Resolution Requirements Research Articles

Deep Learning-Based Reconstruction of 3D T1 SPACE Vessel Wall Imaging Provides Improved Image Quality with Reduced Scan Times: A Preliminary Study.

Intracranial vessel wall imaging is technically challenging to implement, given the simultaneous requirements of high spatial resolution, excellent blood and CSF signal suppression, and clinically acceptable gradient times. Herein, we present our preliminary findings on the evaluation of a deep learning-optimized sequence using T1-weighted imaging. Clinical and optimized deep learning-based image reconstruction T1 3D Sampling Perfection with Application optimized Contrast using different flip angle Evolution (SPACE) were evaluated, comparing noncontrast sequences in 10 healthy controls and postcontrast sequences in 5 consecutive patients. Images were reviewed on a Likert-like scale by 4 fellowship-trained neuroradiologists. Scores (range, 1-4) were separately assigned for 11 vessel segments in terms of vessel wall and lumen delineation. Additionally, images were evaluated in terms of overall background noise, image sharpness, and homogeneous CSF signal. Segment-wise scores were compared using paired samples t tests. The scan time for the clinical and deep learning-based image reconstruction sequences were 7:26 minutes and 5:23 minutes respectively. Deep learning-based image reconstruction images showed consistently higher wall signal and lumen visualization scores, with the differences being statistically significant in most vessel segments on both pre- and postcontrast images. Deep learning-based image reconstruction had lower background noise, higher image sharpness, and uniform CSF signal. Depiction of intracranial pathologies was better or similar on the deep learning-based image reconstruction. Our preliminary findings suggest that deep learning-based image reconstruction-optimized intracranial vessel wall imaging sequences may be helpful in achieving shorter gradient times with improved vessel wall visualization and overall image quality. These improvements may help with wider adoption of intracranial vessel wall imaging in clinical practice and should be further validated on a larger cohort.

The prototype of the front-end electronics for STCF muon detector

The muon detector (MUD), serving as the outermost detector of the high-precision spectrometer in STCF, is used to provide muon identification in the presence of a significant pion background. The accuracy of muon identification relies heavily on excellent momentum resolution, which can be determined by their flight trajectory positions. Physical simulations of the measurement precision for reconstructed muons indicate that a spatial resolution of 2 cm is required. In the barrel MUD, a double-ended readout is required to determine the hit position, with a time resolution requirement of approximately 500 ps. To meet the readout requirements of the MUD, a comprehensive scheme for the front-end readout electronics of the STCF MUD is proposed, and a prototype of MUD readout electronics is developed. To validate the final 8-channel application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) design, an 8-channel time-to-digital converter (TDC) is implemented using a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The results of the electronics tests demonstrate that the average root mean square (RMS) precision ranges from 14 to 16 ps for each channel within a 1∼20 ns time interval. In the joint test with the detector, the system achieves a single-channel RMS precision of 297 ps, with a detection efficiency exceeding 95.5%. All indicators meet project requirements. This validates that the prototype is capable of preliminary evaluation and parameter optimization of the STCF MUD.

P‐135: Towards Passing the Visual Turing Test with Field of Light Displays

Field of Light Displays (FoLDs) promise to allow further increases in realism beyond the limits of conventional 2D displays. While the question of how a conventional display can match the limits of the human visual system has been answered, the same question applied to FoLDs has been given much less attention. In this work, we review a recent acuity‐limited viewer model of resolution at depth for a FoLD display. We validate this model using display simulation. We discuss how this model gives less conservative resolution guidelines than previous models, presenting resolution requirements for passing the visual Turing test.

Spatial Resolution Requirements for FDTD Modeling of Geoelectric Fields

AbstractTo ensure the robustness of both civilian and military infrastructure, it is important to protect electric power grids, smart grids, and other electrotechnologies from known and possibly as‐of‐yet unknown space weather hazards. Space weather can generate intense geoelectric fields at the surface of the Earth, as well as large voltage gradients across long distances of the Earth. These voltage gradients can lead to geomagnetically induced currents (GICs), which are known to produce hazards to electric power grids. The finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method is a powerful and versatile method that has already been applied to the study of geoelectric fields. The advantages of FDTD over other methods are that it can account for more geometrical complexities and realistic time waveforms and that it directly solves for geoelectric fields. Snell's Law predicts that any electromagnetic waves incident on the ground should essentially propagate straight downwards into the low resistivity ground. For this reason, vertical FDTD grid resolutions of 1/3 of a skin depth were usually chosen, while the horizontal grid resolution was relaxed. We find, however, that there is another important consideration for choosing an FDTD grid resolution applied to real‐world scenarios: localized field variations due to currents generated by ground features. It turns out the grid resolution requirements are much stricter when taking this physics into account.

Hadamard ghost imaging with a small amount of mask plates based on a spread spectrum.

Ghost imaging techniques using low-cost bucket detectors have unrivaled advantages for some wavebands where plane array detectors are not available or where focusing is difficult. In these bands, fine mask plates are the key to implementing high-resolution and quality ghost imaging. However, manufacturing a large number of mask plates is necessary but undoubtedly expensive in traditional Hadamard ghost imaging (HGI). Inspired by the spread spectrum technology, Hadamard ghost imaging based on spread spectrum (HGI-SS) is proposed, in which only two sets of a small number of mask plates are needed to accomplish Nyquist sampling for the object. Their numbers are equal to the lateral pixel resolution and the vertical pixel resolution of the object, respectively. Optical experiments verify the effectiveness of the scheme. For ghost imaging with a resolution requirement of 128 × 128 pixels, HGI-SS needs to prepare only 256 mask plates, while the traditional HGI needs to prepare 16,384 mask plates. HGI-SS may be helpful to expand the pixel resolution of imaging at a relatively low cost of mask plates.

Analyzing the Seasonal Vertical Displacement Fluctuations Using the Global Navigation Satellite System and Hydrological Load: A Case Study of the Western Yunnan Region

The non-tectonic deformation caused by hydrological loads is an important influencing factor in GNSS vertical displacement. Limited by the temporal and spatial resolution of global models and model errors, the hydrological load results calculated by traditional methods are difficult to meet the high temporal and spatial resolution requirements of small to medium-scale regions. This paper introduces the idea of the remove–restore method, assimilates regional high-resolution hydrological data, and obtains higher temporal and spatial-resolution hydrological load results. Subsequently, utilizing data from 12 CORS observed in the western Yunnan region between January 2018 and December 2020, the quantitative relationship and variation characteristics between GNSS vertical displacement and hydrological load displacement were analyzed in detail. Furthermore, the annual signals of both were extracted using the SSA method for comparative analysis. After removing the effects of atmospheric load and non-tidal ocean load, the average correlation coefficient between GNSS vertical displacement and hydrological load displacement is 0.84, with an average reduction of WRMS (%) reaching 37.17%. The average correlation coefficient of the annual signals between GNSS vertical displacement and hydrological load deformation is 0.94, with an average reduction of WRMS (%) reaching 46.5%, indicating that the contribution of hydrological load to the GNSS non-tectonic vertical displacement annual signal is close to 50%. The research results provide scientific support and important references for studying surface tectonic deformation by removing non-tectonic deformations such as hydrological loads from GNSS vertical displacement. Additionally, it helps to explore the mechanisms of interaction between water storage migration and surface deformation.

Speckle Noise Reduction via Linewidth Broadening for Planetary Laser Reflectance Spectrometers

The low obliquity of the Moon leads to challenging solar illumination conditions at the poles, especially for passive reflectance measurements aimed at determining the presence and extent of surface volatiles. A nascent alternate method is to use active laser illumination sources in either a multispectral or hyperspectral design. With a laser spectral source, however, the achievable reflectance precision may be limited by speckle noise resulting from the interference effects of a coherent beam interacting with a rough surface. Here, we have experimentally tested the use of laser linewidth broadening to reduce speckle noise and, thus, increase reflectance precision. We performed a series of speckle imaging tests with near-infrared laser sources of varying coherence, compared them to both theory and speckle pattern simulations, and measured the reflectance precision using calibrated targets. By increasing the laser linewidth, we observed a reduction in speckle contrast and the corresponding increase in reflectance precision, which was 80% of the theoretical improvement. Finally, we discuss methods of laser linewidth broadening and spectral resolution requirements for planetary laser reflectance spectrometers.

Stress-Equivalent Spalart–Allmaras Wall Model with Local Boundary Conditions for Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes

In this paper, we present a wall model based on a modified version of the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model. Unlike typical wall models, this method avoids the need to query the interior solution by utilizing solution information solely at the boundary, making it well-suited for unstructured grids and mesh adaptation. Furthermore, this wall-modeling method is formulated to lessen the near-wall grid resolution requirements by, below the log layer, making the eddy viscosity approach a constant, nonzero value and the velocity varying approximately linearly with distance from the wall. Using output-based mesh adaptation, this new wall-modeling method is compared to standard Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS-SA). It is shown that this wall model results in accurate predictions of quantities of interest such as aerodynamic coefficients, surface pressure and temperature, skin friction, and heat transfer compared with RANS-SA, while requiring substantially less near-wall grid.

Internal dispute resolution systems: Do high promises come with higher expectations?

AbstractWhen e-commerce appeared in the 1990s it brought with it disputes related to its operation. E-commerce is risky as the contracting parties do not even know each other, not to mention the fact that disputes have additional legal difficulties concerning jurisdiction and applicable law. However, e-commerce websites have worked out online dispute resolution (ODR) systems in order to maintain the trust of their users, employing an efficient and impartial method if problems arise from deals made on their website. These internal ODR systems are considered successful as they are faster, cheaper and more appropriate than asking for remedy from the courts.As online marketplaces resolve tens of millions of disputes a year, their influence cannot be avoided. The traditional court system fails to protect consumer rights in high-volume and low-value international transactions in practice. This circumstance raises the question of whether internal dispute resolution systems of private e-commerce sites could develop in such a way that fulfils the minimum procedural fairness requirements for dispute resolution and that is acceptable according to substantial laws. Is justice served in online disputes? Who is responsible for making just decisions, and to what extent can ODR procedures be expected to meet the principles of traditional civil proceedings?

Distributed ultra large strain measurement range sensing based on spectral shift adjacent point difference method in OFDR

Compared with the time-domain distributed optical fiber sensing technology, optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) has the advantages of high spatial resolution and low detection optical power requirements. However, in the large strain measurement, OFDR encountered such a problem: the correlation of the Rayleigh scattering spectra between strain signals and reference signals is relatively low if the loading strain is too large, resulting in incorrect demodulation. To address this issue, we propose a new method called the spectral shift adjacent point difference method. In our approach, the cross-correlation operations using two sets of non-strain signals are performed, and the average value of the cross-correlation’s spectral shift is selected as a reference standard. Then the spectral shift of the entire sensing fiber is obtained by re-sweeping frequency when the strain is loaded along the sensing fiber. The data points with a spectral shift adjacent point difference less than the reference standard will be retained, while other data points with spectral shift adjacent point difference greater than the reference standard will be considered as noisy fake spikes and removed. Finally, interpolation fitting is performed on the retained data points along the entire sensing fiber to obtain the demodulated spectral shifts realize large strain measurement. The experimental results show that the maximum measurable strain by the proposed method can reach 10,800 µε with a spatial resolution of 7.84 mm, which is an order of magnitude higher than the conventional method. The experiment demonstrates the high stability and excellent repeatability of the proposed processing method. The proposed method has the advantage of simple algorithm and easy implementation, and making it more competent in the field of large strain measurement.

Computational Requirements for Modeling Thermal Conduction in Polymeric Phase-Change Materials: Periodic Hard Spheres Case.

This research focuses on modeling heat transfer in heterogeneous media composed of stacked spheres of paraffin as a perspective polymeric phase-change material. The main goal is to study the requirements of the numerical scheme to correctly predict the thermal conductivity in a periodic system composed of an indefinitely repeated configuration of spherical particles subjected to a temperature gradient. Based on OpenFOAM, a simulation platform is created with which the resolution requirements for accurate heat transfer predictions were inferred systematically. The approach is illustrated for unit cells containing either a single sphere or a configuration of two spheres. Asymptotic convergence rates confirming the second-order accuracy of the method are established in case the grid is fine enough to have eight or more grid cells covering the distance of the diameter of a sphere. Configurations with two spheres can be created in which small gaps remain between these spheres. It was found that even the under-resolution of these small gaps does not yield inaccurate numerical solutions for the temperature field in the domain, as long as one adheres to using eight or more grid cells per sphere diameter. Overlapping and (barely) touching spheres in a configuration can be simulated with high fidelity and realistic computing costs. This study further extends to examine the effective thermal conductivity of the unit cell, particularly focusing on the volume fraction of paraffin in cases with unit cells containing a single sphere. Finally, we explore the dependence of the effective thermal conductivity for unit cells containing two spheres at different distances between them.

10Boron-film-based gas detectors at ESS

The development of detectors for the European Spallation Source is an important parallel element to the effort put into the design and construction of the neutron source and instruments. The 10Boron-film-based detector developments that started over a decade ago as basic detector concepts have now reached technical maturity after intense prototyping work and numerous testing campaigns. Several of the ESS beamlines that will soon enter the commissioning phase started welcoming the detector systems built with the 10B-film converter technology. The real-size demonstrators evolved in the last 2–3 years into a diverse suite of gas proportional counters for use in diffraction, reflectometry and small-angle scattering studies in spite of the operational complexity posed by the requirements for large-area coverage, low material budget and robustness for operation in the high-flux and high-radiation environment of ESS. The detectors are now being shipped to ESS or undergoing the last performance and calibration tests before being handed over to the instrument teams for installation in the host beamlines. A common feature of these detector systems is the very large number of readout channels that they are instrumented with in order to fulfill the demanding requirements for sensitivity, spatial resolution and count-rate capability. Across all of the detector types that will operate at ESS, the integration, testing and commissioning of the read-out technologies and software tools for data reduction, calibration and analysis are the focus of the detector and integration teams. These will yield a wealth of knowledge about their operation as well as initial results on the in-situ performance, a very important asset to ensure rapid commissioning of the detectors when neutrons from the ESS source become available. In this paper we will give an overview of the 10B-film-based detector technologies included in the ESS detector suite that are currently facing the transition from the production phase to installation and integration with the other beamline components, which comes with its own specific challenges of both organizational and technical nature.

Improved Approaches for 3D Gravity and Gradient Imaging Based on Potential Field Separation: Application to the Magma Chamber in Wudalianchi Volcanic Field, Northeastern China

The gravity and gradient anomalies contain valuable information about the underground geological structures at various depths. Deep and shallow buried source bodies are able to be identified through multi-scale field separation processes, and visual comprehensions of geological structures can be obtained via 3D density inversion techniques. In this study, we propose an improved 3D imaging strategy based on gravitational field separation using the preferential continuation filter. This strategy incorporates the relationship between spectral features and buried depths of source bodies, allowing for a one-step transformation from planar gravity and full-tensor gradient field observations to a 3D density structure in the wave-number domain. Synthetic tests validate the effectiveness and robustness of the gravity and gradient imaging approaches, highlighting their advantages in high vertical resolution and low computational requirements. Nonetheless, it should be noted that the imaging effects of horizontal gradients Γxx and Γyy are unsatisfactory due to their weak noise resistance. Thus, they are not suitable for real data applications. The other imaging approaches are further applied to recover the subsurface 3D density structure beneath the Weishan cone in Wudalianchi Volcanic Field, Northeastern China. Our results provide insights into the possible location and shape of the low-density magma chamber. Also, the potential presence of partial melts is inferred and supported from a gravity perspective. The primary advantage of these approaches is their ability to generate a reasonable geological model in scenarios with limited prior information and physical property constraints. As a result, they have significant practical value in the field of applied geophysics, including mineral exploration and volcanology studies.

Mimicking Motor Proteins: Wall-Guided Self-Navigation of Microwheels.

Untethered micro/nanorobots (MNRs) show great promise in biomedicine. However, high-precision targeted in vivo navigation of MNRs into both deep and tiny microtube networks comes with big challenges because the present medical imaging cannot simultaneously meet the requirements of high resolution, high penetration depth, and high real-time performance. Inspired by intracellular motor proteins that transport cargo along cytoskeletal tracks, this study proposed a microtube inwall-guided targeted self-navigation strategy of magnetic microwheels (μ-wheels) that relies only on interactions with a microtube inwall, compared to conventional techniques that rely on real-time imaging and tracking of MNRs. By presetting the direction of the rotating magnetic field, the μ-wheel realized targeted navigation along the inwall. The propulsion principles behind it are elaborated. The targeted self-navigation of the μ-wheels in three-dimensional microtube networks, a spiral microtube, and an intrahepatic bile duct of a pig was conducted. Lastly, based on the strategy, a practical tumor early detection method was proposed and verified by means of magnetic resonance imaging. The microtube inwall-guided targeted self-navigation strategy reduces the dependence of in vivo targeted navigation of MNRs on the real-time performance of medical imaging technology and greatly contributes to the development of MNRs in biomedical applications.

Graph Convolutional Network Based on CQT Spectrogram for Bearing Fault Diagnosis

In this paper, a graph convolutional network is constructed and applied for bearing fault diagnosis. Specifically, the constant-Q transform (CQT) is first adopted for spectral analysis of vibration signals, where the frequencies are distributed in the logarithmic scale. Varied frequency resolutions can be obtained to satisfy the spectral resolution requirement and reduce signal dimension. Afterwards, the CQT spectrum is modeled by a graph, where nodes are frequency bins and edges reflect the inner relationship of different bins. There are edges between the fundamental and harmonic components. Then, a two-layer graph convolutional network (GCN) is utilized to assess the significance of vibration sources within the mixed signals. Finally, the bearing faults are determined according to the output of the GCN. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to model the vibration signal in this graph structure. The advantage of this approach lies in the simplification of edge definitions, facilitating shared connectivity relationships between the fundamental frequency and harmonics. Its performance was compared with another state-of-the-art fault diagnosis model. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model obtains higher accuracy, and it is more effective in extracting discriminative features.

End-to-end simulations to optimize imaging spectroscopy mission requirements for seven scientific applications

CNES is currently carrying out a Phase A study to assess the feasibility of a future hyperspectral imaging sensor (10 m spatial resolution) combined with a panchromatic camera (2.5 m spatial resolution). This mission focuses on both high spatial and spectral resolution requirements, as inherited from previous French studies such as HYPEX, HYPXIM, and BIODIVERSITY. To meet user requirements, cost, and instrument compactness constraints, CNES asked the French hyperspectral Mission Advisory Group (MAG), representing a broad French scientific community, to provide recommendations on spectral sampling, particularly in the Short Wave InfraRed (SWIR) for various applications.This paper presents the tests carried out with the aim of defining the optimal spectral sampling and spectral resolution in the SWIR domain for quantitative estimation of physical variables and classification purposes. The targeted applications are geosciences (mineralogy, soil moisture content), forestry (tree species classification, leaf functional traits), coastal and inland waters (bathymetry, water column, bottom classification in shallow water, coastal habitat classification), urban areas (land cover), industrial plumes (aerosols, methane and carbon dioxide), cryosphere (specific surface area, equivalent black carbon concentration), and atmosphere (water vapor, carbon dioxide and aerosols). All the products simulated in this exercise used the same CNES end-to-end processing chain, with realistic instrument parameters, enabling easy comparison between applications. 648 simulations were carried out with different spectral strategies, radiometric calibration performances and signal-to-noise Ratios (SNR): 24 instrument configurations × 25 datasets (22 images + 3 spectral libraries).The results show that spectral sampling up to 20 nm in the SWIR range is sufficient for most applications. However, 10 nm spectral sampling is recommended for applications based on specific absorption bands such as mineralogy, industrial plumes or atmospheric gases. In addition, a slight performance loss is generally observed when radiometric calibration accuracy decreases, with a few exceptions in bathymetry and in the cryosphere for which the observed performance is severely degraded. Finally, most applications can be achieved with a realistic SNR, with the exception of bathymetry, shallow water classification, as well as carbon dioxide and methane estimation, which require the optimistic SNR level tested. On the basis of these results, CNES is currently evaluating the best compromise for designing the future hyperspectral sensor to meet the objectives of priority applications.

집합건물의 공용부분에서의 수익금의 분배 및 대지권 미등기 상태의 아파트 경매에 관한 소고

To summarize the main points of the author's argument, the following are the key points.
 First, it is reasonable to view the act of the managing body of condominium building seeking unjust enrichment against an unauthorized occupant of the the section for common use of condominium building an act of management. Therefore, in order for the managing body to exercise the right to unjust enrichment, it must meet the requirements of resolution of the managing body’s meeting.
 Second, if the managing body is viewed as a litigator for the division ownership holder, it is reasonable to assume that the Res Judicata over the division ownership holder's claims subordinate the managing body.
 Third, a division ownership holder must have a resolution of the unit owners' meeting in order to claim a share of the profits from the the section for common use of condominium building from the managing body.
 Finally, if a purchaser at an auction pays the price including the section of exclusive ownership of condominium building and the right to use site as the auction price, but only acquires the he section of exclusive ownership without the right to use site, the purchaser may claim that the auction price for the right to use site is unjustly enriched from the enforcement creditor and may claim warranty liability against the debtor under Article 578 of the Civil Code.

A high resolution and wide range valve for micronewton cold gas thrusters.

Numerous scientific satellites require micronewton thrusters for compensating environmental disturbances. The mass flow control proportional valve plays a crucial role in precisely regulating the thrust. To meet the high resolution and wide range requirements of the thrusters, this paper introduces a novel proportional valve with two sets of independently controllable piezoelectric stack. One set of the piezo-stack is used to compensate the stroke loss of the valve core, mainly caused by the deformation of the valve seat. The valve sealing mechanism is carefully analyzed to reduce the stroke loss. Another set of the stack works as the primary actuator, enabling the high mass flow control resolution. Two sets of independently controlled piezoelectric stacks not only expand the range and improve the range ratio but also provide redundancy and enhance reliability. This means that the actuator can still operate at lower ranges even if one piezo-stack is damaged. The piezo-actuators are assembled using U-shaped connectors, creating a compact and space-efficient overall design. Experimental tests have been conducted to verify the performance of the valve, which demonstrated a mass flow range of 0-675 μg/s with a resolution better than 0.1 μg/s and a flow noise below 0.1 μg/s/Hz1/2 at 0.1 mHz-1Hz.

Magnetic field amplification in cosmological zoom simulations from dwarf galaxies to galaxy groups

ABSTRACT Magnetic fields are ubiquitous in the Universe. Recently, cosmological simulations of galaxies have successfully begun to incorporate magnetic fields and their evolution in galaxies and their haloes. However, so far they have mostly focused on Milky Way-like galaxies. Here, we analyse a sample of high-resolution cosmological zoom simulations of disc galaxies in haloes with mass ${M}_\rm {200c}$ from $10^{10}$ to $10^{13}\, \rm {M}_\odot$, simulated with the Auriga galaxy formation model. We show that with sufficient numerical resolution the magnetic field amplification and saturation is converged. The magnetic field strength reaches equipartition with turbulent energy density for galaxies in haloes with ${M}_\rm {200c}\gtrsim 10^{11.5}\, \mathrm{M_\odot }$. For galaxies in less massive haloes, the magnetic field strength saturates at a fraction of equipartition that decreases with decreasing halo mass. For our lowest mass haloes, the magnetic field saturates significantly below 10 per cent of equipartition. We quantify the resolution we need to obtain converged magnetic field strengths and discuss our resolution requirements also in the context of the IllustrisTNG cosmological box simulations. We show that, at z = 0, rotation-dominated galaxies in our sample exhibit for the most part an ordered large-scale magnetic field, with fewer field reversals in more massive galaxies. Finally, we compare the magnetic fields in our cosmological galaxies at z = 0 with simulations of isolated galaxies in a collapsing halo set-up. Our results pave the way for detailed studies of cosmic rays and other physical processes in similar cosmological galaxy simulations that crucially depend on the strength and structure of magnetic fields.

A 0.55-mm2 8-bit 32-GS/s TI-SAR ADC with optimized hierarchical sampling architecture

This paper analyzes the bandwidth of the time-interleaved analog-to-digital converter (TI-ADC) with hierarchical sampling and presents an 8-bit 32-GS/s TI-ADC in 28-nm CMOS. The front-end sampler is implemented by a two-stage hierarchical sampling architecture to extend the analog input bandwidth. The 32-way sub-ADCs are realized with 2b/cycle successive approximation register (SAR) architecture and non-binary search strategy, which meet the requirements of high speed, medium resolution, and strong robustness. Multi-phase low-jitter clock tree is designed based on the delay-locked loop (DLL). Calibration methods for timing skew, offset and gain mismatches are introduced to improve accuracy. The proposed TI-SAR ADC achieves an analog input bandwidth of 23.7 GHz. It occupies an active area of 0.55 mm2 and consumes 356 mW at 1.8/1 V supply.