Resolution Mechanism Research Articles

Effective or symbolic? A retrospective look at the performance of the China International Commercial Court

ABSTRACT In recent years, numerous international commercial courts have been established to align dispute resolution mechanisms with the needs of international commerce. In June 2018, China entered this arena with the creation of the China International Commercial Court (CICC), a court specifically designed to facilitate international commercial dispute resolution and, in particular, solve disputes emerging from the One Belt One Road Initiative (BRI). However, the CICC has been less innovative than other international commercial courts. It has limited jurisdiction and relatively few international and arbitration-like features. Against this background, at the time of its creation, significant questions arose regarding the role the CICC would play within the dispute resolution market. This article considers the performance of the CICC over its first five years and empirically evaluates its performance compared to other commercial courts. An examination of the number of cases and their characteristics reveals that the international appeal of the CICC as a dispute resolution venue has been limited. Nevertheless, this article argues that the CICC can play a role in bolstering the ability of the Chinese legal system to address foreign-related disputes – namely, by producing guiding case law for situations that may come before the lower courts and by providing an institutional model that can be replicated at lower levels of the Chinese court structure.

Room temperature synthesis of a chiral covalent organic framework core-shell composite for high-performance liquid chromatography enantioseparation.

In this article, chiral covalent organic framework core-shell composite CCOF-TpPa-Py@SiO2 was facilely synthesized by induction at room temperature. The CCOF-TpPa-Py@SiO2 core-shell composite was used as a chiral stationary phase for the separation of the racemates by high-performance liquid chromatography, which exhibits good separation performance for chiral compounds including ketones, alcohols, esters, epoxides, carboxylic acids, amides, and amines. The effects of analyte injection mass on the enantioseparation were studied. The reproducibility and stability of the CCOF-TpPa-Py@SiO2 chiral column were explored. The intra-day (n=5), inter-day (n=5), and inter-column (n=3) relative standard deviations for the migration times and resolution of benzoin were 0.32%-0.54%, 0.45%-0.61%, and 1.21%-1.53%, respectively. In addition, the chiral separation ability of the CCOF-TpPa-Py@SiO2 chiral column (column A) was compared with that of the MDI-β-CD-Modified COF@SiO2 (column B) as well as a commercial chiral column (Chiralpak AD-H). The chiral recognition ability of column A is complementary to that of column B and AD-H column. The resolution mechanism of CCOF-TpPa-Py@SiO2 stationary phase towards chiral analyte was explored. Hence, the synthesis of CCOF-TpPa-Py@SiO2 core-shell composite by induction at room temperature as chiral stationary phases for chromatographic separation has important research potential and application prospects.

Realization Mechanism of Farmers’ Rights and Interests Protection in the Paid Withdrawal of Rural Homesteads in China—Empirical Analysis Based on Judicial Verdicts

In recent years, the paid withdrawal of rural homesteads has become a widely discussed topic within the academic community. However, from the perspective of protecting farmers’ rights and interests, literature exploring the impact of this policy’s implementation remains scarce. As the reform of the separation of the three rights of the homestead deepens, disputes related to paid withdrawal of homesteads have escalated rapidly. This study aims to highlight the importance of protecting farmers’ rights and interests, seeking to enhance their property rights and revitalize unused rural resources. Employing a case study methodology, this study systematically examines the issue of farmers’ rights and interests protection during homestead withdrawal. This analysis is based on the survey, collection, and evaluation of 324 judicial cases. The findings reveal the following: (1) Disputes involving paid withdrawal of homesteads encompass the entire withdrawal process, with the majority of conflicts arising during the withdrawal stage. (2) Prior to withdrawal, farmers express heightened concern regarding their political rights, particularly the right to be informed and to participate in withdrawal decisions. (3) During the withdrawal process, farmers prioritize resettlement and compensation rights. Additionally, novel issues such as the allocation of withdrawal compensation surface after farmers receive resettlement and compensation benefits. (4) After withdrawal, farmers anticipate more suitable “alternative” social rights and remedies. Based on these findings, this study presents policy recommendations for realizing farmers’ rights and interests in the context of paid withdrawal of rural homesteads. These suggestions include consistently respecting farmers’ autonomy and preserving their political rights throughout the withdrawal procedure. During the withdrawal stage, emphasis should be placed on the comprehensive value of resettlement compensation, encompassing both the residential and social security aspects of rural homesteads. Post-withdrawal, farmers’ social rights and the development rights of their homesteads ought to be fully guaranteed, ensuring a harmonious balance between farmers’ immediate and long-term interests. Furthermore, optimizing the dispute resolution mechanism stands as a pivotal aspect of safeguarding farmers’ rights and interests through legal recourse.

RECONCILING CONSTITUTIONAL RULES AND INTERNATIONAL LAWS: A DOCTRINAL STUDY ON THE INNOVATIVE ROLE OF CONSTITUTIONAL RECONCILIATION IN IRAQ AND EGYPT

This research employs a doctrinal study methodology to investigate the conflict between constitutional rules and international rules,emphasizing the emerging jurisdiction of constitutional reconciliation. Through case studies in Iraq and Egypt, the study seeks to identify crucial criteria for addressing conflicts within the legal framework. A systematic analysis of legal principles, precedents, and existing literature provides a comprehensive understanding of the intricate dynamics involved in resolving conflicts between constitutional provisions and international rules. The research delves into nuanced conflicts arising in the absence of specified applicable laws in constitutional provisions, particularly where international treaties intersect with or deviate from domestic legislation. It aims to elucidate the mechanisms employed by domestic judges, utilizing constitutional reconciliation, when confronted with conflicts between provisions in domestic law and those in treaties. The central inquiry focuses on determining the prevailing legal framework—domestic law or international treaty—with constitutional reconciliation emerging as a novel jurisdiction to rectify such conflicts. In addressing the conflict between constitutional rules and international rules, the study aims to develop an effective resolution mechanism, underscoring the importance of constitutional reconciliation to harmonize international law with domestic legal frameworks. Grounded in a comprehensive understanding of international law regarding the authority of constitutional judges, the analytical method is complemented by the doctrinal study. By integrating the jurisdiction of constitutional reconciliation into the methodology and employing Iraq and Egypt as case studies, this research contributes to a nuanced comprehension of how constitutional judges can navigate and harmonize the interplay between domestic and international legal frameworks. This approach ensures the preservation of both sets of rules without compromising either, advancing our understanding of the complexities involved in addressing conflicts between constitutional and international rules through the innovative lens of constitutional reconciliation.

Critical Evaluation Of Judicial Independence Question In The International Court Of Justice

In view of developments in world politics in recent years, such as an upsurge in nationalism, doubts about multilateralism, the Covid pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war, an inquiry concerning the peaceful resolution of international disputes is in order. How capable are international dispute resolution mechanisms of satisfying demands and preserving their reputations at such a critical time? The fundamentally political entities involved are likely to remain very disparate, a fact that can only worsen their widely acknowledged poor image in this respect without instituting any remedial measures. As a judicial body, however, the ICJ would hardly be allowed such latitude. Concerns about the impartiality of ICJ judges have already been expressed on the grounds of their perceived allegiance to their home countries, an issue that the existing political zeitgeist only makes more controversial. No solutions are readily available to alleviate all concerns. The current article takes several normative assessments into consideration, arguing that these can devalue the authority of the ICJ’s judgments. It then provides insight into how to recognise and deal with the persistent problem of judicial independence within the ICJ.

Legal Challenges of AI-Induced Copyright Infringement: Evaluating Liability and Dispute Resolution Mechanisms in Digital Era

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) has introduced unprecedented technological advancements and complex legal challenges, particularly in copyright infringement. The capability of the systems to replicate and disseminate copyrighted content without authorization raises questions about the adequacy of existing legal frameworks. Therefore, this research aims to explore the critical question of liability for AI-related copyright infringement, examining the responsibilities of developers, users, and systems. A comprehensive examination of relevant laws and regulations is carried out using a normative qualitative methodology. This is supported by case research and recent legal advancements, with a comprehensive comparison of relevant terms. Legal factors and dispute resolution methods applicable to AI-related copyright infringement are also considered. Due to the systems' autonomy, standard liability frameworks such as Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) cannot address AI-induced infringement. Meanwhile, a fault-based liability strategy that requires proof of purpose or negligence is suggested to improve accountability. This research reports the strengths and weaknesses of using dispute resolution mechanisms to solve copyright infringement. The results show that World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) dispute resolution provides a robust framework for resolving disputes after comparing regulations and mechanism.

Research on Debt Crisis Identification and Collaborative Resolution Mechanism of Listed Private Enterprises

Research on Debt Crisis Identification and Collaborative Resolution Mechanism of Listed Private Enterprises

Shattered innocence: uncovering the epidemic of sexual violence against women workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Purpose This study aims to explore the prevalence and patterns of workplace sexual violence against women workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Design/methodology/approach This study used a mixed-methods approach to investigate workplace sexual violence against women workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data collection spanned four months, using structured interviews, self-administered questionnaires and qualitative methods such as in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. A stratified random sampling technique ensured a diverse representation across sectors like garment manufacturing, domestic work and construction. Quantitative data from 384 respondents were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analysis, while qualitative data provided practical insights into participants' experiences. Limitations included sample specificity to Dhaka, underreporting bias and potential biases in self-reported data, impacting generalizability and data validity. Findings The findings reveal significant demographic trends, with younger age groups (16–35 years) experiencing higher rates of harassment, particularly within the garment industry. Occupation-wise, garment workers report more incidents of harassment, while housemaids and child domestic workers face comparatively lower risks. The length of time in current employment shows mixed correlations with harassment prevalence. Fears of job loss, social stigma and reliance on internal resolution mechanisms within workplaces influence reporting behaviors. Practical implications This research highlights the urgent need for tailored interventions to protect young women in the garment sector and vulnerable occupations from sexual harassment. Policy reforms should enhance reporting mechanisms and address cultural barriers to reporting, ensuring safer workplaces and fair treatment for all female workers in Bangladesh. Originality/value This research contributes original insights by examining demographic correlates of sexual harassment across diverse occupations in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It uniquely identifies age-related vulnerabilities, occupational disparities and reporting behaviors, offering a comprehensive framework for understanding and addressing sexual violence in a critical socio-economic context.

IMPACT OF BRITISH COLONIALISM ON THE ỌDIONWERE CONFLICT MANAGEMENT INSTITUTION IN BENIN KINGDOM, NIGERIA

This study examines the profound impact of British colonialism on the Odionwere conflict management institution in Benin Kingdom, Nigeria. Before the colonial intervention, the Odionwere played a crucial role in resolving disputes and maintaining social harmony within the community. However, the advent of British colonial rule in the late 19th century significantly changed traditional governance structures. The imposition of indirect rule by the British colonial administrators altered the Benin Kingdom’s power dynamics, marginalizing the Odionwere’s authority. The establishment of colonial courts and the introduction of Western legal systems further undermined the traditional conflict resolution mechanisms. This study explores how the Odionwere, once central to dispute resolution, experienced a decline in influence and autonomy as colonial policies reshaped the socio-political landscape. By meticulously analyzing archival documents, oral histories, and ethnographic data, this research contributes to understanding the intricate interplay between colonialism and Indigenous institutions, shedding light on the lasting repercussions of colonial policies on local governance structures and conflict resolution practices in the Benin Kingdom.

Stakeholder engagement and influence: Strategies for successful energy projects

In the energy sector, stakeholder engagement is a critical factor for the successful planning, execution, and operation of projects. Effective stakeholder engagement involves identifying, understanding, and addressing the interests and concerns of various stakeholders, including governments, communities, investors, and environmental groups. This paper explores the strategies for successful stakeholder engagement and influence in energy projects, highlighting their significance in ensuring project sustainability, compliance, and community support. Energy projects, ranging from renewable energy installations to fossil fuel extraction, impact a broad array of stakeholders. Each group has distinct interests and concerns that can significantly influence project outcomes. Proactive stakeholder engagement helps in building trust, gaining necessary approvals, and minimizing conflicts. It involves continuous communication, transparent processes, and active participation of stakeholders in decision-making. One effective strategy is the use of stakeholder mapping and analysis to identify all relevant parties and understand their influence and interests. This process helps in prioritizing stakeholders and tailoring engagement approaches accordingly. Early and ongoing dialogue with stakeholders is crucial for addressing concerns and incorporating feedback into project planning and implementation. Another key strategy is developing robust communication plans that include regular updates, public consultations, and information sessions. These activities ensure transparency and help build a positive relationship with the community and other stakeholders. Utilizing digital platforms and social media can enhance outreach and facilitate real-time communication. Collaborative approaches, such as forming advisory committees or partnerships with local organizations, can also strengthen stakeholder relationships. These partnerships can provide valuable insights and resources, fostering a sense of ownership and support among stakeholders. Additionally, implementing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives that address local community needs can enhance project acceptance and create long-term benefits. Conflict resolution mechanisms are essential for addressing disputes that may arise during project execution. Establishing clear procedures for grievance redressal and involving neutral mediators can help resolve conflicts efficiently and maintain stakeholder trust. In conclusion, successful stakeholder engagement and influence in energy projects require a comprehensive and strategic approach. By identifying stakeholder interests, maintaining transparent communication, fostering collaboration, and addressing conflicts proactively, energy companies can enhance project sustainability, ensure compliance, and secure community support. These strategies not only facilitate project success but also contribute to the broader goals of sustainable development and social responsibility in the energy sector. Keywords: Stakeholder; Engagement; Influence; Strategies; Energy Projects.

Impact of Rera, 2016 on Homebuyers and Promoters

The Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (RERA) was enacted to protect the interests of homebuyers and promote transparency in the Indian real estate sector. This paper examines the impact of RERA on homebuyers and promoters in India. RERA has brought about significant changes in the real estate industry, including the establishment of a robust regulatory framework, increased accountability of developers, and enhanced consumer protection. For homebuyers, RERA has provided a sense of security and confidence in the market. The act has ensured that developers register their projects with the relevant authorities, providing homebuyers with a sense of assurance about the legitimacy of the project. Moreover, RERA has enabled homebuyers to seek redressal of grievances through a fast-track dispute resolution mechanism. For promoters, RERA has brought about significant changes in the way they operate. The act has imposed stricter regulations on developers, including mandatory registration of projects, disclosure of project details, and adherence to timelines. This has led to an increase in transparency and accountability among developers, which in turn has reduced instances of delay and mismanagement.

Conflict Resolution through Indigenous Knowledge Systems

Abstract Indigenous knowledge is the local knowledge that is unique to a given culture or society. It is the basis for local decision-making in agriculture, medicine, food education, environmental management, craft skills, linguistics and conflict management. The study explored mengehacha, an indigenous system of conflict resolution among the Gumuz people in northwest Ethiopia, which aims to restore peace and harmony within the community when conflicts result from natural resource competition, exchange marriage, clan-based conflict and theft. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, non-participatory observation and document analysis, and analysed qualitatively. The indigenous mechanisms of conflict resolution were found to be relatively participatory and supplementary to the state justice system. It is recommended that indigenous systems of conflict management be supported and given equal treatment with the modern court system and that exchange marriage be curbed, since it is becoming a trigger for conflict eruption among the Gumuz.

The role of international institutions in stabilising the global legal order: Assessing impact and effectiveness

Abstract The article delves into the complexities of defining legal world order and security in the aftermath of the Cold War, investigating how the notion of security has broadened in the era of globalisation. It aims to evaluate different theoretical frameworks concerning international security and their adaptation to changes in the global environment. The research uses dialectical and hermeneutic principles to dissect the topic. It employs systemic-structural and functional methods to explore the involvement of international organisations in global security. A range of research methodologies, including analogy, historicism, formal-logical analysis, and situational analysis, are employed to delve into the studied matters. The article underscores various significant discoveries, notably the waning influence of the United Nations (UN) as a comprehensive global institution today. It stresses the importance for the global community to confront the geopolitical shifts and difficulties of the 21st century. Presently, global politics are marked by enduring instability, and the current peacekeeping and conflict resolution mechanisms need to demonstrate more in tackling contemporary hybrid challenges and threats. The article concludes by asserting that the current framework for handling international affairs needs to be revised to meet the demands of the 21st century. It emphasises the necessity of simplifying interactions among independent nations, updating collaborative institutions, and forming a capable supervisory entity to bolster global security. The research advocates for establishing fresh international legal standards covering diverse areas of global cooperation and reinforcing international organisational frameworks to address evolving global issues. The successful and prompt execution of these strategies is deemed crucial for the well-being of humanity in the future.

Los puntos nacionales de contacto como mecanismos no judiciales de acceso a la justicia. Un análisis desde los casos tramitados en Argentina y España

The objective of this work is to investigate the resolution me-chanism for specific instances of the National Contact Points of the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises on Responsible Business Conduct as a non-judicial mechanism for access to justice. To this end, the cases processed in Argentina (period 2004-2021) and Spain (period 2001-2023) are analyzed, in order to establish limits and possibilities for their use by social actors, such as unions and NGO in the context of economic globaliza-tion and transnational law.

Navigating Legal Frontiers: Contemporary Challenges and Opportunities in the Legal Landscape

This research aims to explore the contemporary challenges and opportunities in the legal landscape, focusing on navigating the legal frontiers. A qualitative approach is employed, utilizing in-depth interviews with legal professionals, case studies, and comprehensive literature reviews. The study examines the impact of technological advancements, globalization, and societal shifts on the legal profession and its practices. The findings reveal that the legal landscape is undergoing significant transformations driven by factors such as the digitalization of legal services, the emergence of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, and the increasing complexity of cross-border transactions. These changes pose challenges in areas such as cybersecurity, data privacy, and the need for legal professionals to adapt to evolving client expectations and market dynamics. However, the research also highlights opportunities for innovation and growth within the legal sector. The integration of legal technology, the development of specialized legal fields, and the emphasis on interdisciplinary collaboration are identified as potential avenues for enhancing efficiency, accessibility, and client-centric services. The study concludes that navigating the legal frontiers requires a proactive approach, continuous learning, and a willingness to embrace change. By recognizing and addressing these challenges and opportunities, legal professionals and institutions can better position themselves to meet the demands of an ever-evolving legal landscape.

Sustaining successful organisational change through leadership competence within Bahrain oil and gas: the power of Sustainable Network Leadership approach

PurposeDespite some academic recognition that leadership is particularly significant in reshaping the oil and gas industry’s contributions to global economic development and the sustainability of global energy supplies at affordable prices (Sharma et al., 2022), the attendant problem of how the industry’s leadership contributes towards the preservation of global environment and the maintenance of ecosystems’ balance, among other sustainability challenges, remains an academic lag. This calls for the urgent need for oil and gas companies to practice effective sustainable leadership approach at multiple organisational levels to address global environmental, economic and social challenges.Design/methodology/approachThis paper adopts an interpretivist/constructivist philosophical stance, where findings have been extracted from in-depth thick descriptive qualitative research in Bahrain oil and gas industry. Companies operating within Bahrain oil and gas industry were identified as the unit of analysis. Empirical data are gathered through semi-structured interviews from senior management and analysed using thematic analysis. This paper is structured as follows: introduction, contextualisation of the UNSDGs in the oil and gas industry, literature on network leadership, research methods used to gather and analyse data from Bahrain oil and gas industry findings, contributions, limitations and trajectories for further studies.FindingsThe study’s participants argued that the emergence of transformational and Sustainable Network Leadership is essential to successfully and sustainably implementing the UN SDGs. In other words, the Sustainable Network Leadership is a contribution to the single, leadership competences approach of previous scholarship (Weber et al., 2022; Kumalo and Scheepers, 2021) partly because it evolves around the notion of positioning different network and change actors based on their capacity to lead, exchange their knowledge, effectively communicate the need to comply with SDGs and the skills to establish high density within a complex network of actors.Research limitations/implicationsThis study recognises its limitations in the sense that it is based on the single context of Bahrain oil and gas, and data were collected from senior management and executives only. Gathering data from a broader swathe of employees may have provided greater levels of leadership and organisational member nuances in both single and collective differences of leadership attributes.Practical implicationsTransformational and Sustainable Network Leadership provides a new construct in the perception (the “what”), instrumentalisation (the “how”) and theoretical re-conceptualisation of leadership within organisational change settings needing radical rethink for sustainable and successful change. The practical implications of transformational and Sustainable Network Leadership expose the way a variety of highly challenged organisational change contexts are interconnected to highlight not only their different sets of challenges but also their opportunities and the resolution mechanisms they present for organisational leaders and staff alike.Originality/valueThis paper identified the single, leadership competence approach as the dominant discourse in organisational change, leadership studies and presented an alternative collective set of leaders’ attributes. The less utilised network leadership concept was drawn upon to contribute network leadership attributes as a way of addressing the challenges faced by Bahraini oil and gas company leaders. Therefore, this study contributes to both network leadership, transformational leadership by expanding both domains to include organisational transformation and the leadership-of-risky change. This was done by identifying attributes and characteristics of Sustainable Network Leadership, then showing their significance as an approach to successfully and sustainably implementing the UNSDGs.

15-epi-lipoxin A5 promotes neutrophil exit from exudates for clearance by splenic macrophages.

Specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) promote local macrophage efferocytosis but excess leukocytes early in inflammation require additional leukocyte clearance mechanism for resolution. Here, neutrophil clearance mechanisms from localized acute inflammation were investigated in mouse dorsal air pouches. 15-HEPE (15-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,13E,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid) levels were increased in the exudates. Activated human neutrophils converted 15-HEPE to lipoxin A5 (5S,6R,15S-trihydroxy-7E,9E,11Z,13E,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid), 15-epi-lipoxin A5 (5S,6R,15R-trihydroxy-7E,9E,11Z,13E,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid), and resolvin E4 (RvE4; 5S,15S-dihydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z,13E,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid). Exogenous 15-epi-lipoxin A5, 15-epi-lipoxin A4 and a structural lipoxin mimetic significantly decreased exudate neutrophils and increased local tissue macrophage efferocytosis, with comparison to naproxen. 15-epi-lipoxin A5 also cleared exudate neutrophils faster than the apparent local capacity for stimulated macrophage efferocytosis, so the fate of exudate neutrophils was tracked with CD45.1 variant neutrophils. 15-epi-lipoxin A5 augmented the exit of adoptively transferred neutrophils from the pouch exudate to the spleen, and significantly increased splenic SIRPa+ and MARCO+ macrophage efferocytosis. Together, these findings demonstrate new systemic resolution mechanisms for 15-epi-lipoxin A5 and RvE4 in localized tissue inflammation, which distally engage the spleen to activate macrophage efferocytosis for the clearance of tissue exudate neutrophils.

Legal Conditions for the Implementation of the "Silencing Weapons by 2020" Program of the African Union Agenda for the Period Up to 2063

Silencing weapons by 2020 is an ambitious project of the African Union contained in the ‘Agenda 2063 the Africa we want’. According to aspiration 4 (32) of that Agenda, the achievement of that project requires that mechanisms for peaceful prevention and resolution of conflicts should be functional at all levels. Therefore, that article doesn’t name those mechanisms. In the first aspect of his reflection, the author analyzes those mechanisms as being the peace and security architecture, which is the main mechanism designed to prevent and manage conflicts in Africa, as well as to strengthen peace and to which the African Union (AU) adhered, Regional Economic Communities (RECs) as well as Regional mechanisms (RM); and the African Union Court of Justice and Human Rights, which is a merger of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR) and the Court of Justice of the African Union(CJAU) and is the primary judicial agency of the African Union and the first regional court with international criminal jurisdiction. Further in his analysis, the author explains that the failure to meet the silence the guns by 2020 program and the postponement until 2030 has been a consequence of the non-achievement of the mechanisms mentioned in aspiration 4(32). The author ends up his analysis on the conclusion according to which if those mechanisms are not put in place there is a high risk that the second deadline scheduled for 2030, will also not be met. He therefore calls for the complete implementation of the ASP and for the ratification of the CJDHUA Treaty. If this is not possible, to demonstrate realism by setting the deadline for silence the guns in a period after the implementation of the mechanisms provided for in aspiration 4 of Agenda 2063.

Kekuasaan dan Konflik Dalam Organisasi

This research aims to understand the dynamics of power and conflict in organizations through a qualitative study. Data was collected through participant observation, in-depth interviews, and document analysis at a manufacturing company in Indonesia. The research results show that power in organizations is complex and multidimensional, with various sources and forms. Conflict arises as a consequence of struggles over resources, differences in interests, and disagreements about norms and values. This research contributes to the understanding of how power and conflict are interrelated in organizations. These findings also provide implications for management practice, highlighting the importance of effective leadership, open communication, and fair conflict resolution mechanisms.

The Establishment of a Regional Court in Southeast Asia to Combat Environmental Issues

Abstract Regional arrangements for dispute resolution are sanctioned under Article 52 of the United Nations Charter. Following therefrom, the regions of Europe, America and Africa have set up regional courts for the resolution of all kinds of disputes between respective Member States, including for human rights issues. In the Southeast Asian region, despite the setting up of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) on 8 August 1967, there has yet to be any concrete form of a binding dispute resolution mechanism. In recent times, environmental issues have been given due recognition by their elevation onto the human rights platform in many international conventions, and also crafted into the constitutions of many countries around the world. Against this background, this article explores the viability of establishing a regional court for Southeast Asia. The research finds that the establishment of a regional court in Southeast Asia is necessary, not only to tackle transboundary pollution issues between Member States, but also as a forum of last resort by individuals or groups within Member States which have yet to recognise environmental rights as human rights.