Shape Resonance Research Articles

RESONANT REVERBERATIONS: MATERIAL INFLUENCE ON SOUND QUALITY IN PERCUSSION INSTRUMENT DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE

This paper is concerned with an in-depth investigation into the relation between material selection and sound quality of percussion instruments, arguing about the various aspects of materials influence on acoustic properties, vibrational behavior, and timbral characteristics. The ability that material properties have on design, performance techniques, pedagogical practice, and further research is made explicit through the complete experimental analysis, recommended here, covering comparative studies, acoustic measurements, modal analysis, expert evaluation, and field studies. Our results show the great degree by which material properties shape sound production, resonance, and expressive potential in percussion instruments, giving valuable insights for designers, manufacturers, performers, educators, and researchers. With careful material choices, adjustments of techniques of performance, teaching techniques informed by principles from science, and interdisciplinary collaborations building, we can continue the evolution of the art and science of percussion instrument making and performance practice toward bringing ever-richer musical experiences and cultural exchanges all over the world.

Platform affordances, discursive opportunities, and social media activism: A cross-platform analysis of #MeToo on Twitter, Facebook, and Reddit, 2017–2020

This study proposes affordances for discursive opportunities (ADO) as a theoretical framework that leverages the concept of technological affordances and the theory of discursive opportunities to understand platform potential in shaping social media activism. Specifically, ADO underscores how social media platform affordances (e.g., algorithmic curation, shared group identity and culture, connectivity) shape movement visibility, resonance, and legitimacy, all of which can mobilize activism efforts. We further situate our discussion in the cross-platform context to explore both differences and interconnections between different platforms in facilitating digital activism. By analyzing 20,363,128 English posts related to the #MeToo movement from 2017 to 2020 on Twitter, Facebook, and Reddit using supervised machine learning and time series analysis, we reveal platform variations in affording discursive opportunities for visibility, resonance, and legitimacy, which shape activism efforts differently across platforms. We also find a unidirectional relationship from activism on Twitter and Reddit to activism on Facebook.

Exploring electronic resonances in pyridine: Insights from orbital stabilization techniques.

Electron attachment to pyridine results in electronic resonances, metastable states that can decay through electronic or nuclear degrees of freedom. This study uses orbital stabilization techniques combined with bound electronic structure methods, based on equation of motion coupled cluster or multi-reference methods, to calculate positions and widths of electronic resonances in pyridine that exist below 10eV. We report four 2B1 and four 2A2 resonances, including one 2B1 not previously reported experimentally and two 2A2 resonances not reported at all in the literature. The two lower energy resonances are one-particle shape resonances, while the remaining are mixed or primarily core-excited resonances. Multi-reference perturbation theory provides the best description of these resonances, especially when their character is mixed. We describe the character of these resonances qualitatively and calculate Dyson orbitals, which provide information about their decay channels.

Production of Nitrogen Dioxide, NO2-, Anion from Dissociative Electron Attachment to Nitromethane below 1 eV and Its Temperature Dependence: Direct vs Dipole Bound Mediated Processes.

Reaction induced by slow electrons is implicated in a large field of research and applications. Below 3-4 eV, dissociative electron attachment efficiently fragments molecules via (1) shape resonance or (2) mediated by the formation of a dipole bound anion. While the temperature dependence of process 1 is well-known, that of 2 is not clearly established. Nitromethane is the prototypical molecule for which the electron attachment leads to the formation of both a dipole bound and a covalent anion. We provide here a comprehensive study of the fragmentation of nitromethane by <1 eV electron and the unusual temperature effects attributed principally to process 2.

GAIT PATTERN INVESTIGATIONS OF BIONIC PIEZOELECTRIC ROBOT

The development of micro-robots based on bionic motion has garnered increasing attention with the advancement of bionic technology. These micro-robots can be employed in various tasks, such as military applications, disaster search and rescue, in vivo drug delivery, minimally invasive surgery, and tumor treatment. Robot joint motion is commonly achieved through actuators, which encompass motor, hydraulic, or pneumatic components that often carry excessive weight. To achieve the goal of miniaturizing robotic mechanisms, innovative actuators need to be developed. This study focuses on designing a four-limbed micro-robot that utilizes piezoelectric actuators. Automatic Dynamic Analysis of the Mechanical System is employed to investigate the kinematic aspects of the micro-robot’s motion, and finite element analysis is also used to obtain the resonant characteristics of the limbs actuated by piezoelectric bimorphs. The results indicate that the gait pattern of a piezoelectric robot changes according to the walking strategy and the robot dimension. The forward travel speed varies depending on the gait pattern, and adjustments in gait design can reduce the up/down oscillation and right/left offset. The robot’s travel speed increases with both trunk and limb length, although longer thigh and leg lengths might lead to greater offset and vertical oscillation. The resonant frequency and mode shapes change with the limb structure and affect the limb motion style. By adjusting the driving frequency of the bimorph actuators, the gait pattern can be manipulated. The information presented in this study contributes to a deeper understanding of micro-robot design.

A novel solution for dynamic behaviors of multi-span bridge plates

The present paper draws a comprehensive analysis of the free vibration characteristics and discusses modal localization phenomena of multi-span bridge plate structures through an analytical method, numerical simulations, and experimental measurements. A novel analytical solution using the generalized superposition segment method (GSSM) is first proposed to investigate the transverse vibration of a multi-span bridge, which offers complete flexibility in describing arbitrarily classical boundary conditions. Furthermore, a new experimental setup achieves precisely simply supported boundary conditions, and scaled physical models of two- and three-span bridge plates are employed to validate the analytical solution. The effect of span length mismatch is studied by analyzing the resonant frequencies and mode shapes of a multi-span bridge plate with varying span lengths. The good consistency of results by theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and experimental measurements indicate that the proposed analytical solution can solve the vibration problem of the multi-span bridge plate efficiently and reflect the real-world boundary condition. Finally, the two modal localization behaviors are observed in theoretical analysis and experimental measurement. Through analytical solutions, numerical simulations, and experimental measurements, this study enhances the understanding of the dynamic behavior of multi-span bridges. It provides a new theoretical benchmark for predicting vibrations of multi-span bridge systems and useful insights into the transient behavior of multi-span bridge plates, suggesting several fruitful avenues for future research, including exploring passive and active control systems and vibration suppression techniques.

Large Deflection of a Single-Phase-Lag Non-Simple Hygrothermoelastic Elliptic Plate Under Heat-Moisture Load

A novel mathematical model in hygrothermoelastic theory has developed to describe heat and moisture distribution in a nonsimple medium. The model incorporates non-Fourier and non-Fick laws using a single phase-lag model to establish a relation between hygrothermoelasticity and unstable conduction processes. The model is applied to an ellipse-shaped composite material subjected to humid-heat loading. The Laplace and Mathieu integral transform was employed to obtain an exact solution of linearly coupled partial differential equations in an elliptical coordinate system. The Gaver–Stehfest algorithm is utilized for the inversion of Laplace functions. Berger’s approximation equation was employed to simplify the calculation of significant deformations for elliptic plates. The model also provides quantitative results for the composition of T300/5208, which consists of epoxy resin reinforced with graphite fibers. The hygrothermal behaviors due to the single-phase-lag time, geometry dimensions, material type, and the two temperatures are explored. The results reveal that nonclassical theories with single-phase-lag time and two-temperature have significant influences on the hygrothermoelastic behaviors in elliptic-shaped objects. The investigation can be effectually led using micro- and nano-elliptic shape resonators in future research.

Orientation-resolved attosecond photoionization delays in the N2O molecule

We present a thorough theoretical and experimental investigation of photoionization time delays in the N2O molecule. Our theory provides actual XUV+IR time-resolved photoelectron spectra as measured in real reconstruction of attosecond beating by interference of two-photon transitions (RABBIT) experiments. This requires not only accounting for the interaction between the XUV field and the neutral molecule, but also between the IR field and the ejected electron, which is only possible through explicit evaluation of a large number of dipole couplings between molecular electronic continuum states. To compare with the results of these calculations we have performed RABBIT experiments in which the ejected electron and the resulting ionic fragments are measured in coincidence, thus allowing us to obtain photoionization delays for a particular orientation of the molecule with respect to the polarization of the XUV and IR fields. We have found very good agreement between calculated and measured RABBIT spectra for both nondissociative and dissociative ionization channels. In particular, we unambiguously show a photoionization delay of about 60 as in the vicinity of a well-known shape resonance of N2O in the nondissociative ionization channel. More importantly, we show a dramatic effect of the IR field in the orientation-resolved ionization delays in the whole photon energy range investigated in this paper (18–40 eV), even at the level of ionization delays (i.e., delays referred to an internal reference delay) where the effect of the IR field is generally assumed to cancel out. Finally, we explicitly show that the problem of spectral congestion inherent to most molecular systems, which usually prevents extraction of photoionization delays, is substantially alleviated by resolving the molecular orientation or, ideally, by resolving both the molecular orientation and the electron emission angle, where access to perfectly isolated ionization channels is possible at specific angles. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Effect of Chlorination on the Shape Resonance Spectrum of CH2Br2 and CCl2Br2 Molecules in Collisions with Electrons.

In this work, we present a theoretical study of elastic electron scattering by the CH2Br2 and CCl2Br2 molecules using the Schwinger multichannel method. Through the scattering amplitudes computed at the static-exchange and static-exchange plus polarization levels of approximation, we have obtained integral, momentum transfer, and differential cross sections for energies ranging from 0 to 20 eV. For both systems, the resonance spectrum was identified in the cross sections and characterized with basis on the analysis of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors obtained by diagonalization of the scattering Hamiltonian. Despite some discrepancies, our cross sections and resonance assignments are in overall good agreement with the experimental and theoretical data available in the literature. Present results also indicate that the effect of chlorination (i.e., the substitution of the hydrogen atoms by chlorine atoms in going from CH2Br2 to CCl2Br2) on the scattering process causes the following outcomes: the change in the position of the resonances in the low-energy regime and the increase in the magnitude of the cross sections for higher energies.

Determination of electronic resonances by analytic continuation using barycentric formula

Numerical analytical continuation of a function is used to determine its complex roots. The analytical continuation is carried out by means of a barycentric formula. From the knowledge of the complex roots the energy and width of shape resonances as well as of quantum virtual states can be determined. The roots are calculated for several realistic models and the results are compared with other approaches. We also explore and discuss a stability of the predicted resonant roots with respect to changes of the perturbation potential.

An energy-modified quantum defect method for the analysis of Rydberg spectra: Application to 2-butyne.

The high resolution Rydberg absorption spectrum of 2-butyne C4H6 recorded previously at the SOLEIL synchrotron facility has been interpreted using multichannel quantum defect theory (MQDT). The calculations are based on the continuum scattering calculations of Xu et al., J. Chem. Phys. 136, 154303 (2012) and of Jacovella et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 119, 12339 (2015) pertaining to the dipole-allowed excited state symmetries in absorption from the ground state. In contrast to the traditional approach of calculating low-lying electronic states first and then attempting to extend the calculations to ever higher energy, here the analysis proceeds through the extension of these detailed calculations of the electronic continuum scattering down into the discrete region of the spectrum. The continuum reaction matrices and dipole transition moments are adapted to the discrete Rydberg region via the use of an energy-modified formulation of MQDT theory and associated energy dependences of the quantum defects. The analysis reproduces more than 40 Rydberg states from n ≈ 10 down to the 3d and 4s levels with an rms error of better than 20 cm-1. These belong to five Rydberg series with three different molecular symmetries. While the approach predicts many additional series, most of these are calculated and observed to carry only little oscillator strength. The analysis shows that the Rydberg spectrum is dominated by the excitation of an e″ symmetry electron of fδ and gπ type, in line with what previous studies of the above-threshold shape resonance of 2-butyne have shown. The present study is intended to serve as an example showing how first principles continuum calculations may be useful for the interpretation of highly bound discrete states in a range that poses problems for the standard abinitio techniques. The quantitative treatment of the dipole absorption cross sections is deferred to a future paper.

Plasmon-enhanced photoelectrochemical-SERS simultaneous dual-read-out determination of enrofloxacin based on bifunctional Bi2S3 quantum dots/triangular Ag nanoparticles/Ti3C2 MXene heterojunction

The exploration of high-efficiency detection technologies of antibiotic residues plays vital roles for the evaluation of food quality and environmental safety risks owing to the adverse effects of antibiotics, which could accelerate the emergence of antibiotic-resistant genes. Herein, an integrated complementary dual-mode sensor was developed based on Bi2S3 quantum dots/triangular silver nanoparticles/Ti3C2 MXene (Bi2S3 QDs/T-Ag NPs/Ti3C2) heterojunction by in-situ coupling photoelectrochemical (PEC) analysis with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method. The bifunctional heterojunction could enhance light absorption, boost the generation of the electron-hole pairs, and facilitate the light-matter interactions, resulting in increased photoelectric conversion efficiency and enhanced Raman scattering for sensing applications. Moreover, the unique triangular shape and strong surface plasmon resonance effect of T-Ag NPs were conducted to further enhance the output signals of the dual-mode sensing platform. Such as-fabricated PEC/SERS detection system offered good complementarity and achieved mutually check via the combination of the inherent characteristics of two individual modes, which provided more accurate measurement results and more convincing information. Further, aptamer was adopted to recognize enrofloxacin molecules, which could achieve selective and sensitive detection of target. The detection limit of PEC and SERS was calculated as 0.61 fM (S/N = 3) and 0.21 fM (S/N = 3), respectively. Besides, the dual-mode aptasensor exhibited excellent stability and reproducibility, showing a promising prospect to detect enrofloxacin in real samples.

A multiple resonant microstrip patch heart shape antenna for satellite and Wi-Fi communication

A multiple resonant microstrip patch heart shape antenna for satellite and Wi-Fi communication

Resonance electron capture by perylene molecules. Relation with negative differential conductance

Five resonant states of long-lived negative molecular ions were defined during the gas-phase resonant electron capture by perylene. Three states are the ground state (0.05 eV) and two shape resonances (0.4 eV and 0.7 eV). Core-excited Feshbach resonance (1.4 eV) transits into a quartet state, which delays the autodetachment of additional electron and causes the negative differential conductance in tunneling transition due to the spin prohibition. Inter-shell resonance (2.5 eV) is mixed with the ground state with the same symmetry and is likely to be stabilized through the light emission with simultaneous transition to a quartet state.

Unveiling the Influence of Line Shape of Surface Plasmon Resonances on Exciton–Plasmon Strong Coupling

AbstractStrong coupling between surface plasmon resonance (SPR) modes and excitons holds great potential for many chemical and physical applications. However, a clear understanding on how far‐field spectral characteristics of SPR (linewidths and intensity) affect the coupling strength remains unclear because these parameters are difficult to be individually tuned. These spectral characteristics are associated with the damping rate and field enhancement that depend on the morphology of the plasmonic nanostructure. In this work, the influence of the SPR line shape on exciton‐plasmon coupling is systematically investigated by delicately tuning the linewidths and resonance intensities of the plasmonic arrays. It is found that the SPR modes with narrow linewidths or large intensity are favorable for the exciton–plasmon system to achieve strong coupling. The obtained clear relationships between the SPR line shape and coupling strength provide guidance for the design and optimization of exciton‐plasmon coupling systems, favoring the highly efficient manipulation of exciton polaritons and enabling specific applications driven by strong coupling.

Selected Configuration Interaction for Resonances.

Electronic resonances are metastable states that can decay by electron loss. They are ubiquitous across various fields of science, such as chemistry, physics, and biology. However, current theoretical and computational models for resonances cannot yet rival the level of accuracy achieved by bound-state methodologies. Here, we generalize selected configuration interaction (SCI) to treat resonances by using the complex absorbing potential (CAP) technique. By modifying the selection procedure and the extrapolation protocol of standard SCI, the resulting CAP-SCI method yields resonance positions and widths of full configuration interaction quality. Initial results for the shape resonances of N2- and CO- reveal the important effect of high-order correlation, which shifts the values obtained with CAP-augmented equation-of-motion coupled-cluster with singles and doubles by more than 0.1 eV. The present CAP-SCI approach represents a cornerstone in the development of highly accurate methodologies for resonances.

H− production in hydrogen DC glow discharge

The H− ion dynamics in the positive column of H2 DC glow discharge was studied by the laser photodetachment technique in a wide range of pressure, 0.1–3 Torr, and current, 1–30 mA, which cover a range of E/N from ∼40 Td up to ∼170 Td. Using a partial modulation of the discharge current, it is shown that the H−concentration follows H atom dynamics due to a fast detachment reaction with the atoms; the higher the H density, the lower the H–/n e ratio. The dynamics of H atom density during discharge modulation was measured by time-resolved actinometry on Ar atoms, while H2 vibrational temperature was estimated by comparing measured and simulated H2 VUV absorption spectra. The analysis of the experimental dependencies of H− and H/H2 on the discharge parameters allowed estimating the effective rate constant of H− production in the discharge as a function of the reduced electric field. For this discharge model, self-consistent state-to-state vibrational kinetics as well as H2 highly excited electronic states were developed. The main processes that contribute to H− production and loss are discussed in detail. Dissociative attachment to vibrationally excited H2(v) molecules is the main channel of H – production but occurs via the excitation of the well-known low-energy ( ϵ th ≈ 3 eV) shape resonance of H2 −(X2Σu +) only at low E/N. At high E/N, the H– production mostly occurs via the excitation of high-energy H2 − states, such as H2 –(B2Σg +, A2Σg +, C2Πu) and Feshbach resonances similar to H2 −(2Σg +) Rydberg state.

Attosecond delays in X-ray molecular ionization.

The photoelectric effect is not truly instantaneous but exhibits attosecond delays that can reveal complex molecular dynamics1-7. Sub-femtosecond-duration light pulses provide the requisite tools to resolve the dynamics of photoionization8-12. Accordingly, the past decade has produced a large volume of work on photoionization delays following single-photon absorption of an extreme ultraviolet photon. However, the measurement of time-resolved core-level photoionization remained out of reach. The required X-ray photon energies needed for core-level photoionization were not available with attosecond tabletop sources. Here we report measurements of the X-ray photoemission delay of core-level electrons, with unexpectedly large delays, ranging up to 700 as in NO near the oxygen K-shell threshold. These measurements exploit attosecond soft X-ray pulses from a free-electron laser to scan across the entire region near the K-shell threshold. Furthermore, we find that the delay spectrum is richly modulated, suggesting several contributions, including transient trapping of the photoelectron owing to shape resonances, collisions with the Auger-Meitner electron that is emitted in the rapid non-radiative relaxation of the molecule and multi-electron scattering effects. The results demonstrate how X-ray attosecond experiments, supported by comprehensive theoretical modelling, can unravel the complex correlated dynamics of core-level photoionization.

Isomeric effects on the electron impact scattering for selected five membered heterocyclic ring molecules

We present electron scattering cross-sectional data for selected isomers of the five-membered ring molecules, specifically oxazole and isoxazole, thiazole and isothiazole, and imidazole and pyrazole. The ab-initio R-matrix method, incorporating static exchange polarization approximations, is employed for this calculation from energy range 0.1 eV to 20 eV. Three shape resonances are identified and characterized in each system, consisting of two π* and one σ* shape resonances. Notably, thiazole and isothiazole exhibit additional σ* resonance which is which is at a lower energy than other σ* resonance. The calculated resonance positions align well with available experimental as well as theoretical data. We also performed electronic structure calculations to aid in characterization of resonances. Comparison of the scattering cross-sectional data with their respective isomers reveal marginal differences in the magnitude of the elastic cross section particularly below 1 eV. This discrepancy may be attributed to variations in the long-range electronic dipole contribution to the electron-molecule interaction process. Further, to understand dependency of dipole moment on elastic cross section, we performed a fitting procedure for the elastic cross sections at 0.1 eV with square of the dipole moment of all the five membered ring molecules studied here. The fitting formula so obtained was used to estimate the cross section for other three five membered ring molecules: Furan, Thiophene and Pyrrole. Additionally, total ionization cross sections are computed using the binary-encounter-Bethe (BEB) model, demonstrating nearly identical results when compared with their isomers. Our findings offer insights into the influence of structural changes on the electron scattering data, providing guidance for other theoretical investigations.

Elastic cross section data for precursor molecules used in low-temperature plasmas: Sn(CH3)4 and Ga(CH3)3

Tetramethyltin [Sn(CH3)4] and trimethylgallium [Ga(CH3)3] are important source molecules of Sn and Ga atoms which are used in manufacturing techniques involving low-temperature plasmas. Accurate numerical modeling of plasma environments requires a comprehensive set of electron scattering cross sections by these precursor molecules. Here, we report the elastic integral, differential, and momentum transfer cross sections for electron collisions with Sn(CH3)4 and Ga(CH3)3 for energies ranging from 0 to 30 eV. Our calculations were carried out with the Schwinger multichannel method implemented with pseudopotentials and considered two levels of approximation in our calculations, namely static-exchange and static-exchange plus polarization. We identified three shape resonances for Sn(CH3)4 and one clear low-lying resonance for Ga(CH3)3. The low-energy behavior of the s-wave cross section and eigenphase was investigated and, for both molecules, we found evidence of a Ramsauer–Townsend (RT) minimum and a virtual state. Our results indicate that negative differential conductivity would occur in a gas composed of Sn(CH3)4. On the other hand, this effect would be suppressed in a gas of Ga(CH3)3 due to an overlap between the position of the RT minimum and the shape resonance in the momentum-transfer cross section.