International Conflict Resolution Research Articles

СИМФОНИЗМ ПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЙ И. Л. СЕЛЬВИНСКОГО: РОМАН-ЭПОПЕЯ «АРКТИКА» И ПОЭТИЧЕСКИЙ ЦИКЛ «АЛИСА»

The article examines the interconnection of musical and verbal arts. Using the novel «Arctic» and the poem cycle «Alice» as examples, an analysis is conducted of the artistic techniques employed by I. L. Selvinsky to create verbal analogs of musical structures. It is established that the thematic depth of the works, detailed depiction of the processes of character formation and development, their spiritual quests, and the resolution of internal conflicts indicate the symphonic nature of the poet’s thinking. The reference to the symphonic works of P.I. Tchaikovsky, the disruption of the composer’s accepted symphony order, enhances the aesthetic direction of the poetic work and reveals profound meaning. The unity of thematic and imagery material, the utilization of similar principles in the development of musical and literary works allow for the poetic cycle «Alice» to be considered as a symphonic suite, with its poetic elements assessed in the parameters of musicology correlated with literary methodology.

AI and Machine Learning in International Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution

The role of incorporating Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in International Diplomacy and conflict resolution has the ability to revolutionize the current processes. The current paper aims at reviewing the future responsibilities of these technologies in improving diplomacy and forecasting wars. Thus, scrutinizing selected successful cases of AI use in diplomacy, and the possibilities of ML in conflict areas. The paper also covers the ethical issues and the possible developments of Artificial Intelligence in the sphere of diplomacy of various states. The conclusions stress the essential role of AI and ML in creating a more favorable external environment in order to reduce conflicts.

United Nations Peace Operations and International Relations Theory Edited by Kseniya Oksamytna and John Karlsrud

A comprehensive review of the book United Nations (UN) Peace Operations and International Relations Theory, edited by Kseniya Oksamytna and John Karlsrud, helps analyze the challenging notion that International Relations (IR) theories are impersonal and abstract. The book offers insights into international conflict resolution through the practical application of various IR theories.

Determining the amounts of membership interests in the charter capital of a limited liability company as an appropriate way to protect the rights of the member through legal proceedings

In the modern context of corporate law, the study of the effectiveness of the protection of corporate rights of participants in limited liability companies (hereinafter – LLC) is an extremely relevant topic for research. Limited liability companies are the most common organisational and legal form among legal entities for conducting business activities in Ukraine, especially at the levels of small and medium- sized businesses. In this regard, the legislative regulation should be based on accessible and reliable mechanisms for protecting the rights and interests of participants, and quick and fair resolution of internal conflicts that may threaten the viability of the business. The processes of state registration of information about limited liability companies are defining components of the transparency of business activities of this type of legal entity. The article focuses on the importance of the unity of law enforcement practice and legal positions of commercial courts in consideration of corporate disputes, which is an important factor for the protection of property rights, stimulation of investments, and ensuring the stability of the corporate sector of the economy. The legal positions of the Supreme Court regarding the exhaustive list of ways to protect the rights of an LLC member have been explored. It is noted that to protect the rights of members of limited liability companies in cases where their corporate rights have been violated, it is important to consider the provisions of part 5 of article 17 of the Law of Ukraine “On State Registration of Legal Entities, Individual Entrepreneurs and Public Organisations”. An analysis of judicial decisions reveals controversial issues regarding the application of the provisions of this Law. Within this article, an assessment of the effectiveness of current mechanisms for protecting corporate rights is provided, opportunities for their improvement are identified, and recommendations for improving legislative regulation and judicial practice are developed. Special attention is paid to the analysis of ways to protect the rights and interests of participants in the context of state registration of changes to the charter capital and the amounts of membership interests, as well as the assessment of the proportionality and adequacy of the applied measures.

Exemption from Criminal Liability and Punishment in Connection with Entry into Military Service: Consequences for Victims of Crime

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that human resources are involved in the resolution of international conflicts . In the Russian Federation, persons suspected, accused and convicted of committing crimes are sent to military service to participate in hostilities . This process is legitimized by the norms of federal legislation . On June twenty-fourth, 2023, the Federal Law No . 270-FZ “On the Specifics of Criminal Liability of Persons involved in a special military operation” was adopted . Federal Law No . 64-FZ has recently entered into force “On Amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation”, adopted by the State Duma on March 19, 2024 to regulate in these codes the specifics of the exemption from criminal liability of persons called up for military service on mobilization or in wartime .Research hypothesis: a new type of exemption from criminal liability and termination of criminal prosecution may negatively affect the interests of other persons - victims, their legitimate rights and interests may be negatively affected . In general, the criminal background may worsen, and trust in the state may decrease .Purpose: to provide a scientific forecast of the consequences of legislative changes related to the suspension, termination of criminal prosecution, exemption from criminal liability and punishment in connection with conscription during mobilization or during wartime, or the conclusion of a military service contract during mobilization, during martial law or during wartime .

Tantangan Penyelesaian Konflik Internasional yang Dilematik mengenai Hak Veto dalam Dewan Keamanan PBB (Studi kasus Palestina dengan Israel)

This research aims to explore and contribute to the understanding of the misuse of the veto power in resolutions for international conflict resolution. The focus is on describing the challenges arising from the use of the veto power in the UN Security Council, often prolonging conflicts without a definitive resolution. The research methodology employed is juridical normative with descriptive analysis, referring to provisions in the UN Charter and other reliable literature. The findings highlight that the abolition of the veto power in the UN Security Council could serve as a solution for more effective conflict resolution. Prolonged international conflicts result in significant losses, especially for civilians, while the UN, as the largest international organization, frequently fails to resolve these conflicts. The main issue lies in the rejection of resolutions by veto-wielding states, leading to the failure of these resolutions and the continuation of conflicts. Structural reforms within the UN are crucial to enhance its performance in conflict resolution to prevent further casualties. The unbridled use of the veto power, based on the geopolitical considerations of certain states, slows down the conflict resolution process. Additionally, the power disparity between veto-wielding states and other members contradicts the principle of sovereign equality enshrined in the UN Charter. Therefore, clear criteria must be established for the use of the veto power in peace resolutions to ensure that conflict resolution is not hindered by purely geopolitical interests.

Analizando las reglas del juego. Características y efectos de las elecciones primarias presidenciales en Honduras

Objective/Context: What characteristics does the presidential primary system adopt? And what are the effects of the primaries on the Honduran political system? Honduras is among the precursor countries in Latin America to adopt the primary system as a mechanism of internal democracy within party structures to select their presidential, legislative, and municipal candidates. Although parties are not obliged to use primaries to select their candidates, the law mandates it for those political groups that have more than one internal movement. Thus, over the years, after eight experiences—in some political parties—the system has become established. The objective of this work is to analyze the origin of the presidential primary system in Honduras, its characteristics, and its effects on the political system. Methodology: This involves analyzing all primary elections held since their adoption to the present. Conclusions: the evidence indicates that, while the primary election system has allowed for the resolution of internal conflicts within parties, it has also contributed to the consolidation of political clientelism in the country. Originality: this work provides tools for analyzing the process of selecting presidential candidates in a political context of low programmatic competition, clientelism, and high personalism.

The scars beyond bullets: Recognizing the environmental toll of war

Warfare, throughout history, has not only shaped geopolitical landscapes but has left an indelible mark on the environment. The unintended consequences of armed conflicts extend far beyond the immediate theater of war, affecting ecosystems, biodiversity, and human wellbeing. We therefore need to delve into the complex and lasting environmental impact of wars, exploring case studies, international frameworks, and mitigation strategies aimed at addressing and preventing further ecological devastation which is what this paper is about. As conflicts continue to arise globally, understanding the environmental implications becomes crucial for sustainable development and international cooperation. This study aims to synthesize existing knowledge, analyze case studies, and propose viable solutions to minimize the environmental toll of armed conflicts. By examining historical examples and current challenges, we seek to contribute to a broader discourse on the intersection of warfare and environmental conservation. And essentially, provide a comprehensive overview of the environmental consequences of war and propose effective strategies for mitigating these impacts. By assessing case studies such as the Gulf War oil spills, Vietnam Agent Orange use, and Ukraine's agricultural land destruction, we aim to uncover patterns and lessons learned. Additionally, we scrutinize the role of international frameworks, environmental impact assessments, and post-conflict restoration efforts in alleviating the environmental aftermath of warfare. This paper contends that the environmental impact of war is multifaceted, persisting long after hostilities cease. By examining historical cases, current challenges, and mitigation strategies, we underscore the urgency of integrating environmental considerations into military planning and international conflict resolution efforts.

International Conflict Resolution: The Role of the Government of Ghana and Togo on the Wenchiki-Chereponi Chieftaincy Conflict

The article examined the Chereponi-Wenchiki Conflict and the role of Togo and Ghana's governments in managing the conflict and its effects on the two countries. The social identity theory provided the theoretical lens into issues of ethnicity, culture and ancestral connection to the geographical area. A qualitative research design was used to gather data from interviews in some communities in Togo and Ghana. This was necessary to solicit the views, and opinions of the people in the two countries on three main themes namely the causes of the conflict, the role of governments and the effects of the conflict. The study found that chieftaincy and land constituted the main causes of the protracted conflict. It was found that the government of Ghana was mainly responsible for managing the conflict while the government of Togo only collaborated with in managing the conflict. Many lives and properties were lost, social disruptions and separation of families and clan members, disruption of the economic and social livelihood of the people, the new unfortunate norm of two chiefs in communities in the Chireponi-Wenchiki area because of overlapping roles and the influence of traditional councils and the influence of Dagbon Kingdom were found to the key effects of the conflict. The study concludes that the key influencers of the conflict are money and politics and relations among the factions has gone sour. It, therefore, recommends the need to depoliticize the conflict and strengthen the chieftaincy institution in the area for lasting peace.

The Impact of the ICJ’s Judgment on the Bakassi Peninsula Case: Realist and Idealist Perspectives

The International Court of Justice’s (ICJ) 2002 judgment on the Bakassi Peninsula, which awarded sovereignty to Cameroon, has had profound implications for Nigeria and Cameroon. This article analyzes the judgment’s impact from both realist and idealist perspectives, examining the geopolitical, legal, and social consequences for the involved nations. Realist perspectives emphasize power dynamics and strategic interests, while idealist perspectives focus on international law and justice. By juxtaposing these views, the article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the Bakassi Peninsula case and its broader implications for international relations and conflict resolution.

ПРИНЦИПЫ СОСТАВЛЕНИЯ МНОГОЯЗЫЧНОГО АВТОМАТИЗИРОВАННОГО СЛОВАРЯ ДИПЛОМАТИЧЕСКИХ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЙ

In the context of the accelerated development of world relations and the growing importance of diplomacy, it becomes critically important to ensure clear and accurate communication between States and international organizations. Multilingual automated dictionaries of diplomatic terminology are an effective tool to help in achieving this goal. Diplomatic activity plays a fundamental role in the modern world. It ensures international relations, cooperation and conflict resolution between States. The central element of diplomacy is the using of specific terminology, which has many nuances and variations in different languages. In this context, the creation of a multilingual automated dictionary of diplomatic terminology becomes an important means of facilitating international communication and understanding. This article discusses the basic principles of compiling such dictionaries, including the stages of collecting and analyzing of terminology, methods of automated data processing, maintaining relevance, as well as aspects of multilingualism and cultural adaptation.

Mediation for the resolution of international economic conflicts. Effective approaches and perspectives

The purpose of this study was to examine mediation as a mechanism for resolving international economic conflicts and to identify effective approaches for their resolution. International economic conflicts are an integral part of today's globalized economy, contributing significantly to the complication of international relations and threatening sustainable development. This article examines the effectiveness and potential of mediation as a tool for resolving international economic conflicts. In particular, the article analyzes the advantages of using mediation, stages of its application, successful practices, as well as challenges and prospects for the development of this method of dispute resolution.
 In the modern world, international economic conflicts are becoming more and more relevant and complex. These conflicts can have serious consequences for states, corporations and international relations in general. This article explores the role and importance of mediation as an effective tool for resolving international economic disputes.
 The purpose of this article is to analyze the use of mediation in resolving international economic conflicts, to identify the advantages of this method, to review its stages and challenges, and to present the prospects for the development of this approach, to understand the essence of mediation and its basic principles. An overview of the advantages of this method, such as preserving business relationships and taking into account the interests of the parties is presented, analyzing the sequence of stages of the mediation process and their role in achieving a settlement. Successful mediation cases are examined in detail, emphasizing the importance of the mediator's role and the advantages of mediation over other dispute resolution methods.
 The limitations of mediation are also discussed and ways to overcome them are suggested. The article concludes by presenting possible directions for the development of mediation, such as integration into international law and the use of modern technologies.
 As a result of the study, it can be concluded about the importance of mediation in resolving international economic conflicts. Its flexibility, focus on the interests of the parties and ability to preserve long-term relationships make mediation an indispensable tool in modern international practice.

Insecurity and Support for Female Leadership in Conflict States: Evidence from Afghanistan

Abstract While women's political inclusion is central to international conflict resolution efforts, public attitudes in conflict states towards women's political inclusion remain understudied. We expect insecurity to depress support for female political leadership in conflicts where women's political inclusion is violently contested. Citizens wanting security through force prefer male leaders because of stereotypes privileging men's military prowess. However, citizens wanting security through reconciliation also favour men for fear that female leadership would provoke more violence. We assess these expectations with experimental and observational data from the former Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. In the survey experiment, priming respondents to think about insecurity decreases support for female leadership, but only among women. In observational data, insecurity correlates with more polarized attitudes towards women's political representation in some regions and greater support for female leaders in others. Insecurity's impact on public support for female leadership in conflict states may be highly heterogeneous.

The Prevalence of External States’ Covert Interests over Overtly Emphasised International Conflict Resolution Agendas Throughout a Decade of Libyan Uncertainty

This study offers a comparative perspective on four external states’ behavioural tendencies in contrast to their officially upheld ambitions witnessed throughout the past ten years in Libya. Sound promises on conflict resolution, mitigation and alleged alignment with R2P principles is of course nothing new in the international arena, nor is the fact that the parallel existence of selfish agendas constitute an “innovation”. Nevertheless, the case of failed reconciliation and stabilisation process of Libya despite seemingly massive international support offers a recent sphere for investigating the whole spectrum of underlying opposition among the external parties. What started out as a domestically rooted conflict, soon developed into an increasingly international one. After several attempts at the establishment of a truly unified government, interests have never got sufficiently close to each other. What this article sets out to expand on is a fundamentally balance of threats motivated geostrategic opposition, which was only seemingly centred around local key figures like Haftar, Sarraj or even influential tribal leaders. Numerous foreign stakeholders were acting against the very declarations and statements they themselves called their fellows to comply with via means of proxy actions and in hopes of capitalising on the advantages stemming from the status quo. This work discusses the means these states acted counter-productively against the Libyan conflict resolution.

Historical aspect of international mediation and current trends in its development

The article «Historical aspect of international mediation and modern trends of its development» explores the evolution and role of international mediation throughout history and analyzes the current trends of its development in the modern world. The article examines the role of mediation in conflict resolution in different eras, starting from ancient civilizations to the present. Particular attention is paid to key stages in the development of international mediation, such as the Renaissance, the 19th and 20th centuries, and modernity, with a focus on the influence of international organizations and technological innovations. Current trends are also analyzed, including the expansion of actors, the use of modern technology, the increasing role of regional organizations, and cultural sensitivity. The article emphasizes that contemporary international mediation is becoming a more complex and multidimensional phenomenon, playing an important role in conflict resolution and maintaining stability on the world stage.
 The article considers international mediation as one of the alternative ways of resolving legal conflicts. The historical aspect of the emergence of international mediation is analyzed, the main trends of its development are highlighted.
 The historical aspect of the development of international mediation and modern trends of its development reflect significant progress in the field of international conflict resolution. Since ancient times, people and groups have sought to use mediation to resolve disputes and prevent wars. In the modern world, international mediation has become an increasingly recognized and effective tool for conflict resolution and peacekeeping.
 Current trends in the institution of international mediation encompass a number of important aspects that reflect changes in world politics, technological advances, and cultural preferences.
 Here are the key ones:
 S As the role of various regional players, such as regional organizations, has strengthened, their influence on international mediation has grown. They are becoming important mediators of conflicts in their regions and can play a crucial role in maintaining stability.
 S Information and communication technologies are opening up new avenues for mediation, including virtual platforms and cyber-mediation. They facilitate the exchange of information and enable remote interaction between parties to a conflict.
 S In addition to States and international organizations, non-governmental organizations, academic institutions and private companies are increasingly involved in international mediation. Their expertise and neutrality can make a significant contribution to conflict resolution.
 S Modern mediators are increasingly paying attention to the cultural, religious and social dimensions of conflicts. Understanding local customs and values can contribute to effective mediation.
 S Mediation is increasingly linked to economic motives and measures to stimulate peace and cooperation. Economic support can be a means of encouraging constructive solutions.
 S An important aspect of current trends is the development of standards and ethics for mediators. Professionally trained and competent mediators contribute to successful conflict resolution.
 S Modern mediation increasingly focuses on conflict prevention and avoidance, as well as on rapid response to initial tensions.
 У Media and public opinion play an important role in creating an atmosphere of trust and support for successful mediation. Modern mediators are increasingly engaging with the public and using media platforms for communication and influence.
 The combination of these trends points to the evolution of the institution of international mediation towards a more flexible, integrated and adaptive system that can better meet the challenges of contemporary international conflicts.
 Current trends in the development of the institution of international mediation include the growing interest in the use of mediation in international disputes, the establishment of specialized international mediation centers and the development of professional standards for international mediators.

Mediation in diplomatic conflicts. Examples from Latin America

Mediation plays a key role in resolving diplomatic conflicts, especially in regions where established relations between countries are of strategic importance. The article explores the importance and effectiveness of mediation in the region by looking at specific cases of their use. Over the past decades, Latin America has faced many diplomatic disputes related to borders, trade, resources and other important issues. In such a context, mediation has shown its ability to resolve conflicts through third party mediation. The article analyzes successful examples of mediation, such as the resolution of border conflicts between Colombia and Venezuela, and the peaceful settlement of trade agreement disputes between Chile and Peru. Special attention is paid to the role of mediators and their strategies in overcoming protracted and acute controversies. The importance of neutrality, trust and diplomatic skill in mediation processes is emphasized. In addition, the article analyzes the impact of mediation on long-term relations between countries, emphasizing the positive results in cooperation and reduction of tensions. By analyzing case studies, the authors emphasize that mediation plays a key role in resolving complex tensions between countries. The article emphasizes the role of mediators and the strategies they use to achieve successful outcomes. Neutrality, trust and diplomatic skill are highlighted as important components of successful mediation. In the context of Latin America, a region with many diplomatic disputes, the article analyzes examples of successful mediation, such as the resolution of border conflicts and trade disputes. These practical cases confirm mediation's ability to alleviate tensions and promote peaceful conflict resolution Finally, the article emphasizes that mediation plays an important role in peace and stability in Latin America by facilitating the resolution of diplomatic conflicts. The article's examination of successful practical examples of mediation demonstrates that this method has great potential for resolving complex international disputes and enabling interaction and cooperation between states in the region and beyond. The main conclusion of the article is that mediation has significant potential for application in diplomatic conflicts in Latin America. It helps to create conditions for cooperation between countries and supports stability in the region. Examining successful case studies and analyzing mediators' strategies makes the article relevant and informative for researchers, diplomats and anyone interested in international relations and conflict resolution

The role of mediation in international conflict resolution

International conflicts are becoming increasingly complex and pose a threat to world stability and security. In this context, mediation acquires key importance as a mechanism to prevent violence and find a peaceful solution. This article explores the important role of mediation in the process of resolving international conflicts. International conflicts are growing in complexity and protractedness, requiring effective resolution mechanisms to prevent violence and mitigate tensions between parties. Mediation is a key tool in resolving such conflicts, providing neutral mediation and creating a fruitful platform for dialog.
 The article analyzes various aspects of mediation in international conflicts, including the roles of mediators, the methods and strategies used to resolve differences, and examples of successful and unsuccessful mediation attempts in the history of international relations. The importance of neutrality, trust, and diplomatic skill for effective mediation is highlighted.
 Challenges associated with mediation in international conflicts, such as the reluctance of parties to mediate, difficulties in enforcing agreements, and external influences on the mediation process, are discussed. The author suggests ways to overcome these challenges, including strengthening international support for mediators, using innovative mediation techniques and tools, and improving coordination and cooperation among international organizations.
 The article emphasizes that mediation is an effective tool for easing tensions between parties to a conflict and ensuring neutral mediation. The author examines the different roles of mediators, their methods and strategies used to facilitate dialog and reach agreement. Examples of successful and unsuccessful mediation cases in the history of international relations are presented, highlighting key factors influencing the success of this process.
 Particular attention is paid to the challenges mediators face in resolving international conflicts. These challenges include the difficulty of establishing trust between the parties, the reluctance of the parties to recognize the need for mediation, and the influence of external actors on the course and outcome of mediation efforts. The author suggests strategies to overcome these challenges, including strengthening diplomatic efforts and utilizing innovative approaches.
 The concluding sections of the article emphasize the importance of further research on mediation and international conflict resolution. The author calls for increased support for mediators from international organizations and states, as well as well as the active implementation of mediation approaches in conflict resolution to ensure peace and stability in the global arena.

The Cradle of the Makonde Nation of Mozambique Torn between Wars of Wealth

Abstract The cradle of the Makonde Nation of Mozambique is historically rich with unmatched artefacts that convey experienced socio-political struggles and unique heritage. The Makonde nation fought heroic wars that led to the end of imperialism as well as colonialism, and ultimately led to the liberation of Mozambique in 1975 from Portugal. The post-independent era, however, was marred by a 16-year-long civil war that left socio-political and economic bruises on the entire country and to a certain extent destabilised the Southern African Development Community (SADC). In 1992, a civil war erupted, and the attainment of peace became elusive. The unresolved socio-economic and political attrition between the ruling Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) and the opposition Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO) contributed to the internal political crisis which compounded inequalities and socio-economic imbalances. Subsequently, opportunist transnational actors such as Al-Shabaab exploited these conditions in the frail yet minerally wealthy region of Cabo Delgado. The proceeding unfolding of events reveals the implications of unresolved past conflicts potentially escalating into complex conflicts – terrorism. Reflecting on past struggles and their influence on present conflicts, a qualitative methodology employing a desktop approach with documental and historical data analysis to determine how the prospects for full-scale peace, economic development, and sustainable security and stability can be attained. The question is: to what extent do the drivers of resource conflict contribute to radicalism and violent extremism as is the case of Cabo Delgado, in Mozambique? This paper argues that apart from other regional dimensions such as border proximity with terror-prone states such as Tanzania, the ill-management of natural resources and ambiguous approaches to the resolution of internal conflicts create conditions for terrorism in Cabo Delgado. The interdependence and cooperation perspective presents opportunities where collective implementation of robust counterterror strategic plans may effectively redress the associated resource conflict challenges in Mozambique.

Addressing the underside of student unrest in South African universities using collegial leadership as approach

Universities in South Africa are confronted with student unrest, which has hindered the effective university education process. They have faced various shortages of academic activities and teaching and learning because of protests and subsequent management responses that culminated in the closures of universities at most times. Student unrest has made it difficult to actualise the set predetermined goals and objectives of the university. These challenges have severally been linked to problems with tuition fees, financial support for students, adequate and conducive hostel accommodation, student socio-economic background and university management styles. Among the management styles, according to the literature and observation, is the decision-making process where the issues concerning students are decided upon. This study explores the potential of the collegial leadership approach to enhance the university decision-making process towards alleviating student unrest in universities. This study is located within a transformative paradigm to transform social unrest in the university system. Conceptual analysis was employed to make sense of the adopted approach as a veritable tool for managing the power differential between the students and the university management. The study found that collaboration and teamwork, consensus building and organisational relationships are the dimensions of managing student unrest in universities. The recommendation is that collaborative management style, teamwork, consensus building and organisational relationships are encouraged in the university management process.Contribution: This article seeks to contribute to the higher education management system by providing a collegial leadership model. As an integral part of the university system, this model addresses student unrest and improves transformative prospects for the institution. By exploring new ways of managing internal conflict resolution, change is fostered, and improved conditions are cultivated. In this way, it directly responds to the journal’s focus on the transformation of higher education, making it an essential read for scholars and practitioners specialising in this field.

The Resolution of Civil Wars: Changing International Norms of Peace-Making and the Academic Consensus

ABSTRACT Since the end of the Cold War, the belief that the international community has a responsibility to support negotiated solutions to civil wars has exercised an enduring influence on research and policy making. However, this belief has relatively recent roots. This article looks at how changing international norms have influenced the way academic researchers view civil wars and expect them to end. The lack of interest in solving internal conflicts during the Cold War was matched among academics by a focus on other security issues and a belief that most civil wars could not be negotiated, although a minority of scholars disagreed. After the Cold War, a new international regime for solving civil wars has emerged, with the active support of a large share of the academic community. However, scholars have also criticised the way Western priorities have shaped liberal peace-making attempts and reflected on the assumptions underlying international conflict resolution. Paradoxically, while the academic community has become increasingly optimistic, the post-Cold War approach has fallen into crisis, due to geopolitical transformations and a change in the nature of contemporary insurgencies. At the end of this article, I suggest new avenues for research in the changing international order.