Resolution Process Research Articles

Unofficial peace diplomacy: private peace entrepreneurs in conflict resolution processes

Unofficial peace diplomacy: private peace entrepreneurs in conflict resolution processes

Democracy and Devolution as a Strategy for Conflict Resolution, the Political Will as a Determinant: The Case of Sri Lanka

The state is faced with several challenges in recent times. One of the greatest challenges to the state is the growing ethnic competition and conflict between groups. Ethnic consciousness is developed among communities by the elite. This leads to a rise in the demands made to the state. Tackling the varied conflicting interest is a cumbersome task. Ethnic identity politics is a result of elite competition and conflict. The only solution to lasting peace is democracy and devolution. However, democratic techniques to resolve conflicts also require a strong political will that is sincere towards the effort of conflict resolution. Assimilation and integration along with decentralization can give the peace process a fair chance to succeed. This article studies the process of conflict resolution in Sri Lanka since efforts towards devolution of power were made to accommodate demands of the Tamils and establish peace. Democracy and devolution were given a chance in Sri Lanka; however, the lack of a will among the elites on both the sides to garner a solution to the conflict led to its failure. Despite the devolution packages being offered right since the 1950s, the ethnic conflict culminated into military action on the part of the state.

Alternative Dispute Resolution: Concept, Criticism and Future of Arbitration and Mediation

Settlement of disputes either in the courtroom or outside the courtroom requires the expeditious dispensation of justice as “justice delayed is justice denied” and “justice hurried is justice buried.” While maintaining the thin line between hurried and delayed dispensation of justice, the alternative dispute resolution processes are in trends in legal markets and are embellished with the characteristics of amicable, inexpensive, and expeditious resolution of conflict, hence, attracting the aggrieved parties to resolve their disputes through “arbitration, mediation, conciliation, and hybrid processes”. With this intent, this article explores the concept of alternative dispute resolution processes in general and arbitration and mediation in particular. Rendering qualitative methods, this article critically describes the difference between arbitration and mediation and spent ink to point out the in-depth criticism of the processes and to predict the future of techniques of alternative dispute resolution.

Necessity of Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) in Family Matters and Legal Implementation of Online Court System

Technology is transforming Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). Defying long-held assumptions that developing empathy, broadening understanding, and coming up with solutions are only possible in person, effective approaches for assisting in the resolution of the growing number of arguments that have developed online have emerged. Technology has become the "fourth party" in settling disputes, thanks to the developing field of Online Dispute Resolution (ODR), which includes the use of technology and computer-mediated communication (CMC) in negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and other dispute resolution processes. ODR is being used by courts in numerous countries for family-related matters. The expectations and duties that are placed on the ODR community and its practitioners are examined in this research, which uses a qualitative technique. In particular, the study emphasizes the importance of ODR in resolving family disputes, critical moral standards for the technology used in ODR, and critical moral standards for the technology used in ODR, and makes suggestions for how Pakistan's judiciary can enhance its current online court model to facilitate greater access to justice and speed up the entire adjudication process. The paper also offers ideas on how the judicial system might continue to disseminate information with integrity, quality, and promptness.

Ir‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of gem‐Diborylalkenes Enabled by 1,2‐Boron Shift

AbstractAsymmetric cross‐couplings based on 1,2‐carbon migration from B‐ate complexes have been developed efficiently to access valuable organoboronates. However, enantioselective reactions triggered by 1,2‐boron shift have remained to be unaddressed synthetic challenge. Here, Ir‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation enabled by 1,2‐boron shift was developed. In this reaction, we disclosed that excellent enantioselectivities were achieved through an interesting dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) process of allylic carbonates at the elevated temperature. Notably, the highly valuable (bis‐boryl)alkenes have enabled an array of diversifications to access versatile molecules. Extensive experimental and computational studies were conducted to elucidate the reaction mechanism of DKR process and clarify the origin of excellent enantioselectivities.

Ir-Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of gem-Diborylalkenes Enabled by 1,2-Boron Shift.

Asymmetric cross-couplings based on 1,2-carbon migration from B-ate complexes have been developed efficiently to access valuable organoboronates. However, enantioselective reactions triggered by 1,2-boron shift have remained to be unaddressed synthetic challenge. Here, Ir-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation enabled by 1,2-boron shift was developed. In this reaction, we disclosed that excellent enantioselectivities were achieved through an interesting dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) process of allylic carbonates at the elevated temperature. Notably, the highly valuable (bis-boryl)alkenes have enabled an array of diversifications to access versatile molecules. Extensive experimental and computational studies were conducted to elucidate the reaction mechanism of DKR process and clarify the origin of excellent enantioselectivities.

Protection Of The Parties In The Implementation Of The Ship Lease Agreement (Case Study Decision No.231 / Rev.G / 2020 / PN.JKT.UTR)

The mechanism of transfer of rights in the lease agreement can be done with several stages, namely: the transfer of rights to an object must be accompanied by the delivery of the object. Surrender in the process of handing over property rights cannot be done carelessly regardless of the law that regulates it. Deed of lease made by and before a notary. Settlement of disputes over the sale and purchase agreement of the ship can be done by: non-litigation dispute resolution i.e. settlement out of court by means of abritrase, negotiation, mediation, conciliation, expert assessment. Dispute resolution in court (litigation) is the process of dispute resolution in court all parties in dispute face each other to defend their rights in court by filing a civil lawsuit.. Based on decision number 231 / Pdt.G / 2020 / PN.Jkt.Utr legal protection provided that the parties can file a civil lawsuit to the court where the parties in dispute are PT.Indoraya Makmur Energi (Hamad Siri) as the plaintiff with Rachman Saleh (PT.Timas Merak) as the defendant in the decision of the case the judge has provided legal protection where: stating the defendant has defaulted to the plaintiff. Punish the defendant to pay the rent for the SPOB Pulomas 7 ship for 11 months starting from June 11, 2019 to May 11, 2020, which is Rp. 450,000,000 x 11 months = Rp. 4,950,000,000 (four billion nine hundred and fifty million rupiah).

Prolonged experimental sleep disturbance affects the inflammatory resolution pathways in healthy humans

BackgroundSleep disturbances, as manifested in insomnia symptoms of difficulties falling asleep or frequent nighttime awakenings, are a strong risk factor for a diverse range of diseases involving immunopathology. Low-grade systemic inflammation has been frequently found associated with sleep disturbances and may mechanistically contribute to increased disease risk. Effects of sleep disturbances on inflammation have been observed to be long lasting and remain after recovery sleep has been obtained, suggesting that sleep disturbances may not only affect inflammatory mediators, but also the so-called specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) that actively resolve inflammation. The goal of this investigation was to test for the first time whether the omega-3 fatty acid-derived D- (RvD) and E-series (RvE) resolvins are impacted by prolonged experimental sleep disturbance (ESD). MethodsTwenty-four healthy participants (12 F, age 20–42 years) underwent two 19-day in-hospital protocols (ESD/control), separated by > 2 months. The ESD protocol consisted of repeated nights of short and disrupted sleep with intermittent nights of undisturbed sleep, followed by three nights of recovery sleep at the end of the protocol. Under the control sleep condition, participants had an undisturbed sleep opportunity of 8 h/night throughout the protocol. The D- and E-series resolvins were measured in plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). ResultsThe precursor of the D-series resolvins, 17-HDHA, was downregulated in the ESD compared to the control sleep condition (p <.001 for condition), and this effect remained after the third night of recovery sleep has been obtained. This effect was also observed for the resolvins RvD3, RvD4, and RvD5 (p <.001 for condition), while RvD1 was higher in the ESD compared to the control sleep condition (p <.01 for condition) and RvD2 showed a mixed effect of a decrease during disturbed sleep followed by an increase during recovery sleep in the ESD condition (p <.001 for condition*day interaction). The precursor of E-series resolvins, 18-HEPE, was downregulated in the ESD compared to the control sleep condition (p <.01 for condition) and remained low after recovery sleep has been obtained. This effect of downregulation was also observed for RvE2 (p <.01 for condition), while there was no effect for RvE1 (p >.05 for condition or condition*day interaction). Sex-differential effects were found for two of the D-series resolvins, i.e., RvD2 and RvD4. ConclusionThis first investigation on the effects of experimental sleep disturbance on inflammatory resolution processes shows that SPMs, particularly resolvins of the D-series, are profoundly downregulated by sleep disturbances and remain downregulated after recovery sleep has been obtained, suggesting a longer lasting impact of sleep disturbances on these mediators. These findings also suggest that sleep disturbances contribute to the development and progression of a wide range of diseases characterized by immunopathology by interfering with processes that actively resolve inflammation. Pharmacological interventions aimed at promoting inflammatory resolution physiology may help to prevent future disease risk as a common consequence of sleep disturbances. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02484742.

Enantioselective Intramolecular Hydroacylation of Alkynes by Rhodium Catalysis through Dynamic Kinetic Resolution. Front Cover Picture: (Adv. Synth. Catal. 20/2023)

The front cover picture illustrates a rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective hydroacylation of racemic alkynals having a substituent at the α-position of the carbonyl group. Mechanistic studies revealed that hydroacylation occurs preferentially from one enantiomer of the racemic substrate via a dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) process. The picture shows an outline of the DKR process by using an illustration of soccer, in which the player getting the good ball (i. e., enantiomer) successfully scores a goal. Details can be found in the Communication by Yoshihiro Sato and co-workers (Y. Oonishi, K. Takagishi, Y.-M. Liu, Y. Sato, Adv. Synth. Catal. 2023, 365, XXXX–XXXX; DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202300206).

Time-Sharing Contract under Jordanian Legislation

This research aimed to examine the prevalence of time-sharing contracts, which have experienced significant growth both locally and globally in recent times. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Jordanian legislation in addressing the legal aspects of this contract and ensuring adequate protection for contractors, particularly in the context of its widespread adoption in the tourism sector.&#x0D; &#x0D; The study yielded several key findings, among which the following are particularly significant:&#x0D; Various terms are used to refer to the time-sharing contract, indicating a lack of standardized terminology in the field. &#x0D; The ownership of shares within the time-sharing contract falls under a distinctive category of contracts known as composite compliance contracts, which involve multiple elements and considerations.&#x0D; &#x0D; The study also provided several recommendations, including: &#x0D; &#x0D; It is recommended that the Jordanian legislator establish specific legislation to regulate time-sharing contracts, &#x0D; The existing general rules in the Jordanian Civil Code are inadequate to effectively govern this contract, which has emerged due to practical circumstances.&#x0D; &#x0D; There should be a clear determination of the appropriate court to manage disputes arising between investors and beneficiaries involved in time-sharing contracts. This will ensure a streamlined and efficient resolution process.

Determinants of forgiveness after experiencing infidelity in a marital relationship

Marital infidelity, of whatever kind, causes serious conflicts in the relationship between spouses. Forgiveness is recognised as an important element in improving the relationship between spouses. It aids the conflict resolution process and increases commitment to the relationship. The aim of this study was to determine the determinants of forgiveness of infidelity in married people. A total of 373 people (339 women, 34 men), aged between 22 and 64 years, were studied. The study was conducted electronically using: Marital Forgiveness Scale (MOFS, Paleari, Regalia, Fincham, 2009; Polish adaptation Brudek, Steuden, 2015), Positivity Orientation Scale (Positivity Scale, Caprara et al., 2012; Polish adaptation Laguna, Oleś, Filipiuk, 2011), TIPI-PL (Ten Item Personality Inventory, Polish adaptation Sorokowska, Słotwińska, Zbieg, Sorokowski, 2014) and a personal questionnaire.&#x0D; The correlational analyses conducted showed a positive relationship between relationship commitment, relationship fulfilment, positive orientation and emotional stability and forgiveness in the subjects. The higher the level of forgiveness, the higher the positive orientation. The relationship between personality traits and forgiveness in people experiencing betrayal was partially confirmed. A positive relationship was shown at a weak level between benevolence and agreeableness and a negative one with conscientiousness. Fulfilment and commitment were shown to be significant predictors of forgiveness. The relationship between commitment and forgiveness is moderated by the trait conscientiousness. The adopted pattern of variables explains respectively 17% of the variation in the results of the forgiveness variable.

#6818 UNVEIL THE IMMUNE CELL LANDSCAPE IN AGEING KIDNEYS WITH AKI AND CKD

Abstract Background and Aims Immunosenescence, or aging process of the immune system, leads to either defective immune response or increased systemic inflammation. Previous studies have shown that kidney immune system may coordinate the process of kidney inflammation, resolution, or progressive fibrosis in kidney diseases. However, the exact role of individual immune cell type has not been systematically characterized, especially in the context of ageing kidneys. Method Firstly, we induced acute and chronic aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) in 15-month-old mice. At different stages of AAN (Steady state, acute inflammation, recovery from acute injury, and chronic fibrosis), mice were then sacrificed, and kidneys were harvested for further processing. We flow-sorted kidney CD45+ immune cells (live cells) and applied to 10 x Genomics platform for single cell isolation and cDNA library construction. Illumina NovaSeq 6000 system was used for RNA sequencing. Finally, we performed downstream bioinformatics analysis through CellRanger and Seurat pipelines. Results Utilizing AAN mouse model, we successfully conducted flow sorted kidney immune cells single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) from 15 M/O kidneys with AKI and CKD. We clearly identified 25 distinctive immune cell types, representing distinctive lymphoid and myeloid populations (Figure 1a). We showed dynamic change of immune cell compositions upon different phases of AAN (i.e., CCR2+ monocytes and proliferative macrophages increased during acute inflammation, activated T cells expanded during recovery phase, CD206+CCL8+ macrophages enriched within the fibrotic kidneys) (Figure 1b). By analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEG), we identified 30 top-ranked genes, which uniquely enriched in specific cell subset (Figure 1c). Conclusion We have successfully unveiled the immune cell landscape in ageing kidneys with AKI and CKD. Our preliminary data has demonstrated that distinct immune cell subsets at different phases of injury may have unique roles. Future work will focus on the cell-cell interactions and immune cell activation/differentiation.

Enantioselective Intramolecular Hydroacylation of Alkynes by Rhodium Catalysis through Dynamic Kinetic Resolution.

The front cover picture illustrates a rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective hydroacylation of racemic alkynals having a substituent at the α-position of the carbonyl group. Mechanistic studies revealed that hydroacylation occurs preferentially from one enantiomer of the racemic substrate via a dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) process. The picture shows an outline of the DKR process by using an illustration of soccer, in which the player getting the good ball (i. e., enantiomer) successfully scores a goal. Details can be found in the Communication by Yoshihiro Sato and co-workers (Y. Oonishi, K. Takagishi, Y.-M. Liu, Y. Sato, Adv. Synth. Catal. 2023, 365, XXXX–XXXX; DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202300206).

Development of Artificial Intelligence in the Dispute Resolution of Religious Courts

The number of disputes in religious courts continues to increase every year, giving great potential to develop the use of artificial intelligence to make it more efficient and effective by paying attention to the basic principles of Islamic law. This paper discusses the potential and development of the use of artificial intelligence technology in dispute cases in religious courts based on Maslahah Mursalah. The research method is juridical-normative, with a conceptual and philosophical approach. The research shows that the use of artificial intelligence in dispute resolution at religious courts is important for the reason that it can minimize the risk of errors and help judges determine legal considerations in the dispute resolution of Islamic law so that they are more accurate, effective, and efficient. The potential for developing the use of artificial intelligence technology in religious courts must consider several aspects, including the integration of artificial intelligence technology in the dispute resolution process in religious courts, the development of artificial intelligence-based decision support systems, and legal-ethical aspects of the use of artificial intelligence in religious courts. The formulation of the concept for developing the use of artificial intelligence technology in dispute resolution in the religious courts must be guided by the Maslahah Mursalah principle as a moral-ethical foundation within the legal system framework, which includes legal structure, legal substance, and legal culture so that the development of the use of artificial intelligence technology in the disputes resolution of Islamic law in religious courts be effective and justice for all.

Editorial

Team Science and Collaborative research are affected when main researchers see their contributions to a career-defining paper diminished in the author lists. Lab managers, publishers, and funders have tried to devise a fairer system of recognizing individual contributions to scholarly work. One suggestion is to establish a scientific team “pre-agreement”, or contract, specifying roles, responsibilities, and conflict resolution processes in advance [1]. “Researchers continue to be judged by what and where they publish,” says Liz Allen, Director of strategic initiatives at F1000, an open-access science publisher. ”It’s critical to their careers, so if they’re not getting the credit they deserve and visibility for their work, it’s a big problem for them.”

Identification of the Neural Correlates Underlying Conflict Resolution Performance Using a Rodent Analogue of the Stroop Tests

The Stroop test is a widely used neuropsychological test measuring attention and conflict resolution, which shows sensitivity across a range of diseases, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases. A rodent analogue of the Stroop test, the Response-Conflict task (rRCT), allows for systematic investigation of the neural systems underpinning performance in this test. Little is known about the involvement of the basal ganglia in this neural process. The aim of this study was to use the rRCT to determine whether striatal subregions are recruited during conflict resolution processing. To achieve this, rats were exposed to Congruent or Incongruent stimuli in the rRCT and the expression patterns of the immediate early gene Zif268 were analysed throughout cortical, hippocampal and basal ganglia subregions. The results confirmed the previously reported involvement of prefrontal cortical and hippocampal regions, as well as identifying a specific role for the dysgranular (but not granular) retrosplenial cortex in conflict resolution. Finally, performance accuracy correlated significantly with reduced neural activation in the dorsomedial striatum. Involvement of the basal ganglia in this neural process has not previously been reported. These data demonstrate that the cognitive process of conflict resolution requires not only prefrontal cortical regions, but also recruits the dysgranular retrosplenial cortex and the medial region of the neostriatum. These data have implications for understanding the neuroanatomical changes that underpin impaired Stroop performance in people with neurological disorders.

The Effectiveness of Conflict Resolution Process among Traditional Leaders: A Case Study of Mumbwa District

The Effectiveness of Conflict Resolution Process among Traditional Leaders: A Case Study of Mumbwa District

A digital twin-driven dynamic path planning approach for multiple automatic guided vehicles based on deep reinforcement learning

With the increasing demand for customization, the tendency of mechanical manufacturing has gradually shifted to flexible and mixed-line production, which brings new challenges to the existing scheduling pattern. As an indispensable part, logistics is responsible for establishing connections among various production equipment and processes. Meanwhile, the promotion of digital twin theory introduces an application schema for the logistics system. However, there is still a deficiency in the real-time dispatching and path planning of logistics equipment due to the uncontrollability of algorithm efficiency for complex scenes. To fill this gap, a digital twin-driven dynamic path planning approach for multiple automatic guided vehicles (AGVs) is proposed. Firstly, the AGVs are virtualized as the major component of logistics systems, while the ontology expression of logistics tasks is consistently accomplished as well. Secondly, the digital twin-driven application framework of multi-AGV dispatching is established. Moreover, a dynamic path planning method for AGVs relying on deep reinforcement learning is implemented. A segmented path planning method is illustrated considering potential route conflicts, which is regarded as the key contribution of the presented research. At last, a case study is illustrated to show the entire process of multiple vehicle path planning and conflict resolution.

Determination of the Most Appropriate Alternative Dispute Resolution Methods for Airport Projects: A Fuzzy VIKOR Approach

Being prone to dispute, airport projects involve diverse stakeholders including also national and international aviation authorities, and this complicates the dispute resolution process in these projects. Hence, decision-makers should not entirely rely on standard forms of contracts to settle disputes in airport projects. Instead, these projects necessitate a specific dispute resolution framework that meets their needs. Even though some effort has already been devoted to developing a framework for ADR selection, most of these studies neglect airport projects. Furthermore, existing studies fell short of adopting more advanced techniques such as fuzzy set logic and Fuzzy VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija | Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR), posing a variety of drawbacks. Thus, this study aims to guide decision-makers by developing a selection framework of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) methods to resolve disputes in airport projects. Firstly, the literature was reviewed comprehensively to reveal the criteria affecting the selection of ADR methods. Next, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) session was conducted with the participation of 17 experts who have diverse experiences in the dispute resolution process in airport projects to omit or validate the detected criteria obtained from the literature review. This was then followed by the Fuzzy VIKOR method to evaluate the importance of each ADR method. In the final step, sensitivity analysis was performed to confirm the reliability of the results. The results confirmed that a plethora of factors governs the ADR selection process, pinpointing the need for a systematic and holistic framework. Secondly, the “Expert Determination” was determined to be the most convenient ADR method for airport projects. The “Expert Determination” was followed by the “Dispute Adjudication Board (DAB)” and “Arbitration”, respectively. Revealing the very first holistic framework concerning ADR selection for airport projects, this study significantly contributes to the dispute resolution domain. Furthermore, this proposed framework is believed to have promising benefits for the decision-makers while drafting the contract clauses in terms of ADR methods in airport projects.

Durable Resolutions

Abstract Studies that examine the administration of justice in refugee camps highlight the legal plurality that commonly characterizes such sites, and the normative friction it creates between government and humanitarian institutions and community structures. Drawing upon research among South Sudanese refugees in Uganda and Ethiopia, this article foregrounds the place of transnational networks and temporal experiences in shaping processes of dispute resolution among refugees. South Sudanese refugees regularly turn to community structures to arbitrate disputes, even when these disputes relate to crimes that, under the laws of host states, must be reported to the authorities. As opposed to the individualized formal justice systems of host states, which are limited by borders, community justice links refugees across countries, draws on understandings of past communal events and relationships, prioritizes communal harmony and order, and thus produces a sense of continuity under conditions of dispersal and extreme precarity.