Resolution Of Bands Research Articles

Key parameters design of an aerial target detection system on a space-based platform

To ensure flight safety of an aerial aircraft and avoid recurrence of aircraft collisions, a method of multi-information fusion is proposed to design the key parameter to realize aircraft target detection on a space-based platform. The key parameters of a detection wave band and spatial resolution using the target-background absolute contrast, target-background relative contrast, and signal-to-clutter ratio were determined. This study also presented the signal-to-interference ratio for analyzing system performance. Key parameters are obtained through the simulation of a specific aircraft. And the simulation results show that the boundary ground sampling distance is 30 and 35 m in the mid- wavelength infrared (MWIR) and long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) bands for most aircraft detection, and the most reasonable detection wavebands is 3.4 to 4.2 μm and 4.35 to 4.5 μm in the MWIR bands, and 9.2 to 9.8 μm in the LWIR bands. We also found that the direction of detection has a great impact on the detection efficiency, especially in MWIR bands.

Identification of 1q21.1 microduplication by microarray analysis in a boy with intellectual disability

Chromosomal 1q21.1 region is structurally complex with a presence of large paralogous segmental duplications that make this region susceptible to non-allelic homologous recombination causing a spectrum of recurrent rearrangements, including deletions and duplications. Chromosome 1q21.1 Duplication Syndrome (MIM612475) is a rare genomic disorder caused by microduplications of an approximately 1.35 Mb and includes at least 12 genes. This syndrome has been associated with variable phenotypes including intellectual disability, autism, dysmorphic features, macrocephaly, congenital heart anomalies or normal phenotype. Herein, we report the first case of a boy who presented intellectual disability, behavior disorder, clinodactyly, facial dysmorphism such as frontal bossing and hypertelorism, and low-set ears with paternal inherited 1q21.1 microduplication in Central Brazil. Karyotyping at > 550 band resolution showed a male karyotype (46,XY). Chromosomal Microarray Analysis (CMA) using GeneChip® CytoScanHDTM array revealed paternal inherited 1.92 Mb microduplication at 1q21.1q21.2 (145,895,746-147,819,294) x3, encompassing 13 morbid genes (NBPF10, HYDIN2, NBPF12, PRKAB2, FMO5, CHD1L, BCL9, ACP6, GJA5, GJA8, GPR89B, NBPF11, and NBPF8). Duplication at 1q21.1 region has been reported in phenotypically affected individuals and apparently normal carriers. We detected microduplication at 1q21.1 in an affected boy who his father is asymptomatic. CHD1L gene has been involved with chromatin remodeling as well as DNA damage response and chromatin remodeling has been implicated in developmental and intellectual disability disorders. The HYDIN2 gene, a paralogous segment of the primary ciliary dyskinesia-associated gene HYDIN is exclusively expressed in the brain, and dosage sensitivity of HYDIN2 gene was responsible for the variation in head circumference. NBPF10, NBPF12, NBPF11 and NBPF8 genes are member of the neuroblastoma breakpoint family (NBPF) and copy number variations involving these genes have been implicated in a number of developmental and neurogenetic diseases. The CMA was a powerful and efficient method to identify at the first time in Central Brazil the 1q21.1 microduplication in a boy with intellectual disability and dysmorphic features. Furthermore, it is recommended the family to do genetic counseling to provide information and help to understand about the penetrance and variable expressivity related to this syndrome, the familial implications of genetic contribution to disease and the chance of disease recurrence.

Comparison of partial least square regression, support vector machine, and deep-learning techniques for estimating soil salinity from hyperspectral data

This study explored three techniques for estimating the soil salt content from Landsat data. First, the 127 items of in situ measured hyperspectral reflectance data were collected and resampled to the spectral resolution of the reflectance bands of Landsat 5 and Landsat 8, respectively. Second, 12 soil salt indices (SSI) summarized from previous literature were determined based on the simulated Landsat bands. Third, 127 measurement groups with Landsat bands and SSI were randomly divided into training (102) and testing subgroups (25). Three techniques including partial least square regression (PLSR), support vector machine (SVM), and deep learning (DL) were used to establish a soil salinity model using SSI and the simulated Landsat bands as independent variables (IV), respectively. Results indicated that PLSR with SSI performed best for both simulated Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 data. Compared with PLSR, SVM underestimated soil salt content, whereas DL obtained centralized simulations and failed to capture the lower and upper observations. We recommend the PLSR model with SSI as IV to estimate soil salt content because it can identify >66% moderate-to-high-saline soils, which indicates its great potential for soil salt monitoring in arid or semiarid regions.

Modification of Vapor Phase Concentrations in MoS2 Growth Using a NiO Foam Barrier.

Single-layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has attracted significant attention due to its electronic and physical properties, with much effort invested toward obtaining large-area high-quality monolayer MoS2 films. In this work, we demonstrate a reactive-barrier-based approach to achieve growth of highly homogeneous single-layer MoS2 on sapphire by the use of a nickel oxide foam barrier during chemical vapor deposition. Due to the reactivity of the NiO barrier with MoO3, the concentration of precursors reaching the substrate and thus nucleation density is effectively reduced, allowing grain sizes of up to 170 μm and continuous monolayers on the centimeter length scale being obtained. The quality of the monolayer is further revealed by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurement by observation of a very well resolved electronic band structure and spin-orbit splitting of the bands at room temperature with only two major domain orientations, indicating the successful growth of a highly crystalline and well-oriented MoS2 monolayer.

VIIRS-derived ocean color product using the imaging bands

A technique and implementation for deriving ocean color product using the imaging band (I-band) measurements from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) have been developed. The three VIIRS-SNPP image bands (638, 862, and 1600nm) with spatial resolution of 375m are much better than the VIIRS moderate (M) resolution bands of 750m, which have been used for routinely producing VIIRS global ocean color products. In particular, the high spatial resolution of VIIRS-derived normalized water-leaving radiance at the wavelength of 638nm (I1 band) nLw(638) can provide useful information about water optical, biological, and biogeochemical properties over turbid coastal and inland waters. In addition, VIIRS-derived nLw(638) data provide an important spectral point and coverage along with nLw(λ) from the seven VIIRS M-bands at wavelengths of 410, 443, 486, 551, 671, 745, and 862nm, particularly over turbid coastal and inland waters. In this paper, we describe our effort to develop a technique for deriving VIIRS nLw(λ) spectra for both M-bands and I-bands using the Multi-Sensor Level-1 to Level-2 (MSL12) ocean color data processing system. Some examples of VIIRS-derived nLw(638) are provided and discussed, showing the usefulness of this added capability for providing water properties over global turbid coastal and inland waters. Therefore, MSL12 is now capable of routinely and efficiently producing VIIRS nLw(638) for both spatial resolutions of 375 and 750m, along with nLw(λ) spectra at VIIRS M1–M7 with the spatial resolution of 750m.

Morphology dependent nonlinear optical and photocatalytic activity of anisotropic plasmonic silver.

Anisotropic nanoparticles are ideal building blocks for a number of functional materials due to their exceptional and anisotropic optical, electronic, magnetic and mechanical properties. In this work we present systematic studies on morphology dependent ultra-sensitive thermal diffusivity and photodegradation capability of anisotropic plasmonic silver for the first time. Hydrogen peroxide centered synthesis was performed to prepare anisotropic silver nanosystems spherical (14 nm), quasi-spherical (17 nm), elliptical (18 m), rods (aspect ratio 2.1), hexagonal (22 nm) and prisms (19 nm). The synthesized nanosystems were characterized using UV-VIS spectroscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and band gap analysis. A dual beam mode matched thermal lensing method was adopted for evaluating the thermal diffusivity of the anisotropic system. The present anisotropic nanoparticle system exhibited strong morphology based thermal diffusivity. An increase of 140% in the thermal diffusivity value points to the nonlinear optical application potential of the anisotropic systems. Sunlight mediated photodegradation of methylene blue showed a promising increase in the degradation rate for anisotropic systems compared to other similar systems reported in the literature.

A far-red ratiometric fluorescent probe for SO2 derivatives based on the ESIPT enhanced FRET platform with improved performance

A ratiometric fluorescent probe (L-HF3) based on an efficient FRET platform constructed by 2-dicyanomethylene-3-cyano-4,5,5-trimethyl-2,5-dihydrofuran (TCF) and 3-hydroxyflavone (HF) fluorophores for detection of sulfur dioxide derivatives (HSO3−/SO32−) was developed. The probe featured very large (pseudo) Stokes shifts, good selectivity and high sensitivity, high FRET efficiency and high resolution of the emission bands. The probe was also mitochondria-targeted and could detect exogenous and endogenous bisulfite in living cells.

Aplicación de imágenes Sentinel-1 y Sentinel-2 en la detección y delineación de información de crisis de desastres naturales en el marco de los servicios Copernicus EMS

<p>This study shows the inclusion of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 images in the workflows to obtain of crisis information of different types of events and their applicability in the detection and monitoring of those events. Sentinel is an Earth Observation (EO) program that is currently being developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) in the scope of the Copernicus program operative since April 2012, formerly known as Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES). This program comprises six missions, out of which three are active, Sentinel-1 that provides radar images, Sentinel-.2 providing High Resolution optical images and Sentinel-3 developed to support GMES ocean, land, atmospheric, emergency, security and cryospheric applications. The present paper describes the use of Sentinel-1 radar to detect and delineate flooded areas, and the MultiTemporal Coherence (MTC) analysis applied with pre and post-event images to delimit and monitor burnt areas and lava flows. With respect to Sentinel-2, its high spectral resolution bands allowed the delineation of burnt areas by calculating differences of vegetation and burnt indices using pre and postevent images. Results using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data were compared with results using higher spatial resolution images, both optical and radar. In all cases, the usability of Sentinel images was proven.</p>

Synergistic adsorption of Cd(II) with sulfate/phosphate on ferrihydrite: An in situ ATR-FTIR/2D-COS study

Elucidation of the co-adsorption characteristics of heavy metal cations and oxyanions on (oxyhydr)oxides can help to better understand their distribution and transformation in many geological settings. In this work, batch adsorption experiments in combination with in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) were applied to explore the interaction mechanisms of Cd(II) with sulfate or phosphate at the ferrihydrite (Fh)–water interface, and the two-dimensional correlation spectroscopic analysis (2D–COS) was used to enhance the resolution of ATR-FTIR bands and the accuracy of analysis. The batch adsorption experiments showed enhanced adsorption of both sulfate (S) and phosphate (P) on Fh when co-adsorbed with Cd(II); additionally, the desorbed percentages of Cd(II) were much lower in the P+Cd adsorption systems than those in the S+Cd adsorption systems. The spectroscopic results suggested that in the single adsorption systems, sulfate primarily adsorbed as outer-sphere complexes with a small amount of bidentate inner-sphere complexes, while the dominant adsorbed species of phosphate were largely the bidentate nonprotonated inner-sphere complexes, although there was significant pH-dependence. In the co-adsorption systems, the synergistic adsorption of Cd(II) and sulfate was dominantly attributed to the electrostatic interaction, as well as the formation of Fe–Cd–S (i.e., Cd-bridged) ternary complexes. In contrast, Fe–P–Cd (i.e., phosphate-bridged) ternary complexes were found in all of the co-adsorption systems of phosphate and Cd(II); furthermore, electrostatic interaction should also contribute to the co-adsorption process. Our results show that in situ ATR-FTIR in combination with 2D–COS can be an efficient tool in analyzing the co-adsorption mechanisms of anions and heavy metal cations on iron (oxyhydr)oxides in ternary adsorption systems. The co-existence of Cd(II) with sulfate or phosphate can be beneficial for their accumulations on Fh, and phosphate is more efficient than sulfate for the long-term immobilization of Cd(II).

Thin-layer chromatographic separation and a validated high-performance thin-layer chromatography method for the quantification of stigmasterol in 48 different extracts of Lasiurus scindicus Henrard (Poaceae)

The present study is the first attempt on the phytochemical analysis of Lasiurus scindicus Henrard, a desert-specific plant, through high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). This technique has been developed and validated for the quantification of stigmasterol from 48 extracts, i.e., four different plant parts with six different solvents (butanol, chloroform, ethanol, hexane, methanol, and petroleum ether) in both hot and cold macerations. This method gave the best resolution bands with toluene‒methanol‒formic acid (9:1:0.3, v/v) for 25 min as the mobile phase at retention factor (RF) of 0.27 for stigmasterol. The method was validated using the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines in terms of precision, repeatability, and accuracy. The linearity range for stigmasterol was found to be 2–12 μg spot−1. Both hot and cold extractions with six different solvents were compared. The highest concentration of stigmasterol was found in the leaves of L. scindicus in cold hexane extrac...

Two-dimensional correlation analysis of spectra collected without knowing sampling order

Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) without a priori knowledge of meaningful spectral sampling order is considered. Construction of synchronous 2D correlation spectrum does not require the knowledge of sampling order, and disrelation spectrum derived from synchronous spectrum possesses useful features similar to those of asynchronous spectrum. Disrelation analysis may provide enhanced spectral resolution and distinction of bands arising from different sources but not the sequential order of intensity variations. Dataset sampled in an arbitrary or scrambled order may be reassembled into a more structured form by rank ordering the spectra with the intensity of a select band. If there is no meaningful data structure, asynchronous 2D correlation should not be attempted, although synchronous and disrelation spectra may still be useful. The intrinsic ambiguity in the direction of sampling order may sometimes be resolved using additional physical information known about the sample system.

Treefall Gap Mapping Using Sentinel-2 Images

Proper knowledge about resources in forest management is fundamental. One of the most important parameters of forests is their size or spatial extension. By determining the area of treefall gaps inside the compartments, a more accurate yield can be calculated and the scheduling of forestry operations could be planned better. Several field- and remote sensing-based approaches are in use for mapping but they provide only static measurements at high cost. The Earth Observation satellite mission Sentinel-2 was put in orbit as part of the Copernicus programme. With the 10-m resolution bands, it is possible to observe small-scale forestry operations like treefall gaps. The spatial extension of these gaps is often less than 200 m2, thus their detection can only be done on sub-pixel level. Due to the higher temporal resolution of Sentinel-2, multiple observations are available in a year; therefore, a time series evaluation is possible. The modelling of illumination can increase the accuracy of classification in mountainous areas. The method was tested on three deciduous forest sites in the Börzsöny Mountains in Hungary. The area evaluation produced less than 10% overestimation with the best possible solutions on the sites. The presented work shows a low-cost method for mapping treefall gaps which delivers annual information about the gap area in a deciduous forest.

On-Orbit Line Spread Function Estimation of the SNPP VIIRS Imaging System From Lake Pontchartrain Causeway Bridge Images

The visible infrared imaging radiometer suite (VIIRS) instrument was launched on October 28, 2011 onboard the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite. The VIIRS instrument is a whiskbroom system with 22 spectral and thermal bands split between 16 moderate resolution bands (M-bands), five imagery resolution bands (I-bands), and a day–night band. In this study, we estimate the along-scan line spread function (LSF) of the I-bands and M-bands based on measurements performed on images of the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway Bridge. In doing so, we develop a model for the LSF that closely matches the prelaunch laboratory measurements. We utilize VIIRS images co-geolocated with a Landsat TM image to precisely locate the bridge linear feature in the VIIRS images as a linear best fit to a straight line. We then utilize nonlinear optimization to compute the best fit equation of the VIIRS image measurements in the vicinity of the bridge to the developed model equation. From the found parameterization of the model equation, we derive the full-width at half-maximum as an approximation of the sensor field of view for all bands, and compare these on-orbit measured values with prelaunch laboratory results.

Improved Protein Sample Separation using Genscript’S Surepage TM Bis-Tris Gels

BioTechniquesVol. 63, No. 5 Sponsored Paper - Application ForumOpen AccessImproved protein sample separation using GenScript’s SurePAGETM Bis-Tris gelsUSA GenScript & NJ PiscatawayUSA GenScriptSearch for more papers by this author & NJ PiscatawaySearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:16 Mar 2018https://doi.org/10.2144/000114611AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInReddit FIGURE A: SurePAGETM Bis-Tris gels offer superior band resolution compared to competitors’ and the homemade Tris-Glycine gels. Lane 1 and 5: protein marker (MM1397), 5μl. Lane 2,,3,4,6,7,8 and 9: 10ul E. coli cell lysate. After gel electrophoresis, gels were stained with Coomassie blue using eStainTM L1 protein gel staining system.Obtaining sharp, crisper bands on a protein gel is half way toward a successful Western blot. There are two widely used buffer system and gel chemistries, Bis-Tris and Tris-Glycine, how do they affect protein sample separation and stability differently?In the traditional Tris-Glycine gel system (also called the Laemmli system), the pH of the gel buffer is at ∼8.3. This alkaline pH causes acrylamide hydrolysis and shortened gel shelf life. During gel electrophoresis, the operating pH increases to about 9.5, which may cause protein modification and degradation.On the other hand, in the Bis-Tris gel system, the gel buffer pH is at 6.4, this slightly acidic gel pH helps preserve protein integrity and extend the shelf life of the gel. In addition, the operating pH of Bis-Tris gel during gel electrophoresis is at ∼7.3, which reduces protein modification and degradation.Another advantage of Bis-Tris gel is that two distinct separation patterns can be achieved by using two different gel running buffers. MOPS buffer for large and medium-sized proteins, whereas MES buffer for smaller proteins (<50kD).From Figure A, protein bands on SurePAGE were more evenly distributed compared to competitor B’s Tris-Glycine gel, in which proteins in the middle parts of the gel were clustered. In addition, more bands were visualized on SurePAGE compared to both competitor B and homemade Tris-Glycine gels (zoomed panel). Lastly, SurePAGE offers slightly better resolution compared to Competitor T’s Bis-Tris gel, and with no vertical “stripes”.This data indicate that GenScript’s SurePAGE gel offers greater resolution and more robust separation.www.genscript.com/page-gels.htmlFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Vol. 63, No. 5 Follow us on social media for the latest updates Metrics History Published online 16 March 2018 Published in print November 2017 Information© 2017 Future Science LtdPDF download

Analysis of Coastline Extraction from Landsat-8 OLI Imagery

Coastline extraction is a fundamental work for coastal resource management, coastal environmental protection and coastal sustainable development. Due to the free access and long-term record, Landsat series images have the potential to be used for coastline extraction. However, dynamic features of different types of coastlines (e.g., rocky, sandy, artificial), caused by sea level fluctuation from tidal, storm and reclamation, make it difficult to be accurately extracted with coarse spatial resolution, e.g., 30 m, of Landsat images. To access this problem, we analyze the performance of coastline extraction by integrating downscaling, pansharpening and water index approaches in increasing the accuracy of coastline extraction from the latest Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) imagery. In order to prove the availability of the proposed method, we designed three strategies: (1) Strategy 1 uses the traditional water index method to extract coastline directly from original 30 m Landsat-8 OLI multispectral (MS) image; (2) Strategy 2 extracts coastlines from 15 m fused MS images generated by integrating 15 m panchromatic (PAN) band and 30 m MS image with ten pansharpening algorithms; (3) Strategy 3 first downscales the PAN band to a finer spatial resolution (e.g., 7.5 m) band, and then extracts coastlines from pansharpened MS images generated by integrating downscaled spatial resolution PAN band and 30 m MS image with ten pansharpening algorithms. Using the coastline extracted from ZiYuan-3 (ZY-3) 5.8 m MS image as reference, accuracies of coastlines extracted from MS images in three strategies were validated visually and quantitatively. The results show that, compared with coastline extracted directly from 30 m Landsat-8 MS image (strategy 1), strategy 3 achieves the best accuracies with optimal mean net shoreline movement (MNSM) of −2.54 m and optimal mean absolute difference (MAD) of 11.26 m, followed by coastlines extracted in strategy 2 with optimal MNSM of −4.23 m and optimal MAD of 13.54 m. Further comparisons with single-band thresholding (Band 6), AWEI, and ISODATA also confirmed the superiority of strategy 3. For the various used pansharpening algorithms, five multiresolution analysis MRA-based pansharpening algorithms are more efficient than the component substitution CS-based pansharpening algorithms for coastline extraction from Landsat-8 OLI imagery. Among the five MRA-based fusion methods, the coastlines extracted from the fused images generated by Indusion, additive à trous wavelet transform (ATWT) and additive wavelet luminance proportional (AWLP) produced the most accurate and visually realistic representation. Therefore, pansharpening approaches can improve the accuracy of coastline extraction from Landsat-8 OLI imagery, and downscaling the PAN band to finer spatial resolution is able to further improve the coastline extraction accuracy, especially in crenulated coasts.

The effect of fusing Sentinel-2 bands on land-cover classification

ABSTRACTThe Sentinel-2 satellite currently provides freely available multispectral bands at relatively high spatial resolution but does not acquire the panchromatic band. To improve the resolution of 20 m bands to 10 m, existing pansharpening methods (Brovey transform [BT], intensity–hue–saturation [IHS], principal component analysis [PCA], the variational method [P + XS], and the wavelet method) required adjustment, which was achieved using higher resolution multispectral bands in the role of a panchromatic band to fuse bands at a lower spatial resolution. After preprocessing, six bands at lower resolution were divided into two groups because some image fusion methods (e.g. BT, IHS) are limited to a maximum of three input bands of a lower resolution at a time. With respect to the spectral range, the higher resolution band for the first group was synthesized from bands 4 and 8, and band 8 was selected for the second group. Given that one of the main remote sensing applications is land-cover classification, the classification accuracy of the fusion methods was assessed as well as the comparison with reference bands and pixels. The supervised classification methods were Maximum Likelihood Classifier, artificial neural networks, and object-based image analysis. The classification scheme contained five classes: water, built-up, bare soil, low vegetation, and forest. The results showed that most of the fusion methods, particularly P + XS and PCA, improved the overall classification accuracy, especially for the classes of forest, low vegetation, and bare soil and in the detection of coastlines. The least satisfying results were obtained from the wavelet method.

FUSION OF LANDSAT- 8 THERMAL INFRARED AND VISIBLE BANDS WITH MULTI-RESOLUTION ANALYSIS CONTOURLET METHODS

Abstract. Land surface temperature image is an important product in many lithosphere and atmosphere applications. This image is retrieved from the thermal infrared bands. These bands have lower spatial resolution than the visible and near infrared data. Therefore, the details of temperature variation can't be clearly identified in land surface temperature images. The aim of this study is to enhance spatial information in thermal infrared bands. Image fusion is one of the efficient methods that are employed to enhance spatial resolution of the thermal bands by fusing these data with high spatial resolution visible bands. Multi-resolution analysis is an effective pixel level image fusion approach. In this paper, we use contourlet, non-subsampled contourlet and sharp frequency localization contourlet transform in fusion due to their advantages, high directionality and anisotropy. The absolute average difference and RMSE values show that with small distortion in the thermal content, the spatial information of the thermal infrared and the land surface temperature images is enhanced.

Influence of Pansharpening in Obtaining Accurate Vegetation Maps

ABSTRACTIn recent decades, there has been a decline in ecosystem services. Thus, the development of reliable methodologies to monitor ecosystems is becoming important. In this context, the availability of very high resolution sensors offer practical and cost-effective means for good environmental management. However, improvements in the data received are becoming necessary to obtain higher quality information in order to get reliable thematic maps. One improvement is pansharpening, which enhances the spatial resolution of the multispectral bands by incorporating information from a panchromatic image. The main goal of this work was to assess the influence of pansharpening techniques in obtaining precise vegetation maps. Thus, pixel- and object-based classification techniques were implemented and applied to fused imagery using different pansharpening algorithms. Worldview-2 high resolution imagery was used due to its excellent spatial and spectral characteristics. The Teide National Park, in The Canary Islands (Spain), was chosen as the study area since it is a vulnerable heterogeneous ecosystem. The vegetation classes of interest considered were established by the National Park conservation managers. Weighted Wavelet ‘à trous’ through Fractal Dimension Maps pansharpening algorithm demonstrated a superior performance in the image fusion preprocessing step, while the most appropriate classifier to generate accurate vegetation thematic maps in heterogenic and mixed ecosystems was the Bayes method after the segmentation stage, even though Support Vector Machine achieved the highest overall accuracy.

ALMA Observations of Circumnuclear Disks in Early-type Galaxies: 12CO(2−1) and Continuum Properties

Abstract We present results from an Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Cycle 2 program to map CO(2−1) emission in nearby early-type galaxies (ETGs) that host circumnuclear gas disks. We obtained ∼0.″3 resolution Band 6 observations of seven ETGs selected on the basis of dust disks in Hubble Space Telescope images. We detect CO emission in five at high signal-to-noise ratio with the remaining two only faintly detected. All CO emission is coincident with the dust and is in dynamically cold rotation. Four ETGs show evidence of rapid central rotation; these are prime candidates for higher-resolution ALMA observations to measure the black hole masses. In this paper, we focus on the molecular gas and continuum properties. Total gas masses and H2 column densities for our five CO-bright galaxies are on average ∼108 M ☉ and cm−2 over the ∼kpc-scale disks, and analysis suggests that these disks are stabilized against gravitational fragmentation. The continuum emission of all seven galaxies is dominated by a central unresolved source, and in five we also detect a spatially extended component. The ∼230 GHz nuclear continua are modeled as power laws ranging from to within the observed frequency band. The extended continuum profiles of the two radio-bright (and CO-faint) galaxies are roughly aligned with their radio jet and suggest resolved synchrotron jets. The extended continua of the CO-bright disks are coincident with optically thick dust absorption and have spectral slopes that are consistent with thermal dust emission.

Synthesis, single-crystal, DNA interaction, spectrophotometric and spectroscopic characterization of the hydrogen-bonded charge transfer complex of 2-aminopyrimidine with π-acceptor chloranilic acid at different temperature in acetonitrile

The charge transfer (CT) interaction of 2-aminopyrimidine (AP) with chloranilic acid (CLA) as π-acceptor was investigated spectrophotometrically in acetonitrile at different temperatures in the range of 25–50°C. The 1:1 stoichiometry of the synthesized CT complex was detected using straight line method. Benesi–Hildebrand equation was used to determine the association constant (KCT), molar extinction coefficient (ε) and other physical parameters. Various thermodynamics parameters such as enthalpy (ΔH), entropy (ΔS) and free energy (ΔG) were determined using UV–Visible spectrophotometry in acetonitrile at different temperatures. 1H NMR, FTIR, ESI-MS, elemental analyses, and UV–Visible techniques were used to characterize the hydrogen-bonded CT complex. 1H NMR spectroscopy was also used for the analysis of the CT complex where both hydrogen bond and charge transfer were present in its molecular composition. The interaction of the selected organic compound with Ct-DNA was well investigated using fluorescence spectroscopic method. Stern–Volmer constant (Ksv) was used to estimate the fluorescence quenching efficiency. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy was employed to measure the conformational change of DNA in the presence of CT complex. Furthermore, the drug CT complex detected changes in its viscosity. The charge transfer complex was formed as a result of the transfer of the lone pair of electrons from donor to the acceptor and exhibits well resolved charge transfer bands in the regions where absorption by both donor and acceptor were absent. The thermal composition and stability of the CT complex were analyzed using thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TGA and DTA) studies. The X-ray crystal structure was used for the interpretation of the structure of the [(AP)+ (CLA)−] CT complex. The crystal structure indicated that cation and anion are linked through strong N+H----O− type of hydrogen bond.