatite (HA) implants with an ultra-thin HA film, hydrothermal-treated HA implants coated with HA, and sandblasting combined acid etching (SLA) implants treated with plasma spray and acid etching. A total of 48 implants were divided into two- and four-week groups, with identical dimensions. Each dog received two implants from each group, for a total of eight implants per dog. The implants were securely placed into the superior alveolar bone with a torque greater than 35-N up to a depth of 1 mm. Periotest M (Medizintechnik Gulden e.K., Modautal, Germany) was used to calculate the periotest value (PTV) as a typical value on the buccal side of each implant immediately following placement and sacrifice to test the main fixation and stability of the implants. Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) was utilised by Osstell Mentor (Osstell AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) to simultaneously assess the implant stability quotient (ISQ) on the medial, distal, buccal, and lingual sides of the implant. The rotational torque in one of the sacrificed dogs was calculated using the MGT 50 (ELECTROMATIC Equipment Co., Inc., New York, USA) torque analyzer. The histomorphometric evaluation was performed using an optical microscope (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The upper half's bone-implant contact (BIC), which was found to be more important for implant stability, was studied together with the ratio of the new bone formation area (NBFA) to the complete implant. The maximum stability was observed in HA-treated implants in the fourth week. The minimum stability was observed in hydrothermal-treated HA implants in the fourth week. The stability in each group was greater in the four-week evaluation as compared to the two-week evaluation. The stability was satisfactory in almost all implants at two- and three-week evaluations. The maximum value of the percentage area of newly formed bone at the two- and four-week evaluations was observed in HA-treated implants. The minimum value of the percentage of the area of newly formed bone at two- and four-week evaluations was observed in SLA and RBM-treated implants respectively. The difference was significant statistically (p ≤ 0.05). All implant surface modifications, in general, produced satisfactory osseointegration. Excellent osseointegration was seen in the upper portion of the implant with hydrothermally treated HA.

Evaluation of different surface treated implants after provisionalization: A 6-month prospective study.

Replacing missing teeth with dental implants has become the best treatment option; therefore, clinicians need to understand the predictability of the treatment. Surface treatment of implants is one of the methods to improve osseointegration, thus improving the quality of treatment. Increasing esthetic awareness among patients has led to the popularity of immediate provisionalization of dental implants. This study investigated the effect of surface treatment on implant stability when loaded with immediate non-functional temporary prostheses and compared the superiority of one surface treatment over the other in terms of osseointegration by evaluating implant stability quotient (ISQ). Twenty implants with different surface treatments were placed, i.e., resorbable blast media (RBM) surface and alumina blasted/acid-etched (AB/AE) surfaces. All the implants were non-functionally loaded, and ISQ was measured immediately after implant placement and 6 and 12 weeks after non-functional loading. Crestal bone levels, mPI, mSBI, and peri-implant probing depths were compared for both groups at 1, 3, and 6 months. At 12 weeks, all the implants showed desirable ISQ, indicating successful osseointegration. The increase in ISQ at 12 weeks was significantly higher for RBM implants compared to baseline, indicating a more predictable course of osseointegration. Crestal bone levels recorded at 1, 3, and 6 months did not significantly differ between the groups. All other parameters showed comparable values for both groups at all intervals. Replacing missing teeth with dental implants with immediate non-functional restorations is a predictable treatment option.

Photofunctionalization of Dental Implant Surfaces - A Histomorphometric Animal Study.

To compare and evaluate the degree of osseointegration of UV-treated (photo functionalized) and non-treated dental implants surface coated with Calcium phosphate using the Resorbable Blast Media (RBM) technique in an animal model. Evaluative-Animal study design. Six titanium dental implants of diameter 3.2 mm and length of 8 mm with Calcium phosphate coated surface using RBM or resorbable blast media technology (Implant Genesis: Genesis Normo Implant system) were placed epicrestally into the proximal femoral condyle of New Zealand white female rabbits such that each animal received two implants. Before implantation, one out of the two dental implants was photo functionalized with intense UV light for 15 minutes. After twelve weeks of healing, the animals were euthanized and the harvested specimens were analyzed using histomorphometric light microscopy to assess two parameters bone-implant contact and bone volume density. SPSS version 23. P less than 0.05 is considered statistically significant. Tests used ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test. All six dental implants were osseointegrated. The overall mean bone-implant contact area (BIC) was 57.76% for non-UV treated whereas 88.4367% for UV-treated dental implants. The overall mean bone volume density (BVD) was 32.2333% for non-UV treated whereas 67.7533% for UV-treated dental implants. Significant effects were observed on the osseointegration of dental titanium implants within twelve weeks after UV photo functionalization. The UV photo functionalization of dental titanium implants in the current study significantly altered the BIC and bone density on osseointegration when observed over twelve weeks.

Comparison of mechanical stability of mini-screws with resorbable blasting media and micro-arc oxidation surface treatments under orthodontic forces: An in vitro biomechanical study

The aim of this study was to compare the primary stability of mini-screws with different surface treatments such as resorbable blasting media (RBM) and micro-arc oxidation (MAO) under in vitro orthodontic forces. Thirty-six self-drilling TiAl6V4-ELI grade 23 titanium alloy 1.6×8mm mini-screws were inserted into polyurethane foam blocks and divided into three groups according to surface properties: machine surface (MS), RBM-treated, and MAO-treated. An orthodontic force of 150g was applied to the mini-screws using NiTi coils. Maximum insertion torque (MIT) and maximum removal torque (MRT) were measured with a digital torque screwdriver during insertion and removal. For each mini-screw, stability measurements were made with the Periotest M device at day 0 and weeks 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12. Significant differences in MIT were observed between all groups in pairwise comparisons (P<0.001) with the highest value in the MAO-treated group and the lowest in the MS group. The mean MRT values differed in all three groups (P=0.001). In pairwise comparisons of MRT, only the difference between MS group and RBM-treated group was significant. The highest value was observed in the RBM-treated group, while the lowest value was observed in the MS group. Periotest values were significantly higher in the MAO-treated group than the RBM-treated group at weeks 8 and 12. A positive significant correlation was found between MIT and MRT in all groups. No significant correlation was found between MIT, MRT and Periotest values in all groups. RBM-treated group was significantly higher than the MS group in MIT and MRT values. According to Periotest values, RBM-treated group was found to be significantly more stable than the MAO-treated group at weeks 8 and 12. Therefore, RBM surface treatment was found to be more favourable than other surfaces to increase success rate in clinical applications.

Comparison of marginal bone loss in SLA and RBM implants: A prospective cohort study.

The study aims to answer the following question: Among the patients who received a dental implant, is there any difference in marginal bone loss (MBL) between sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) and resorbable blast media (RBM) implants? The study aimed to evaluate marginal bone loss in SLA and RBM implants one year after loading. A Prospective Cohort Study. In this prospective cohort study with a pre-protocol population, subjects were assigned into two groups: Subjects received SLA implants in group 1 and RBM in group 2. MBL was assessed 12 months after loadings through digital parallel radiographs. An Independent t-test was used to compare MBL between the two groups. Sixty-six implants were studied (each group 33 implants). The mean of MBL in the RBM group was significantly higher than the SLA group (1.39 ± 0.31 mm, 0.89 ± 0.26 mm, respectively, P < 0.001). MBL in the mesial sides of implants in the RBM group was significantly higher than the SLA group (1.28 ± 0.29 mm, 0.8 ± 0.29 mm, respectively, P < 0.001). Analysis of the data demonstrated a significantly higher mean of MBL in the distal sides of implants in the RBM group than in the SLA group (1.51 ± 0.35 mm, 0.97 ± 0.27 mm, respectively, P < 0.001). In both groups, the mean of MBL on the distal side was significantly higher than on the mesial side (P < 0.05). Within this study's limitation, RBM implants showed significantly more MBL than SLA implants.

A retrospective study of the long-term survival of RESTORE® dental implants with resorbable blast media surface.

The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the survival and failure rates of RESTORE® implants over a follow-up period of 10-15 years at a university dental hospital and to investigate the factors affecting the survival rate of these dental implants. A total of 247 RESTORE® dental implants with a resorbable blast media (RBM) surface inserted in 86 patients between March 2006 and April 2011 at the Department of Periodontology of Seoul National University Dental Hospital were included. Patients with follow-up periods of less than 10 years were excluded, and data analysis was conducted based on dental records and radiographs. Over a 10- to 15-year period, the cumulative survival rate of the implants was 92.5%. Seventeen implants (6.88%) were explanted due to implant fracture (n=10, 4.05%), peri-implantitis (n=6, 2.43%), and screw fracture (n=1, 0.4%). The results of univariate regression analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model demonstrated that implants placed in male patients (hazard ratio [HR], 4.542; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.305-15.807; P=0.017) and implants that supported removable prostheses (HR, 15.498; 95% CI, 3.105-77.357; P=0.001) showed statistically significant associations with implant failure. Within the limitations of this retrospective study, the RESTORE® dental implant with an RBM surface has a favorable survival rate with stable clinical outcomes.

Effects on the Titanium Implant Surface by Different Hygiene Instrumentations: A Narrative Review.

Peri-implant disease is usually caused by the accumulation of dental biofilm around the implant, and this biofilm can irradiate the gingiva tissue, which leads to inflammation and, more severely, to a deterioration of the bone structure. There is a concern regarding the removal of biofilm from the implant surface by using different hygiene instruments. Some hygiene instruments may have some effect on the dental implant surface, resulting in roughening or damage to the implant surfaces. This study reviewed the effects of titanium implant surfaces on different hygiene instruments. A literature search was conducted from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases for articles published from 1992 to 2021. A total of 19 full-text papers with keywords of interest that met all the eligibility criteria were selected. Surface roughness was evaluated with a scanning electron microscope and also using a profilometer, laser scanning, scanning probe, and atomic force microscopes. A metal curette produced a roughened surface on the titanium implant, but a plastic curette did not alter the surface. Instrumentation with rubber cups left the surface unchanged and appeared to smoothen the surface, whereas the air-powder abrasive instrumentation altered the surface with the presence of micro pits and pores. A conventional metal ultrasonic scaler showed significant surface topographical changes and scratches on both titanium surfaces, as a diode laser, light-emitting diode (LED), and laser treatment did not show any alteration on the rough and smooth titanium surfaces. Thus, a non-metallic instrument such as a plastic curette, rubber cups, and novel technology including diode laser, LED, and laser treatment is appropriate and can be used for debridement on smooth and machined titanium implant surfaces as well as sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA), titanium plasma-sprayed (TPS), and resorbable blasted media (RBM) surfaces. The use of metallic instruments should be avoided, and it is not recommended.

Osteoconductivity of Porous Titanium Structure on Implants in Osteoporosis

In compromised bone conditions such as osteoporosis, developments of the implant surface are necessary to secure the stability of implants. This study investigated the effect of the surface porous titanium structure (PS) on the osseointegration of implants in osteoporotic bone. Bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) was performed in 4 female beagle dogs to induce osteoporosis for 32 wk. Success of induction was based on the evaluation of bone mineral density by Hounsfield units (HU) in computed tomography images. Posterior teeth in both mandibles were extracted 1 wk after OVX, and a total of 30 implants (15 implants in each group) were placed after 32 wk of osteoporosis induction. The control group implant underwent resorbable blast media (RBM) surface treatment, whereas the test group underwent RBM surface treatment in the coronal two-thirds and a PS added to the apical 3-mm portion. HU values in the mandibular trabecular bone, lumbar, and femoral head significantly decreased 32 wk after OVX, confirming osteoporotic condition after induction. Resonance frequency analysis and removal torque test showed comparable values between the 2 groups at 4 wk after implant placement. The surface topography of the implant after removal showed hard tissue integration at the PS in the test group. Bone-to-implant contact length was greater in the apical portion of the test group, although statistical significance was not found between the groups. Interthread bone area in the apical portion of the test group showed a significant increase compared to the control group (control: 0.059 ± 0.041 mm2, test: 0.121 ± 0.060 mm2, P = 0.028) with the histological feature of bone ingrowth at the PS. The findings of the study demonstrated that the surface PS could improve osteoconductivity in the osteoporotic trabecular bone by bone ingrowth at the pore space, thereby enhancing the osseointegration and stability of the implants.

Effect of erbium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser on surface characteristics and biocompatibility of resorbable blast media titanium

Effect of erbium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser on surface characteristics and biocompatibility of resorbable blast media titanium

Micro-Nano Surface Characterization and Bioactivity of a Calcium Phosphate-Incorporated Titanium Implant Surface.

The surface topography of dental implants and micro-nano surface characterization have gained particular interest for the improvement of the osseointegration phases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface micro-nanomorphology and bioactivity (apatite forming ability) of Ossean® surface, a resorbable blast medium (RBM) blasted surface further processed through the incorporation of a low amount of calcium phosphate. The implants were analyzed using environmental scanning electronic microscopy (ESEM), connected to Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), field emission gun SEM-EDX (SEM-FEG) micro-Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) before and after immersion in weekly refreshed Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS) for 28 days. The analysis of the samples before immersion showed a moderately rough surface, with micropits and microgrooves distributed on all of the surface; EDX microanalysis revealed the constitutional elements of the implant surface, namely titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al) and vanadium (V). Limited traces of calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) were detected, attributable to the incorporated calcium phosphate. No traces of calcium phosphate phases were detected by micro-Raman spectroscopy. ESEM analysis of the implant aged in HBSS for 28 days revealed a significantly different surface, compared to the implant before immersion. At original magnifications <2000×, a homogeneous mineral layer was present on all the surface, covering all the pits and microgrooves. At original magnifications ≥10,000×, the mineral layer revealed the presence of small microspherulites. The structure of these spherulites (approx. 2 µm diameter) was observed in nanoimmersion mode revealing a regular shape with a hairy-like contour. Micro-Raman analysis showed the presence of B-type carbonated apatite on the implant surface, which was further confirmed by XPS analysis. This implant showed a micro-nano-textured surface supporting the formation of a biocompatible apatite when immersed in HBSS. These properties may likely favor bone anchorage and healing by stimulation of mineralizing cells.

İmplant Uzunluklarının ve Tasarımının İmplant Primer Stabilite Üzerine Etkilerinin Rezonans Frekans Analizi Kullanılarak Değerlendirilmesi: İn Vitro Bir Çalışma

Background:Primary stability (PS) is dependent on the length and diameter of the implant, micro-morphology of the implant surface, implant design, surgical procedure, bone quantity and quality.The aim of this study was to compare short and standart dental implants according to primary stability in bone type IV using Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) test equipment.Methods: Seventy two dental implants; sandblasting with large grit particles and acid etching (SLA) surface (Dentium®,SimpleLine II, Seoul, Korea), SLActive surface- (Straumann Roxolid®, Basel, Switzerland), Resorbable blast media (RBM) surface- (Implance®,Trabzon, TURKEY) with short (4-and 6-mm length) and standart dental implants (10-mm length) were placed in bovine cow ribs with bone quality similar to a type IV human bone.RFA was performed to evaluate the primary stability. The parameters of three groups were compared with the Mann–Whitney U test. Results:Implant stability quotient (ISQ)measurements of 4-mm and 6-mm length implants were similar however, 10-mm-length implants showed statistically difference inter-groups. SLActive surface in 10-mm-length implant group showed highest ISQ value (p &amp;lt; 0.005). When primary stability was compared in intra groups, SLA surface and RBM surface implants showed no significant difference, but 10-mm-length of SLActive surface implant showed higher ISQ value than 4-and 6-mm length (p&amp;lt; 0.005).Conclusion: The length and diameter of the implants might be more effective in primary stability compared to surface design and surface properties in short implants and SLActive surface implants may show better primary stabiliy in standard implants.

Comparative study for osseointegration according to surface treatments of dental implants

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydroxyapatite (HA) full-coating and resorbable blast media (RBM) on the osseointegration of implants placed in the bone. Twelve rabbits were used as experimental animals and three implants were installed in each tibia. Rabbits in the control group were provided with no additional treatments to the fixture. Rabbits in experimental group I were provided with RBM treatment and rabbits in experimental group II were provided with full HA coating. The animals were sacrificed 4 weeks after implantation. The parts of the tibia containing the implant were harvested and radiographs were acquired. Specimens were prepared for histological examination and histomorphometric analysis of the bone-to-implant contact (BIC) ratio. The extent of osseointegration of the implants was different among the groups. Histomorphometrically, the full HA coating group showed the highest BIC ratio, followed by the RBM treatment and the control group. The three groups significantly differed when using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U-test. These results suggest that the full HA coating and RBM treatment to the fixture can provide significantly higher osseointegration. The full HA coating provided more osseointegration than the RBM treatment.

Biomechanical and Morphometric Evaluation of a Strontium-Incorporated Implant and Four Commercially Available Implants: A Study in Rabbits.

Strontium has shown a positive effect on osseointegration in experiments. This study compared surface characterization and osseointegration of a strontium-incorporated implant with four commercial implants with different surface treatments. A strontium-oxide layer was created by hydrothermal treatment on the surface of the implant (SLA-Sr). Surface characterizations were observed using a scanning electron microscope, three-dimensional (3D) optical microscope, and x-ray energy-dispersive spectrometry. Implants of different surface treatments including resorbable blasting media (RBM), sandblasting with large grit and acid etching (SLA-1, SLA-2), sandblasting and thermal acid etching (STA), and SLA-Sr were implanted into the proximal tibiae and femoral condyles of rabbits. Biologic effects were evaluated by removal torque testing and histomorphometric analysis after 3, 6, and 12 weeks of implantation. Nanostructures were observed on the surface of SLA-Sr and STA. Calcium (Ca) was detected on the surface of RBM. Sr was detected on the surface of SLA-Sr. SLA-1 and STA had greater surface roughness than SLA-2, SLA-Sr, and RBM (P < .05). In vivo, SLA-Sr achieved better removal torque value (RTV) than that of RBM and SLA-2 at 3 weeks (P < .05), as well as increased bone area ratio (BA%) in cortical bone compared with RBM at 3 weeks (P < .05). STA showed higher bone-to-implant contact ratio (BIC%) in cortical bone than RBM at 3 and 6 weeks (P < .05). Compared with RBM, SLA-1 had better RTV at 6 weeks and higher BIC% in cortical bone at 12 weeks (P < .05). In vivo, compared with SLA-2 and RBM, the implant with the strontium-oxide layer displayed slight advantages in new bone formation and osseointegration in the early healing stage. In the later osseointegration stage, the results of SLA-Sr were comparable with other implants.

Influence on Bone-to-Implant Contact of Non-Thermal Low-Pressure Argon Plasma: An Experimental Study in Rats

Roughness characteristics play an essential role in osseointegration. However, there is a concern about the susceptibility of those surfaces to bacterial colonization. New techniques for cleaning and surface treatment have appeared that could favor osseointegration without the need to create surfaces as rough. Such is the case of non-thermal low-pressure argon plasma (NTLP-ArP). One hundred and forty-four implants were placed in the tibiae of 36 Sprague Dawley rats, distributed in four experimental groups: I: mechanized surface; II: mechanized surface treated with NTLP-ArP, III: resorbable blast media (RBM) surface; and IV: RBM surface treated with (NTLP-ArP). Bone-to-implant contact (BIC) percentages were calculated by microtomographic evaluation and histological analysis at one, two, and four weeks after implant placement. ANOVA and Mann–Whitney tests were used for statistical analysis, establishing p &lt; 0.05. No significant differences were found at one-week comparisons. The groups treated with NTLP-ArP obtained higher BIC% than those not treated at two and four weeks. Mechanized surfaces treated with NTLP-ArP obtained BIC values similar to RBM surfaces.

Effect of Two Types of Surface Treatment of Dental Implants Retaining Mandibular Complete Overdenture on Bone Density Changes

The aim of the study: was to evaluate the influence of the surface treatment of implant retained mandibular overdenture on peri-implant bone density.Resorbable Blast Media (RBM) implant surface treatment and acidetched implant surface treatment was used.Materials and Methods: Ten completely edentulous male patients wererehabilitated by mandibular overdenture retained by two dental implantsin the interforaminal region, the one on the right side was acid etched andthe left side was with resorbable blast media (RBM). Peri-implant bonedensity was assessed with cone beam computed tomography at the timeof implant loading, six months and twelve months after denture insertion.Results: There was no significant difference between Acid etched andRBM dental implants on the peri-implant bone density during the followup period. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the number of studiedpatients it could be stated that Acid etched and RBM dental implantsfulfill the criteria of dental implant success and are recommended to beused.

Comparison of the removal torque and a histomorphometric evaluation of the RBM treated implants with the RBM followed by laser treated implants: an experimental study in rabbits.

BackgroundIn the osseointegration of dental implants, the implant surface properties have been reported to be some of the most important critical factors. The effect of implant’s surfaces created by resorbable blast media (RBM) followed by laser ablation on bone tissue reactions was examined using the removal torque test and histomorphometric analysis.MethodsTwo types of dental implants, RBM-laser implants (experimental group) and RBM implants (control group) (CSM implant system, Daegu, Korea; L=6 mm, diameter=3.75 mm) were placed into the right and left distal femoral metaphysis of 17 adult rabbits. Six weeks after placement, removal torque was measured and histomorphometric analysis was performed.ResultsThe mean removal torque was 24.0±10.2 Ncm and 46.6±16.4 Ncm for the control and test specimens, respectively. The experimental RBM-laser implants had significantly higher removal torque values than the control RBM implants (p=0.013). The mean values of total and cortical bone to implant contact (BIC) were respectively 46.3±10.8% and 65.3±12.5% for the experimental group, and 41.9±18.5% and 57.6±10.6% for the control group. The experimental RBM-laser implants showed a higher degree of total and cortical BIC compared with RBM implants, but there was no statistical significance (p=0.482, 0.225).ConclusionThe removal torque and BIC of the test group were higher than those of the control group. In this study, the surface treatment created by RBM treatment followed by laser ablation appears to have a potential in improving bone tissue reactions of dental implants.

Surface alterations following instrumentation with a nylon or metal brush evaluated with confocal microscopy

PurposeSurface alterations of titanium discs following instrumentation with either a nylon brush or a metal brush were evaluated.MethodsA total of 27 titanium discs with 3 surface types (9 discs for each type), including machined (M) surfaces, sandblasted and acid-etched (SA) surfaces, and surfaces treated by resorbable blast media (RBM), were used. Three discs were instrumented with a nylon brush, another 3 discs were instrumented with a metal brush, and the remaining 3 discs were used as controls for each surface type. Surface properties including the arithmetic mean value of a linear profile (Ra), maximum height of a linear profile (Rz), skewness of the assessed linear profile (Rsk), arithmetic mean height of a surface (Sa), maximum height of a surface (Sz), developed interfacial area ratio (Sdr), skewness of a surface profile (Ssk), and kurtosis of a surface profile (Sku) were measured using confocal microscopy.ResultsInstrumentation with the nylon brush increased the Ra, Sa, and Sdr of the M surfaces. On the SA surfaces, Ra, Sa and Sdr decreased after nylon brush use. Meanwhile, the roughness of the RBM surface was not affected by the nylon brush. The use of the metal brush also increased the Ra, Sa, and Sdr of the M surface; however, the increase in Sdr was not statistically significant (P=0.119). The decreases in the Rz, Sz, Ra, Sa, and Sdr of the SA surfaces were remarkable. On the RBM surfaces, the use of the metal brush did not cause changes in Ra and Sa, whereas Rz, Sz, and Sdr were reduced.ConclusionsTitanium surfaces were altered when instrumented either with a nylon brush or a metal brush. Hence, it is recommended that nylon or metal brushes be used with caution in order to avoid damaging the implant fixture/abutment surface.

Bone-Healing Pattern on the Surface of Titanium Implants at Cortical and Marrow Compartments in Two Topographic Sites: an Experimental Study in Rabbits.

This study evaluates the bone-healing patterns on the surface of titanium implants at the cortical and marrow compartments of bicortically-installed implants in the diaphysis and metaphysis of rabbit tibiae. In 27 New Zealand rabbits, two implants, one for each macro-design and with equal resorbable blasted media (RBM) implant surfaces, were randomly implanted in the diaphysis or metaphysis of each tibia. The flaps were sutured to allow submerged healing. The animals were sacrificed after two, four, or eight weeks, with nine weeks used for the period of healing. Ground sections were prepared and analyzed. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups for newly formed bone in contact with the implant surface after two, four, and eight weeks of healing. Bone apposition in the marrow compartment was slightly higher in the diaphysis compared to metaphysis regions across healing stages. Despite the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that new bone apposition was better than average in the cortical compartment as compared to the marrow compartments. Bone morphometry and density may affect bone apposition onto the implant surface. The apposition rates were slightly better at both the cortical and marrow compartments in diaphysis as compared to metaphysis sites. The new bone formation at the marrow compartment showed slightly better increasing values at diaphysis compared to metaphysis implantation sites.

Impact of Surface Chemistry Modifications on Speed and Strength of Osseointegration.

To compare the bone responses of chemically modified implants using the plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition method with those of blasted implants. The titanium implants were blasted with resorbable blasting media (RBM) and designated as controls. The ion-implanted implants were divided into two test groups, namely, calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) implants. Six implants (two implants per group) were placed into the proximal tibias of 11 New Zealand white rabbits. Fluorochrome labeling was administered at 2 and 4 weeks after surgery. Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) was conducted immediately after surgery and at 6 weeks of healing. The removal torque was measured in half of the tibiae. The implants in another tibia were subjected to fluorescence analysis and histologic and histomorphometric evaluations. The fluorescence analysis suggested that osteoconductivity was improved in the early osseointegration stages in the Ca and Mg implants. In the cortical region, the bone-to-implant contact in the Mg implants and the bone area % in the Ca and Mg implants were higher than those in the RBM implants (P < .05). All groups demonstrated similar biomechanical strengths with respect to the RFA and the removal torque measurements. The osseointegration speed and the bone contact were positively affected by the Ca and Mg ion implantation, especially in the Mg implants, because of the synergistic effect. However, no remarkable differences were found in biomechanical strength in the later osseointegration stages.

Osseointegration of zirconia and titanium implants in a rabbit tibiae model evaluated by microtomography, histomorphometry and fluorochrome labeling analyses

This study compares the osseointegration of machined-zirconia implants containing yttria (M-Y-TZP) with machined (M-Ti) and resorbable blast media (RBM-Ti) titanium implants. M-Y-TZP, M-Ti and RBM-Ti implants were randomly placed in rabbit tibiae. Fluorochrome bone labels (tetracycline, alizarin and calcein) were administered at different time periods. After 8weeks, osseointegration was evaluated in terms of bone-to-implant contact (BIC), new bone area (nBA), remaining cortical bone area (rBA) and temporal quantification of fluorochromes, using micro-CT and histomorphometric analyses. RBM-Ti implants showed higher resorption of the remaining cortical bone and bone formation (rBA=36.9% and nBA=38.8%) than M-Y-TZP implants (rBA=48% and nBA=26.5%). The BIC values showed no differences among the groups in the cortical region (mean = 52.2%) but in the medullary region, they were 0.45-fold higher in the RBM-Ti group (51.2%) than in the M-Y-TZP group (35.2%). In all groups, high incorporation of tetracycline was observed (2nd to 4th weeks), followed by alizarin (4th to 6th weeks) and calcein (6th to 8th weeks). In the cortical region, incorporation of tetracycline was similar between RBM-Ti (49.8%) and M-Y-TZP (35.9%) implants, but higher than M-Ti (28.2%) implants. Subsequently, alizarin and calcein were 1.1-fold higher in RBM-Ti implants than in the other implants. In the medullary region, no significant differences were observed for all fluorochromes. All implants favored bone formation and consequently promoted primary stability. Bone formation around the threads was faster in RBM-Ti and M-Y-TZP implants than in M-Ti implants, but limited bone remodeling with M-Y-TZP implants over time can have significant effects on secondary stability, suggesting caution for its use as an alternative substitute for titanium implants.