Resonance Analysis Research Articles

Ginsenoside Rh2 Alleviates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Responses by Binding to TLR4/MD-2 and Blocking TLR4 Dimerization.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers a severe systemic inflammatory reaction in mammals, with the dimerization of TLR4/MD-2 upon LPS stimulation serving as the pivotal mechanism in the transmission of inflammatory signals. Ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2), one of the active constituents of red ginseng, exerts potent anti-inflammatory activity. However, whether G-Rh2 can block the TLR4 dimerization to exert anti-inflammatory effects remains unclear. Here, we first investigated the non-cytotoxic concentration of G-Rh2 on RAW 264.7 cells, and detected the releases of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells, and then uncovered the mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory activity of G-Rh2 through flow cytometry, fluorescent membrane localization, Western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Our results show that G-Rh2 stimulation markedly inhibited the secretion of LPS-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO). Additionally, G-Rh2 blocked the binding of LPS with the membrane of RAW 264.7 cells through direct interaction with TLR4 and MD-2 proteins, leading to the disruption of the dimerization of TLR4 and MD-2, followed by suppression of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Our results suggest that G-Rh2 acts as a new inhibitor of TLR4 dimerization and may serve as a promising therapeutic agent against inflammation.

Improving safety in complex systems: A review of integration of functional resonance analysis method with semi‐quantitative and quantitative approaches

AbstractFunctional resonance analysis method (FRAM) is extensively employed in analyzing and managing performance variabilities. Additionally, semi‐quantitative and quantitative methods have been increasingly integrated with the FRAM to analyze complex socio‐technical systems to improve safety levels. This review article presents a comprehensive and updated survey of current literature focused on semi‐quantitative and quantitative methods employed for quantifying performance variabilities and exploring aggregation/propagation rules. A total of 1659 studies published between 2012 and March 2024 from various scientific databases were systematically examined using preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta‐analysis, identifying 29 studies that met inclusion criteria. The identified studies were categorized into four groups based on the quantitative methods employed: Monte Carlo simulation, fuzzy logic, cognitive reliability and error analysis method, and miscellaneous approaches. While different methodologies had unique strengths, they commonly relied on expert judgment for data collection, whether for defining probability distributions in Monte Carlo simulations, membership functions, and fuzzy rule bases in fuzzy inference systems, or selecting common performance conditions, determining their interrelationships, and assigning scores. Addressing bias from expert judgment in assessing performance variabilities can be achieved by using suitable experts' opinions integration techniques, and leading safety indicators in the analysis.

The structural basis of pyridoxal-5′-phosphate-dependent β-NAD-alkylating enzymes

SbzP is a unique pyridoxal-5′-phosphate-dependent enzyme, which catalyses a [3+2] annulation between the pyridinium ring of β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NAD) and an electron rich β,γ-unsaturated quinonoid derived from S-adenosylmethionine in natural product azaindane antibiotics biosynthesis. The SbzP-mediated annulation has been proposed to be a rare tandem C–C bond formation, but its structural basis and catalytic mechanism remain largely unknown. Here we report the β-NAD-complexed structure of PseP (SbzP homologue), identified by cryo-electron microscopy. Structure-based mutagenesis, stopped-flow analysis, thermal shift and surface plasmon resonance analysis identified the important residues for the substrate binding. Molecular dynamics simulations provided insights regarding how the enzyme orients the Cγ of the unsaturated quinonoid to β-NAD. In addition, density functional theory calculations confirmed that the proposed stepwise mechanism is more likely than a pericyclization mechanism. This study provides the structural basis of a pyridoxal-5′-phosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyses nucleophilic Cγ addition and β-NAD processing in natural product biosynthesis.

Enhancement of microRNA Detection Signal Based on Au-nanoparticle-catalyzed Ag Accumulation Observed by Electrochemical and Surface Plasmon Resonance Analyses

Enhancement of microRNA Detection Signal Based on Au-nanoparticle-catalyzed Ag Accumulation Observed by Electrochemical and Surface Plasmon Resonance Analyses

High Order Rayleigh-Type SAW Devices for Advanced 5G Front-ends with Improved Performance

Abstract This paper presents a piezoelectric layered structure composed of a rotated LiNbO3 thin film combined with a diamond film for improved comprehensive performance SAW devices. Theoretical analysis of SAW resonator on the proposed structure is performed to calculate its SAW characteristics including electromechanical coupling coefficient (K2 ), frequency (f), and quality factor (Q). It is found that a high-order Rayleigh mode is effectively excited and exhibits not only high frequency but also large K2 and high Q. The influences of the Euler angles, layer stack configurations of LiNbO3, and the electrode on the SAW properties are investigated systematically to optimize the device performance of the proposed structure. The results show the resonator can operate at frequency of 6.6 GHz with a large K2 of 13.58% and high Q of 2134, which makes the proposed layered structure a good potential solution for high-performance wideband SAW filters operating over 5 GHz.

An exact analytical solution for coupled vibration analysis of a piezoelectric resonator

Abstract Piezoelectric resonators are widely used as the active components in devices such as sensors, actuators, communication filters, and micro/nano-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS / NEMS). Due to the piezoelectric effect, Poisson’s ratio, and its finite dimension, the thickness and lateral vibration modes in a piezoelectric resonator are inevitably coupled. In this paper, an exact analytical model for coupled vibration analysis of a piezoceramic disk is developed based on a new superstition method. The free vibrations are decomposed into thickness and lateral directions in a new form of Fourier-Bessel series and then they are superimposed to satisfy the boundary conditions. To verify the validity of the analytical model proposed here, numerical simulations are performed using COMSOL Multiphysics. An excellent agreement is observed. This analytical model can be applied to the design and optimization of piezoelectric devices.

Multi-scale analysis of harmonic resonance in cylindrical bubbles under acoustic excitation

In this paper, the dimensionless oscillation equation of a cylindrical bubble is analyzed using the multi-scale method, Lyapunov stability theory, and the Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion. The corresponding second-order analytical solution and stability criterion are obtained. By examining the cases of second-order super-harmonic resonance and 1/2-order sub-harmonic resonance, the harmonic resonance characteristics of cylindrical bubbles and the influencing factors are revealed. The conclusions are summarized as follows: (1) Super-harmonic resonance can exhibit up to three solutions, along with unstable phenomena such as jump and hysteresis. Sub-harmonic resonance, however, shows at most two solutions simultaneously, without jump or hysteresis phenomena. (2) As the acoustic excitation amplitude increases, both the response amplitude and the unstable zone significantly enlarge. An increase in nonlinear coefficients can reduce the response amplitude and increase instability. (3) When the acoustic excitation amplitude reaches a certain threshold, the oscillation mode of the bubble shifts from periodic to chaotic. Under the same initial conditions, the chaos threshold for sub-harmonic resonance is higher than that for super-harmonic resonance.

Accelerated Fe3+/Fe2+ cycle in Mo2C-based Fe catalyst to promote peroxymonosulfate activation

The harmful impact of organic pollutants on aquatic ecosystems underscores the pressing need for effective remediation. While activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) with Fe catalyst offers a promising approach for eliminating these pollutants, its widespread use is hindered by the sluggish regeneration of Fe2+ from Fe3+. Here, this study demonstrates for the first time that combining an Fe catalyst with Mo2C (Fe-Mo2C) enhances the Fe³⁺/Fe2⁺ cycle, thereby improving PMS activation. The Fe-Mo2C/PMS system achieved near-complete degradation of carbamazepine (CBZ) within only 8 minutes, with an impressive observed rate constant (kobs) of up to 0.624 min-1, about 15 times greater than that of Fe-C catalyst. It also exhibits the capability to degrade a broad range of common antibiotics, phenols, and dye-like organic compounds. Through electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis and quenching experiments, it was verified that hydroxyl radicals (·OH), sulfate radicals (SO4·-), singlet oxygen (1O2), and superoxide radicals (·O2-) species during the reaction, with the former three serving as the primary active species. These findings offer a hopeful avenue for the systematic development and enhancement of catalysts specifically designed to efficiently remediate organic pollutants in wastewater.

A highly efficient Co-based catalyst for peroxymonosulfate activation for rapid degradation of RhB over a wide pH range

Cobalt-based materials have been demonstrated to be effective heterogeneous catalysts for peroxymonosulfate activation in degrading many refractory organic pollutants. In this study, a new cobalt-based catalyst was prepared using cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2·6H2O) as the Co2+ source, 2,3-pyrazine dicarboxylic acid and 3,6-DI-4-pyridyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (4-PYTZ) as ligands. This catalyst was employed as a peroxymonosulfate activator for the degradation of Rhodamine B(RhB). The results indicated that the prepared Co-based catalyst can effectively degrade RhB dye in aqueous solution by activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Specifically, when the initial concentration of RhB was 20 mg/L, its degradation rate exceeded 98 % within merely 9 min. The factors influencing the activation of PMS by the Co-based catalyst were examined, including PMS concentration, reaction temperature, solution pH, and the concentration of organic pollutants. Stability and reusability tests demonstrated that the prepared catalyst exhibited good stability, with the degradation rate of RhB remaining above 97 % after four repetitive experiments. Free radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analyses revealed that sulfate radicals (SO4−) and hydroxyl radicals (OH) are the primary reactive radicals accountable for the degradation process. Additionally, it displayed excellent adaptability over a wide pH range, particularly within the pH levels ranging from 5 to 9. This study demonstrates that the prepared Co-based catalyst can serve as a stable and effective option for degrading organic dyes in wastewater treatment applications.

Evaluation of micro-dispersion on oil recovery during low-salinity water-alternating-CO2 processes in sandstone cores: An integrated experimental approach

Low-salinity water (LSW) and CO2 could be combined to perform better in a hydrocarbon reservoir due to their synergistic advantages for enhanced oil recovery (EOR); however, its microscopic recovery mechanisms have not been well understood due to the nature of these two fluids and their physical reactions in the presence of reservoir fluids and porous media. In this work, well-designed and integrated experiments have been performed for the first time to characterize the in-situ formation of micro-dispersions and identify their EOR roles during a LSW-alternating-CO2 (CO2-LSWAG) process under various conditions. Firstly, by measuring water concentration and performing the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis, the in-situ formation of micro-dispersions induced by polar and acidic materials was identified. Then, displacement experiments combining with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis were performed with two crude oil samples, during which wettability, interfacial tension (IFT), CO2 dissolution, and CO2 diffusion were quantified. During a CO2-LSWAG process, the in-situ formed micro-dispersions dictate the oil recovery, while the presence of clay minerals, electrical double-layer (EDL) expansion and multiple ion exchange (MIE) are found to contribute less. Such formed micro-dispersions are induced by CO2 via diffusion to mobilize the CO2-diluated oil, alter the rock wettability towards more water-wet, and minimize the density contrast between crude oil and water.

CO2-Induced In-Situ Targeted Precipitation of Asphaltene in Heavy Oil Reservoirs: Balancing Formation Gas Channeling Regulation and Wellbore Asphaltene Blockage Prevention

Summary To investigate the mechanisms of the asphaltene precipitation in oil caused by CO2, the sandstone core oil displacement experiments and asphaltene structure observation experiments are designed in this work. The oil displacement experiments create CO2 flooding conditions under different pressures in heavy oil reservoirs and analyze the produced oil components and precipitated asphaltene proportions. Meanwhile, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis is conducted on the sandstone cores to discuss the precipitation characteristics of asphaltene in the reservoir pores. The observation experiments analyze the microstructure of precipitated asphaltene after interactions between oil and CO2. The results show that the increasing pressure promotes the precipitation of asphaltene from oil by enhancing the dissolution and component extraction of CO2 in oil, which reduces oil viscosity and promotes reservoir development efficiency. This process also leads to an increase in CO2 sequestration in the reservoir. However, the precipitated asphaltene reduces reservoir permeability, hindering the optimization of the oil recovery rate. During the process of increasing pressure, the rate of increase in oil recovery decreases. In reservoirs containing oil with high asphaltene proportion, the oil recovery rate even decreases under high pressure. Additionally, in-situ targeted precipitation and retention of asphaltenes in large pores can reduce the distribution differences of pores with different sizes in the reservoir, weakening the above negative effects and enhancing oil recovery by regulating gas channeling. Moreover, the ratio of resin in oil affects the asphaltene precipitation form, and CO2 can promote the association of asphaltenes by weakening the steric stabilization effect of resin on asphaltene in oil, which makes the microstructure of precipitated asphaltenes dense and regular and promotes asphaltene precipitation and oil recovery increasing. This work aims to verify the advantages of CO2-induced asphaltene precipitation in improving the efficient and environmentally friendly development of heavy oil reservoirs, while exploring the significance of CO2 flooding in promoting carbon sequestration.

An electron paramagnetic resonance time-course study of oxidative stress in the plasma of electronic cigarette exposed rats.

The long-term consequences of electronic cigarette (Ecig) use in humans are not yet known, but it is known that Ecig aerosols contain many toxic compounds of concern. We have recently shown that Ecig exposure impairs middle cerebral artery (MCA) endothelial function and that it takes 3days for MCA reactivity to return to normal. However, the sources contributing to impairment of the endothelium were not investigated. We hypothesized that the increased levels of oxidative stress markers in the blood are correlated with impaired MCA reactivity. We used electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to examine plasma from 4-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats that were exposed to either air (n=5) or 1h Ecig exposure, after which blood samples were collected at varying times after exposure (i.e., 1-4, 24, 48 and 72h postexposure, n=4 or 5 in each time group). The EPR analyses were performed using the redox-sensitive hydroxylamine spin probe 1-hydroxy-3-carboxymethyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrrolidine (CMH) to measure the level of reactive oxidant species in the plasma samples. We found that EPR signal intensity from the CM• radical was significantly increased in plasma at 1-4, 24 and 48h (P<0.05, respectively) and returned to control (air) levels by 72h. When evaluating the EPR results with MCA reactivity, we found a significant negative correlation (Pearson's P=0.0027). These data indicate that impaired cerebrovascular reactivity resulting from vaping is associated with the oxidative stress level (measured by EPR from plasma) and indicate that a single 1h vaping session can negatively influence vascular health for up to 3 days after vaping. HIGHLIGHTS: What is the central question of this study? Does the time course of oxidative stress triggered by electronic cigarette exposure follow the cerebral vascular dysfunction? What is the main finding and its importance? Electron paramagnetic resonance analysis shows that the oxidative stress induced after a single 1h exposure to electronic cigarette aerosol takes ≤72h to return to normal, which mirrors the time course for vascular dysfunction in the middle cerebral artery that we have reported previously.

Enhanced photoelectric properties of TiO2 nanorod arrays through modulation of precursor concentration

This study synthesized titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanorod arrays and investigated their morphology and defect to the photoelectric response by varying the titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) precursor concentration from 0 to 66 mM. The vertically aligned rutile TiO2 nanorods exhibited film thicknesses ranging from 1 to 4.5 μm when the TTIP concentration equaled or exceeded 33 mM. Their rod length and diameter displayed a linear increase with the TTIP concentration. TiO2 arrays synthesized with a TTIP concentration of 33 mM exhibited the highest photoelectric response, measuring 52 μA/cm2 under xenon-lamp irradiation at a bias voltage of 0.8 V (vs. the Ag/AgCl reference). Notably, photoactivity was observed in the visible-light region as well. Photoluminescence spectra indicated a substantial reduction in electron-hole recombination compared to TiO2 arrays prepared from higher TTIP concentrations. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance analyses confirmed the presence of oxygen vacancies. Time-resolved photoluminescence spectra corroborated an extended electron lifetime, suggesting that surface oxygen vacancies facilitated the separation of photoexcited charge carriers. The presence of oxygen vacancies, combined with the unique array morphology, resulted in enhanced photocurrent density.

Utilizing MXene-mediated electron transfer pathway to boost peroxymonosulfate activation for water purification

Regulating the performance of manganese oxide catalysts to enhance peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation for degrading emerging organic pollutants remains a significant challenge. To address this issue, Mn3O4/MXene composites with precisely controlled MXene contents are synthesized by combining hydrothermal and calcining methods, resulting in a significant regulate the pathway of Mn3O4 activation of PMS and a notable enhancement bisphenol A (BPA) degradation efficiency. The normalized first-order rate constant for optimized Mn3O4/MXene composites is 0.0218 g/(m2⋅min), which is 8.4 and 2.0 times higher than those of MXene and Mn3O4, respectively. Moreover, this catalyst exhibits excellent mineralization capacities, achieving up to 88.2 % total organic carbon removal efficiency. Combining with electrochemical and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis, the mechanism of electron transfer processes in this composite is elucidated comprehensively. Moreover, Mn3O4/MXene displays remarkable efficiency in degrading refractory pollutants, including antibiotics, phenols, and dyes. Furthermore, Mn3O4/MXene composites exhibit superior stability, reusability, and resistance to interference, highlighting their versatility in diverse environmental contexts. Notably, the catalyst maintains stable catalytic activity for long-term pollutant removal in a continuous-flow system. This study presents a novel approach for developing composite catalysts, providing new avenues for the treatment of emerging pollutants in wastewater.

Exploring Pore Structure Characteristics of Alkali Residue-Based Foamed Concrete and Their Effect on Compressive Properties: Insights from Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis

Exploring Pore Structure Characteristics of Alkali Residue-Based Foamed Concrete and Their Effect on Compressive Properties: Insights from Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis

Discovery of potential inhibitors targeting SARS-CoV-2 Mpro.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, resulting from human-to-human transmission of a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a global health emergency. The lack of a specific drug or treatment strategy against this disease makes it devastating. Given that the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 plays an indispensable role in viral polyprotein processing, its successful inhibition prevents viral replication and constrains virus spread. Therefore, developing an effective SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitor to treat COVID-19 is imperative. We employed a high-throughput screening (HTS) method based on fluorescence polarization (FP) assay and further confirmed by the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) method for the discovery of Mpro inhibitors. Then multiple approaches were taken to investigate the inhibition profiles of the hit compounds against Mpro, including 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) proliferation assay, surface plasmon resonance analysis (SPR), high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS), cytopathic effect (CPE) assay, molecule docking, and the drug-likeness analysis. In this study, four Mpro inhibitors with low toxicity were selected from HTS. According to SPR, all the hit compounds had medium binding affinities toward SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. HPLC-Q-TOF-MS results revealed the non-covalent linkage of each compound with SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. Molecule docking simulated the molecule interactions between each compound and the substrate binding pocket of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. CPE assay was used to detect their inhibitory activities against coronaviruses HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-229E. In particular, the IMB63-8G compound demonstrated the highest antiviral potency [50% effective concentration (IC50) value of 1.71 μg/mL] and selectivity against HCoV-OC43 (SI = 39), which was more than 4-fold higher than that of ribavirin (RBV). Besides, the IMB63-8G compound possessed favorable drug-likeness characteristics. Our results will highlight the therapeutic potential of these compounds for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Antiviral Activity of Chlorophyll Extracts from Tetraselmis sp., a Marine Microalga, Against Zika Virus Infection.

Recent advancements in the large-scale cultivation of Tetraselmis sp. in Korea have enabled year-round production of this marine microalgae. This study explores the potential industrial applications of Tetraselmis sp. biomass by investigating the antiviral properties of its extracts and primary components. The antiviral effects of Tetraselmis sp. extracts were evaluated in Zika virus (ZIKV)-infected cells. Following extensive isolation and purification, the main compounds were characterized using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. Their antiviral activities were confirmed using in vitro and in silico tests. Tetraselmis sp. extracts reduced infectious viral particles and non-structural protein 1 messenger RNA levels in ZIKV-infected cells without inducing cytotoxicity. Additionally, they modulated the interferon-mediated immune system responses. Tetraselmis sp. extracts are composed of four main chlorophylls: chlorophyll a, chlorin e6-131-152-dimethyl-173-phytyl ester, hydroxychlorophyll a, and hydroxypheophytin a. Among them, chlorophyll a, chlorin e6-131-152-dimethyl-173-phytyl ester, and hydroxypheophytin showed the antiviral activities in ZIKV-infected cells and molecular docking simulations predicted interactions between these chlorophylls and ZIKV. Our findings suggest that Tetraselmis sp. chlorophyll extracts exert antiviral effects against ZIKV and could serve as potential therapeutic candidates against ZIKV infection.

Resonance and attraction domain analysis of asymmetric duffing systems with fractional damping in two degrees of freedom

This article establishes a two degree of freedom asymmetric Duffing system model with fractional damping through the study of the Jeffcott rotor system with horizontal support, and analyzes the dynamic behavior of its resonance and attraction domain structures. The second-order approximate solution of the system equation is obtained using a multiscale method, and the slow flow modulation equations of both the amplitudes and phases are extracted. The comparison between approximate and numerical solutions has shown their high consistency and the Routh Hurwitz criterion is utilized to study the stability of the system. Finally, we explore the effect of fractional damping on the vibration behavior of the system using amplitude frequency curves, attractive watersheds, and time trajectory plots, including both negative and positive values of the nonlinear stiffness coefficient. The analysis shows that if the coefficient and order of the fractional damping term are reasonably selected, the horizontal and vertical displacements of the system vibration can be effectively controlled. The importance of this work lies in its application in rotor vibration, which has significant implications for the study of the system under investigation.

Efficient ofloxacin degradation via peroxymonosulfate activation using an S-scheme MoS2/Co3O4 heterojunction composite under visible light: Performance and mechanistic insights

Sulfate-radical-mediated photocatalysis technology peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation via visible light irradiation shows great promise for water treatment applications. However, its effectiveness largely depends on the bifunctional performance of photocatalysis and PMS activation provided by the catalysts. In this study, we successfully synthesized a novel S-scheme MoS2/Co3O4 (MC) heterojunction composite by a hydrothermal method and employed it for the first time to activate PMS for ofloxacin (OFX) degradation under visible light irradiation. The MC-5/PMS/Vis system achieved an impressive 85.11% OFX degradation efficiency within 1 min and complete OFX removal within 15 min under optimal conditions, with an apparent first-order kinetics rate constant of 0.429 min−1. Reactive species trapping experiments and electron spin resonance analysis identified 1O2, h+, and •O2− as the primary active species responsible for OFX degradation. Photoelectrochemical analyses and density functional theory calculations indicated the formation of a built-in electric field between MoS2 and Co3O4, which enhanced the separation and migration of photoinduced carriers. Additionally, the Co–Mo interaction further increased the yield of dominant reactive species, thereby boosting photocatalytic activity. This work underscores the potential of visible-light-assisted PMS-mediated photocatalysis using Co3O4-based catalysts for effective pollutant control.

An explorative Bayesian analysis of functional dependencies in emergency management systems

AbstractThe study of emergency or crisis management practices acquires strategical relevance for resilient decision‐making under uncertainty. The assessment of system resilience is an asset to identify potential design or operational improvements of a complex socio‐technical system, such as an Emergency Management (EM) system. This research aims at analyzing the functional properties of an EM system recurring to a novel integration of the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) and Bayesian Belief Networks (BBN). The FRAM is used to model and display the actors and the interactions in the system, while the BBN, dynamically updated when new data becomes available, supports a complementary quantitative assessment. The methodology is iterated in the analysis of an EM procedure, issued by a second‐line Emergency Response organization for Oil and Gas (O&amp;G) operators in Norwegian continental shelf. The results of the study show that the proposed stochastic methodology compensates the drawbacks of traditional FRAM modeling, via the outcomes of BBN quantitative analyses. The findings, contextualized in EM, can be transferred to different socio‐technical contexts, both military and civil ones.