Tool For Resolution Research Articles

Race and Faith: The Role of Congregations in Racial Justice

AbstractFollowing the killing of George Floyd, some congregations more fully entered the conversation on race. Although sometimes reinforcing institutional racism, many religious traditions also have tools for conflict resolution, repentance, and reconciliation. Given this ambivalence, how do congregations engage questions of racial justice, and how is this engagement influenced by race and religious tradition? Our answers come through multimethod data collected over 2 years: (a) Surveys of 2,293 congregants from 35 diverse congregations find that race relations is the issue they most want their place of worship to address, while revealing exhaustion among some Black members; (b) 90 sermons from 15 congregations reveal how clergy talked about race in the weeks after Floyd's murder depended largely on the race of the congregation; and (c) 21 clergy interviews illustrate differences in how clergy use religion to engage race. These diverse data reveal key differences, based on race and religious tradition.

Enhanced Nonlinear Optical Responses in MoS2 via Femtosecond Laser‐Induced Defect‐Engineering

Abstract2D materials are a promising platform for applications in many fields as they possess a plethora of useful properties that can be further optimized by careful engineering, for example, by defect introduction. While reliable high‐yield defect engineering methods are in demand, most current technologies are expensive, harsh, or non‐deterministic. Optical modification methods offer a cost‐effective and fast mechanism to engineer the properties of 2D materials at any step of the device fabrication process. In this paper, the nonlinear optical responses of mono‐, bi‐, and trilayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) flakes are enhanced by deterministic defect‐engineering with a femtosecond laser. A 50‐fold enhancement in the third harmonic generation (THG) and a 3.3‐fold increase in the second harmonic generation (SHG) in the optically modified areas is observed. The enhancement is attributed to resonant SHG and THG processes arising from optically introduced mid‐band gap defect states. These results demonstrate a highly controllable, sub‐micrometer resolution tool for enhancing the nonlinear optical responses in 2D materials, paving the way for prospective future applications in optoelectronics, quantum technologies, and energy solutions.

The Potential of Mediation in the Arab World's Irredentist Conflicts (on the Example of the Western Sahara War)

The article examines the potential of mediation in resolving irredentist conflicts on the example of the war in Western Sahara, analysing key aspects of the conflict, including the role of international organisations such as the UN and the Organisation of African Unity in negotiations between the parties. The article also reveals the peculiarities of mediation in the context of Morocco's post-colonial territorial claims to Western Sahara and the involvement of other states, such as Spain, France, Algeria and the United States, in the region. The authors note the difficulties arising in the mediation process due to the parties' different approaches to conflict resolution. The authors analyse the role of historical memory and ethnic identity in shaping Morocco's irredentist claims, as well as the factor of religious and cultural differences that complicate negotiations. The relationship between domestic interests and geopolitical influences on the negotiation process is explored. The authors highlight the problems of the legal status of Western Sahara in international law, which complicates the achievement of a compromise between the parties. The role of referendums as a tool for conflict resolution and their limitations in this particular case are also revealed. The article concludes that it is necessary to involve neutral states as mediators and that it is important to adhere to the principle of voluntariness in negotiations.

M&A as banking resolution tool: returns of experience from Switzerland and the European Union

M&A as banking resolution tool: returns of experience from Switzerland and the European Union

Utilising mediation for conflict resolution: Insights and future directions

Introduction: in a world increasingly burdened by conflicts, mediation emerges as a vital alternative for resolving disputes. Mediation, involving a neutral mediator aiding parties to reach a mutual agreement, is gaining recognition across various fields such as family, labor, and international disputes. This article explores the application of mediation, the challenges it faces in gaining wider acceptance, and its potential for future expansion.Objectives: to reveal the advantages of mediation over traditional judicial procedures; to identify the obstacles that hinder its widespread implementation; to propose specific measures and recommendations for improving the mediation system; to consider the potential future development of mediation as a crucial element of the modern conflict resolution system and its role in future society.Methods: the study employs analytical methods, comparative analysis, case studies, and a dialectical approach. Data was sourced from academic publications, legislative documents, and specific mediation cases.Results: mediation offers numerous advantages, including faster resolution times, economic benefits, relationship preservation, and confidentiality. Despite these benefits, its adoption is limited by a lack of public awareness, inadequate legal frameworks, and a shortage of trained mediators. Addressing these issues through education, legal reforms, and professional development is crucial.Conclusions: mediation is a crucial tool for conflict resolution, promoting peaceful and constructive solutions. Future developments should focus on expanding its scope, leveraging technology, and strengthening the legislative and professional frameworks. By enhancing public awareness and trust in mediation, it can become a cornerstone of modern conflict resolution practices, contributing to a more harmonious society

Biometric variability of inflorescence and flower traits among ex situ accessions of the neotropical oilseed palm Acrocomia Mart.

The oilseed palm genus Acrocomia is suitable for sustainable oil production in South America. The high phenotypic diversity of wild populations poses a challenge for the delimitation of the genus. Comparing the inflorescence architecture, a first-order panicle, and staminate and pistillate flower traits could be a valuable tool in resolving the taxonomic disarray. Thus, this study aims to characterize the differences in the inflorescence architecture and floral structures of three common and economically significant Acrocomia species: A. aculeata, A. totai, and A. intumescens. Biometric traits of the inflorescence architecture and floral structures of various Acrocomia accessions in an ex situ germplasm collection in Brazil were assessed. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) cluster analysis based on the Gower distance was used to measure dissimilarities between the individual plants of the accessions. To our best knowledge, this study provides the first evidence of the presence of second-order rachillae in the genus Acrocomia. Evaluated traits showed a high level of variation within and between accessions, emphasizing the phenotypic diversity of the genus. The accessions of A. totai were distinguishable from those of the other two species by their inflorescence architecture and flower traits. The dissimilarities between A. aculeata and A. intumescens were not sufficient to differentiate both. In conclusion, the quantitative assessment of inflorescence and floral traits is a valuable tool for taxonomic resolution of the genus.

К вопросу о договорной ответственности маркетплейсов

The rapid development of e-commerce generates new subjects of civil turnover. Marketplaces are commodity aggregators with a vague legal status. A marketplace is more than an information intermediary: it is an ecosystem with highly developed logistics that provides interaction between the seller and the buyer, as well as information about goods and delivery points. In addition, it settles disputes between sellers and buyers by applying various resolution tools. The article describes the legal nature of the relations connected with marketplace ecosystems, i.e., between the marketplace and the seller, between the marketplace and the delivery point, between the marketplace and the buyer. The author also assessed the integration of the marketplace into the classic purchase-and-sale relationship between the buyer and the seller. These parties sign commission contracts, agency agreements, and fee-based service contacts, each of which has its specifics. The author defined the limits of contractual liability in the seller – marketplace – consumer trade chain. If the seller – buyer relations are violated, the responsibility of the marketplace needs to be expanded because the marketplace undertakes to verify the reliability of sellers and the quality of goods. The author applied a doctrinal perspective to the legislative initiatives of 2023–2024 in relation to marketplaces, as well as developed some recommendations on how to improve e-commerce legislation in the Russian Federation.

Explication of Ogba Proverbs as a Tool for Conflict Resolution

Proverbs originated orally based on the oral literature history of storytelling passed down from generation to generation through stories and sayings. However, some believed that they originated from written scripts. Proverbs are words of wisdom used to impart knowledge to people. In Ogba, proverbs are used predominantly by the elders to warn, advice, instruct and educate on issues of paramount importance to the society. Proverbs elu are epigrammatic in nature and usually misunderstood as idiom olu-eknurnu. Proverbs elu often use figures of speech, such as metaphors, similes or allusions to make a point. In the literary parlance, renowned African writers like Chinua Achebe, Ngugi Wa Thiong’o, Amos Tutuola, Wole Soyinka, Ola Rotimi and others adopt the use of proverbs in their works. This paper analyses the Ogba proverbs as a tool for conflict resolution in Ogba land of Rivers State, Nigeria. It is discovered that proverbs are used in major types of discourse involving the elders as evidenced in their use in palaces of chiefs to settle issues of marriage, land, chieftaincy, accusations of witchcraft and wizardry and other cases that are settled locally according to Ogba tradition and custom. This paper adopts the qualitative approach propounded by Isidore Okpewho. It concludes that proverbs are a veritable tool used by the elders to settle disputes in their homes, families and kindred.

AliasClassifier: A High-Performance Router Alias Classifier

The task of router alias resolution for IPv4 networks presents a formidable challenge in the realm of router-level topology inference. Despite the considerable potential exhibited by machine-learning-based alias-resolution methods for IPv4 networks, several constraints impede their effectiveness. These constraints include a low discovery rate of aliased IPs, a failure to account for router aggregation, and a dearth of valid features in current schemes. In this study, we introduce a novel alias resolver, AliasClassifier, which is based on the Random Forest model and the alias triangulation algorithm. This innovative model identifies the key six features from a set of four prevalent routing behaviors that are typically employed to distinguish aliased IPs from non-alienated IPs. Subsequently, the AliasClassifier aggregates aliased IP pairs into routers using an alias triangulation algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that AliasClassifier excels in discovering aliased IPs in IPv4 networks, boasting a resolution accuracy as high as 94.8% and a recall rate of 40.4%. Its comprehensive performance significantly surpasses that of state-of-the-art alias resolvers such as TreeNET, MLAR, and APPLE. Furthermore, as a typical centralized alias parser, AliasClassifier’s deployment cost is remarkably low. Consequently, AliasClassifier emerges as an ideal tool for router alias resolution in large-scale IPv4 networks.

Legal regulation of labor of internally displaced persons in Ukraine

Purpose. To study the regulatory and legal provision of labor regulation of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Ukraine. To identify the impact of changes in legislative norms regarding this issue on the effectiveness of legal regulation of IDP labor. To develop recommendations for clarification of legal provisions and propose directions for reducing potential conflict. Methodology. The following methods are used: analysis and synthesis made it possible to substantiate the importance of regulating labor of IDPs; logical generalization – to indicate that legal regulation in judicial practice should be based on the essential content of the basic citizen rights; comparative analysis – to point out the inappropriate level of imperativeness in the legislation regarding legal protection of IDPs; logical generalization – to propose a tool for pre-trial dispute resolution; formal-legal and special-legal methods – to develop changes to legislative provisions. Findings. Problematic issues of regulating the right of IDPs to work are indicated. It is noted that the regulation of the right to work is much broader than the problems of employment of IDPs. The inappropriateness of the level of imperativeness of legislative norms regulating the right of IDPs to work is indicated. A need is justified for pre-trial consideration of disputes regarding protection of the right to work. It is proposed to introduce an institute of mediator lawyers for this purpose. In order to avoid discrimination of IDPs in employment and defamation in the performance of duties under an employment contract, amendments to the Code of Labor Laws are proposed. Originality. Measures to strengthen the imperative of the norms of the current legislation aimed at regulating the labor of IDPs are proposed. Changes to the provisions of the current Laws of Ukraine and directions for reducing the potential for conflict in this area are proposed. Practical value. The implementation of the proposed recommendations on changes to the provisions of the current legislation will contribute to the legal regulation of the labor of IDPs.

State regulation in the law enforcement system sphere as a tool for resolution of a conflict of interest in society

Motivation: The law enforcement system of the state is a special component of ensuring the performance of state functions related to the security of society. The study of the law enforcement system is impossible without studying the interests intertwined in its tasks, principles and functions. Aim: The purpose of the research was to study the key areas of the state policy implementation in law enforcement, ensuring public order and combating crime. Results: Based on the results of the study, the development of the doctrine of state policy in the field of transformation of the law enforcement system in the context of the theory of interest is substantiated. The origins of interest in the public administration system are established and the order of their formalization in law is justified. The substantive characteristics of private, public and community interests are determined, which serve as the basis for forming a law enforcement system to ensure their satisfaction. A hypothesis has been put forward and proved that the satisfaction of interests through their formalization in law and protection in the law enforcement system depends on the current political regime in a particular country. The conducted analysis of dictatorial regimes testifies to the replacement of the concepts of public interest with the private interest of the dictator, which as a result leads to threats to society in a particular country. The manifestation of the law enforcement system in the context of the theory of interests is determined, including: 1) an instrument for the protection and settlement of all interests; 2) a system of intersection of agents' interests; 3) an instrument for narrowing private interests.

GCMSFormer: A Fully Automatic Method for the Resolution of Overlapping Peaks in Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is one of the most important instruments for analyzing volatile organic compounds. However, the complexity of real samples and the limitations of chromatographic separation capabilities lead to coeluting compounds without ideal separation. In this study, a Transformer-based automatic resolution method (GCMSFormer) is proposed to resolve mass spectra from GC-MS peaks in an end-to-end manner, predicting the mass spectra of components directly from the raw overlapping peaks data. Furthermore, orthogonal projection resolution (OPR) was integrated into GCMSFormer to resolve minor components. The GCMSFormer model was trained, validated, and tested using 100,000 augmented data. It achieves 99.88% of the bilingual evaluation understudy (BLEU) value on the test set, significantly higher than the 97.68% BLEU value of the baseline sequence-to-sequence model long short-term memory (LSTM). GCMSFormer was also compared with two nondeep learning resolution tools (MZmine and AMDIS) and two deep learning resolution tools (PARAFAC2 with DL and MSHub/GNPS) on a real plant essential oil GC-MS data set. Their resolution results were compared on evaluation metrics, including the number of compounds resolved, mass spectral match score, correlation coefficient, explained variance, and resolution speed. The results demonstrate that GCMSFormer has better resolution performance, higher automation, and faster resolution speed. In summary, GCMSFormer is an end-to-end, fast, fully automatic, and accurate method for analyzing GC-MS data of complex samples.

Resolution of Land Disputes Through Mediation

This study delves into mediation as a means of dispute resolution, particularly outside the courtroom, contrasting with the prevalent use of courts, especially in land dispute cases. It highlights mediation as a direct process with enduring positive effects, aiming to achieve peace and mutually beneficial solutions while ensuring no party is harmed. The resulting agreement from mediation holds legal weight and is considered final, bolstered by a peace agreement signed between the involved parties and the mediator. The study aims to evaluate the efficacy of mediation as a conflict resolution tool outside the courtroom, culminating in a documented agreement. Employing normative legal research methods with a statutory approach, the study meticulously examines all relevant laws and regulations. Data collection utilizes literature review methods, providing a comprehensive reference base to support research on the role of mediators in dispute resolution. The gathered information is systematically compiled and analyzed using descriptive methods. In conclusion, mediation has demonstrated its effectiveness as an alternative to court proceedings in settling disputes. The mediator, acting as a facilitator, helps the parties reach an agreement. The outcomes of mediation, documented in the peace agreement, are registered in court, providing legal validity and conclusiveness to the agreed-upon terms.

Peran Masyarakat Dalam Pembangunan Desa Di Desa Purba Dolok Kecamatan Doloksanggul Kabupaten Humbang Hasundutan

The role of the community in development is still relatively passive, this can be seen from some people who do not care about the village development that will be carried out. The purpose of this study is to find out the role of the community in development and to find out the obstacles to the role of the community in village development in the village of Purba Dolok. In this study, the type of research carried out by the author is a qualitative descriptive approach method, which explains the problems that exist in the form of words and writing in every existing event. Indicators of the role of the Purba Dolok village community as a policy role, in the form of arguments such as building placement, paying attention to building durability and building maintenance. Then, the role as a strategy where the community cooperates with village officials in developing strategies for the implementation of development in the form of site preparation, adjustment of budget funds and the formation of working groups. The role as communication, in this case, the communication of the village community and village officials provide information to the community through the head of the hamlet who is responsible for the environment of each hamlet. The role as a dispute resolution tool, in this case the way that is carried out in reducing differences of opinion and conflicts that arise, the holding of village deliberations for voting in order to overcome differences of opinion that arise when village deliberations are held.

Mediation as a conflict resolution tool in criminal proceedings in the context of martial law

The research relevance is determined by the need to develop alternative dispute resolution methods to improve the mechanism of protection of citizens’ rights in the context of a full-scale invasion. Therefore, the study aims to analyse the institution of mediation in criminal proceedings with due regard to the peculiarities of martial law. A range of methods were used for this purpose, namely, formal legal analysis logical analysis, legal hermeneutics, dogmatic method, logic and functional analyses. The study revealed that mediation is used in criminal proceedings only to reconcile the victim with the suspect. This procedure can solve the problem of overloading the courts and potentially delaying the resolution of disputes. As noted, under current legislation, a reconciliation agreement in criminal proceedings for domestic violence can only be concluded at the initiative of the victim; it was determined that it is necessary to provide that the relevant initiative for mediation in cases of such offences should also come from the victim. As suggested, legislative provisions should include mandatory participation of the victim’s representative in criminal proceedings in case the court decides to release the victim from serving a sentence with probation, substitute the remaining part of the sentence with a lesser one, or grant early release from serving a sentence. The ways to improve human rights guarantees in the mediation procedure under martial law were considered. The practical significance of the results obtained is to provide recommendations for improving the modern mechanism of this institution in criminal proceedings

How to make a SPE resolution strategy work in the EU

Abstract When dealing with the resolution of a banking group under EU regulation there are two different approaches: Single point of entry (SPE) versus Multiple Point of Entry (MPE). In a MPE strategy, the resolution authority is taking separate resolution actions at the level of individual legal entities of the group. In a SPE strategy, the resolution authority is taking a resolution action at the level of a single entity, usually the parent undertaking, which, consequently, becomes the so called “resolution entity” building together with its subsidiaries the “resolution group”. The general idea in a SPE strategy is, that losses at subsidiary level are first streamed up to the parent undertaking (resolution entity), i. e. capital is streamed down from the parent undertaking to the subsidiary to cover its losses and ensure its recapitalisation. This leads to losses at the resolution entity level, which, if the resolution entity meets the conditions for resolution, are taken care of by applying resolution tools to the resolution entity. This procedure is not necessarily a two-step approach but could also be completed in one go. In the following, we focus on different ways to upstream losses from the subsidiary to the parent undertaking and to recapitalise the subsidiary.

The Transformative Role of Artificial Intelligence in Conflict Resolution and Peacekeeping

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly becoming a pivotal tool in modern conflict resolution and peacekeeping efforts. This essay examines the multifaceted impact of AI technologies within this context. It explores the ways AI-powered analytics have enhanced the early warning systems, improved data-driven decision-making processes, and provides deeper insights through advanced conflict analysis. Additionally, AI-driven simulations and predictive modeling offer the potential to forecast conflict dynamics and guide more effective peacekeeping interventions.By leveraging AI, policymakers and practitioners can develop proactive strategies for conflict prevention and resolution, leading to sustainable peace and stability worldwide. This paper underscores the transformative potential of AI in reshaping traditional approaches to conflict management, offering new avenues for promoting global peace and security.

The Impact of Climate Change on Construction Activity Performance

There are specific construction operations that require weather forecast data to make short-term decisions regarding construction; however, most resource-related decision making and all project management plans must be carried out to anticipate weather conditions beyond the capabilities of the currently available forecasting technologies. In this study, a series of single- and multi-risk analyses were performed with ~9 km grid resolution over Türkiye using combinations of weather and climate variables and their threshold values which have an impact on the execution and performance of construction activities. These analyses will improve the predictability of potential delays, enable the project to be scheduled on a future-proof basis by considering the calculated normal and periodic predictions on the grid scale, and serve as a dispute resolution tool for related claims. A comprehensive case study showcasing the methodology and illustrating its application shows that the project duration is expected to be extended because of the impact of climate on both historical and future periods. While the original project duration was 207 days, when climate effects were considered, the optimum mean and median values increased to 255 and 238 days, respectively, for the historical period. The optimum duration mean and median change to 239 days by the end of the century, according to the SSP5-8.5 scenario, if the construction schedules consider climate change. The change in duration was mainly due to rising temperatures, which increased winter workability and reduced summer workability. However, if the historical practices are carried over to future schedules, the mean and median increase to 258 days and 244 days, respectively, which may cause unavoidable direct, indirect, or overhead costs.

Perspectives of Mediation as a Consensual Dispute Resolution Tool under the Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction

Perspectives of Mediation as a Consensual Dispute Resolution Tool under the Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction

AdaptiveClick: Click-Aware Transformer With Adaptive Focal Loss for Interactive Image Segmentation.

Interactive image segmentation (IIS) has emerged as a promising technique for decreasing annotation time. Substantial progress has been made in pre-and post-processing for IIS, but the critical issue of interaction ambiguity, notably hindering segmentation quality, has been under-researched. To address this, we introduce AdaptiveClick - a click-aware transformer incorporating an adaptive focal loss (AFL) that tackles annotation inconsistencies with tools for mask-and pixel-level ambiguity resolution. To the best of our knowledge, AdaptiveClick is the first transformer-based, mask-adaptive segmentation framework for IIS. The key ingredient of our method is the click-aware mask-adaptive transformer decoder (CAMD), which enhances the interaction between click and image features. Additionally, AdaptiveClick enables pixel-adaptive differentiation of hard and easy samples in the decision space, independent of their varying distributions. This is primarily achieved by optimizing a generalized AFL with a theoretical guarantee, where two adaptive coefficients control the ratio of gradient values for hard and easy pixels. Our analysis reveals that the commonly used Focal and BCE losses can be considered special cases of the proposed AFL. With a plain ViT backbone, extensive experimental results on nine datasets demonstrate the superiority of AdaptiveClick compared to state-of-the-art methods. The source code is publicly available at https://github.com/lab206/AdaptiveClick.