Resolution Criteria Research Articles

Longitudinal resolution of three-dimensional integral imaging in the presence of noise

The two-point source longitudinal resolution of three-dimensional integral imaging depends on several factors including the number of sensors, sensor pixel size, pitch between sensors, and the lens point spread function. We assume the two-point sources to be resolved if their point spread functions can be resolved in any one of the sensors. Previous studies of integral imaging longitudinal resolution either rely on geometrical optics formulation or assume the point spread function to be of sub-pixel size, thus neglecting the effect of the lens. These studies also assume both point sources to be in focus in captured elemental images. More importantly, the previous analysis does not consider the effect of noise. In this manuscript, we use the Gaussian process-based two-point source resolution criterion to overcome these limitations. We compute the circle of confusion to model the out-of-focus blurring effect. The Gaussian process-based two-point source resolution criterion allows us to study the effect of noise on the longitudinal resolution. In the absence of noise, we also present a simple analytical expression for longitudinal resolution which approximately matches the Gaussian process-based formulation. Also, we investigate the dependence of the longitudinal resolution on the parallax of the integral imaging system. We present optical experiments to validate our results. The experiments demonstrate agreement with our Gaussian process-based two-point source resolution criteria.

Asimulation: Domain formation and impact on observables in resolved cosmological simulations of the (a)symmetron

The symmetron is a dark energy and dark matter candidate that forms topological defects in the late-time universe and holds the promise of resolving some of the cosmological tensions. We performed high-resolution simulations of the dynamical and non-linear (a)symmetron using the recently developed relativistic N-body code asevolution. By extensively testing the temporal and spatial convergence of domain decompositioning and domain wall stability, we determined criteria and physical intuition for the convergence. We applied the resolution criteria to run five high-resolution simulations with 12803 grids and a box size of 500 Mpc h−1 of the (a)symmetron. We considered the behaviour of the scalar field and the domain walls in each scenario. We find the effect on the matter power spectra, the HMFs, and observables computed over the past light cone of an observer, such as the integrated Sachs-Wolfe and non-linear Rees-Sciama effect and the lensing, compared to ΛCDM. We show local oscillations of the fifth force strength and the formation of planar structures in the density field. The dynamics of the field was visualised in animations with high resolution in time. The simulation code is made publicly available.

Delay in diagnosis is associated with decreased treatment effectiveness in children with rumination syndrome.

Rumination syndrome (RS) is challenging to diagnose, which can lead to diagnostic delays. Our objective was to evaluate the length of time from RS symptom onset to diagnosis in patients referred to our institution and to examine whether this duration predicts treatment outcomes. We conducted a review of patients with RS evaluated at our institution. Data were collected from chart review and patient/family reported questionnaires. We evaluated the time from symptom onset to diagnosis over time and whether it was associated with symptom resolution. We included 247 patients with RS (60% female, median age of 14 years, interquartile range [IQR]: 9-16 years). The median age at symptom onset was 11 years (IQR: 5-14 years) and median age at diagnosis was 13 years (IQR: 9-15 years) for a median duration of 1 year (IQR: 0-3 years) between symptom onset and diagnosis. Length of time between symptom onset and diagnosis did not change significantly at our institution from 2016 to 2022. Among the 164 children with outcome data, 47 (29%) met criteria for symptom resolution after treatment. A longer time to diagnosis was associated with a lower likelihood of symptom resolution after treatment (p = 0.01). In our experience, the time to RS diagnosis after symptom onset is shorter than previously described. A longer delay in diagnosis is associated with lower likelihood of symptom resolution after treatment, emphasizing the importance of a prompt recognition of rumination symptoms and a timely diagnosis.

Diabetic ketoacidosis resolution: From the traditional way to guideline-based management in the MICU at University Medical Center, Lubbock, Texas

Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia which eventually can cause serious organ damage. The prevalence of diabetes has steadily increased over the past few decades, and approximately 1.4 million Americans are diagnosed with diabetes every year. Diabetes was the seventh leading cause of death in the United States in 2019. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of diabetes that can be life-threatening. It occurs more frequently in the patients with type 1 diabetes but can also develop in people with type 2 diabetes. It was determined that the average cost per DKA episode was $6,444, and that the annual cost of medical treatment in a diabetic patient with a prior episode of DKA was 2.67 times higher than a diabetic patient with no history of DKA. The criteria for DKA resolution at University Medical Center (UMC) in Lubbock, Texas, are different from current American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines. At UMC, a plasma bicarbonate ≥18 mEq/L, a venous pH > 7.3, and anion gap ≤12 mEq/L must be recorded twice (4 hours apart) before bridging to subcutaneous long-acting insulin administration. This time requirement could contribute to a longer time for DKA resolution and longer intensive care unit and hospital stays.Keywords: Diabetic ketoacidosis, DKA resolution

Metoda pomiaru minimalnej rozróżnialnej różnicy temperatury w funkcji powiększenia i rozogniskowania kamery termowizyjnej

Temperature measurement of allergic skin reactions requires meeting certain criteria regarding temperature resolution between small areas. The usual criterion of temperature resolution is NETD. However, this metric does not take into account the limitations of the spatial resolution of the optical system or the detector. In this paper, a model is presented that allows for selection of camera parameters based on the required spatial thermal resolution and size of the object being imaged. The method has been implemented and compared to results obtained in commercial software and has been applied to evaluate spatial thermal resolution of a prototype objective designed for the LWIR band.

Tirzepatide for Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated Steatohepatitis with Liver Fibrosis

BackgroundMetabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a progressive liver disease associated with liver-related complications and death. The efficacy and safety of tirzepatide, an agonist of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors, in patients with MASH and moderate or severe fibrosis is unclear.MethodsWe conducted a phase 2, dose-finding, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving participants with biopsy-confirmed MASH and stage F2 or F3 (moderate or severe) fibrosis. Participants were randomly assigned to receive once-weekly subcutaneous tirzepatide (5 mg, 10 mg, or 15 mg) or placebo for 52 weeks. The primary end point was resolution of MASH without worsening of fibrosis at 52 weeks. A key secondary end point was an improvement (decrease) of at least one fibrosis stage without worsening of MASH.ResultsAmong 190 participants who had undergone randomization, 157 had liver-biopsy results at week 52 that could be evaluated, with missing values imputed under the assumption that they would follow the pattern of results in the placebo group. The percentage of participants who met the criteria for resolution of MASH without worsening of fibrosis was 10% in the placebo group, 44% in the 5-mg tirzepatide group (difference vs. placebo, 34 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 17 to 50), 56% in the 10-mg tirzepatide group (difference, 46 percentage points; 95% CI, 29 to 62), and 62% in the 15-mg tirzepatide group (difference, 53 percentage points; 95% CI, 37 to 69) (P<0.001 for all three comparisons). The percentage of participants who had an improvement of at least one fibrosis stage without worsening of MASH was 30% in the placebo group, 55% in the 5-mg tirzepatide group (difference vs. placebo, 25 percentage points; 95% CI, 5 to 46), 51% in the 10-mg tirzepatide group (difference, 22 percentage points; 95% CI, 1 to 42), and 51% in the 15-mg tirzepatide group (difference, 21 percentage points; 95% CI, 1 to 42). The most common adverse events in the tirzepatide groups were gastrointestinal events, and most were mild or moderate in severity.ConclusionsIn this phase 2 trial involving participants with MASH and moderate or severe fibrosis, treatment with tirzepatide for 52 weeks was more effective than placebo with respect to resolution of MASH without worsening of fibrosis. Larger and longer trials are needed to further assess the efficacy and safety of tirzepatide for the treatment of MASH. (Funded by Eli Lilly; SYNERGY-NASH ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04166773.)

FUZZY APPLICATION (MAMDANI METHOD) IN DECISION-MAKING ON LED TV SELECTION

Science is now developing very quickly. Information technology has been used in various places. Using computers in business, government, and personal activities shows how important science and technology are in helping human activities. One method used to solve various problems is fuzzy logic. Several types of Fuzzy are classified as Fuzzy Inference Systems (FIS), namely Tsukamoto, Mamdani, and Sugeno. The application of vague logic in making decisions about choosing an LED TV is to make it easier to select electronic media. This research aims to help people who need clarification on the many LED TV choices currently available. So, we need a decision-making method to help people choose an LED TV that suits their needs and budget. One of the methods used in this research is the Mamdani method. There were 50 LED TV brands in this research, and the criteria used in selecting LED TVs were based on size, resolution, and price. An LED TV that meets the medium size, high resolution, and normal price criteria will be purchased. The LED TV data that meets the medium size, high resolution, and normal price criteria is the Samsung UA43AU7000KXXD brand LED TV. However, the actual decision remains based on the buyer's decision.

Разрешение шумовых сигналов при наличии случайных неоднородностей океанической среды

The formation of a hologram of noise signals in a randomly inhomogeneous oceanic environment is discussed. It is shown that a hologram of signals from several sources appears predominantly as a sum of holograms of signals formed by undisturbed and disturbed fields. A method for clearing a hologram from disturbed fields is described. Criteria for signal resolution are proposed. The results of numerical modeling are presented for resolving two signals and estimating the parameters of sources against the background of intense internal waves causing horizontal refraction of sound field modes.

A New Criterion for Retinal Image Resolution

A New Criterion for Retinal Image Resolution

Resolution analysis of a volumetric coded aperture X-ray diffraction imaging system.

A coded aperture X-ray diffraction (XRD) imaging system can measure the X-ray diffraction form factor from an object in three dimensions -X, Y and Z (depth), broadening the potential application of this technology. However, to optimize XRD systems for specific applications, it is critical to understand how to predict and quantify system performance for each use case. The purpose of this work is to present and validate 3D spatial resolution models for XRD imaging systems with a detector-side coded aperture. A fan beam coded aperture XRD system was used to scan 3D printed resolution phantoms placed at various locations throughout the system's field of view. The multiplexed scatter data were reconstructed using a model-based iterative reconstruction algorithm, and the resulting volumetric images were evaluated using multiple resolution criteria to compare against the known phantom resolution. We considered the full width at half max and Sparrow criterion as measures of the resolution and compared our results against analytical resolution models from the literature as well as a new theory for predicting the system resolution based on geometric arguments. We show that our experimental measurements are bounded by the multitude of theoretical resolution predictions, which accurately predict the observed trends and order of magnitude of the spatial and form factor resolutions. However, we find that the expected and observed resolution can vary by approximately a factor of two depending on the choice of metric and model considered. We observe depth resolutions of 7-16 mm and transverse resolutions of 0.6-2 mm for objects throughout the field of view. Furthermore, we observe tradeoffs between the spatial resolution and XRD form factor resolution as a function of sample location. The theories evaluated in this study provide a useful framework for estimating the 3D spatial resolution of a detector side coded aperture XRD imaging system. The assumptions and simplifications required by these theories can impact the overall accuracy of describing a particular system, but they also can add to the generalizability of their predictions. Furthermore, understanding the implications of the assumptions behind each theory can help predict performance, as shown by our data's placement between the conservative and idealized theories, and better guide future systems for optimized designs.

An Overview on Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) Inhibitors Induced Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Clinical Manifestation, Mechanism, Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment

Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis is a transient and dangerous metabolic condition characterized by ketoacidosis and considerably lower blood glucose levels which is associated with the usage of newer class of oral antidiabetic medication known as Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors. The primary mechanism involved in SGLT2 inhibitors induced eDKA would due to increased lipolysis and ketone body reabsorption. SGLT2i also tend to increase the pancreatic alpha cells, which simultaneously blocks the beta cells, thereby causing an disruption in glucagon/insulin ratio that accounts to enhanced lipolysis and ketogenesis, which is clinically manifested with Fatigueness, stomach pain, nausea and vomiting resulting in reduced blood pressure and dehydration, altered psychological condition, dyspnea, rapid breathing, loss of appetite, pyrexia and tachycardia. Despite lower blood glucose levels or the absence of urine ketones, euglycemic DKA is difficult to diagnose and should be examined in the differential diagnosis of an ill patient who as a previous history of diabetes mellitus. eDKA is often triggered by insulin absence or dose drop, severe acute sickness, dehydration, strenuous activity, surgeries, low-carbohydrate meals, or heavy alcohol or drug abuse. Making the definitive diagnosis using conventional diagnostic tools and clinical standards, as well as coordinating fluid resuscitation, insulin treatment, and electrolyte replacement based on information gained from prompt patient observing and knowledge of resolution criteria, are all components of management and the prevention method includes patient and physician education on risk and precipitating factors and suspending SGLT2 inhibitors therapy may reduce SGLT2 inhibitor-induced eDKA, which are more critical. This review briefly illustrates on the signs &amp; symptoms, mechanism of induction, investigation and diagnosis, prevention and treatment of SGLT2 inhibitors-induced Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (eDKA)

Determining optimal air leak resolution criteria when using digital pleural drainage device after lung resection

ObjectiveThere is limited clinical evidence to support any specific parenchymal air leak resolution criteria when using digital pleural drainage devices following lung resection. The aim of this study is to determine an optimal air leak resolution criteria, where duration of chest tube drainage is minimized while avoiding complications from premature chest tube removal. MethodsAirflow data averaged at 10-minute intervals was collected prospectively using a digital pleural drainage device (Thopaz; Medela) in 400 patients from 2015 to 2019. All permutations of air leak resolution criteria from <10 to 100 mL/minute for 4 to 12 hours were applied retrospectively to the pleural drainage data to determine air leak duration, and air leak recurrence frequency and volume. Air leak recurrence indicates potential for rather than occurrence of adverse events. Descriptive statistics were used to identify the optimal criteria based on patient safety (low frequency and volume of air leak recurrences), and efficiency (shortest initial air leak duration). ResultsThe majority of the 400 patients underwent lobectomy (57% [227 out of 400]), wedge resections (29% [115 out of 400]), or segmentectomies (8% [32 out of 400]) for lung cancer (90% [360 out of 400]). An airflow threshold <50 mL/minute resulted in longer air leak duration before meeting the criteria for air leak resolution (P < .0001). Air leak recurrence frequency and volume were greater in patients with a monitoring period <8 consecutive hours (P < .0001). ConclusionsWhen using a digital pleural drainage device, a postoperative air leak resolution criteria <50 mL/minute for 8 consecutive hours was associated with the best safety and efficiency profile.

Resolution criteria to avoid artificial clumping in Lagrangian hydrodynamic simulations with a multiphase interstellar medium

ABSTRACT Large-scale cosmological galaxy formation simulations typically prevent gas in the interstellar medium (ISM) from cooling below $\approx 10^4\, \mathrm{K}$. This has been motivated by the inability to resolve the Jeans mass in molecular gas ($\ll 10^5\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$) which would result in undesired artificial clumping. We show that the classical Jeans criteria derived for Newtonian gravity are not applicable in the simulated ISM if the spacing of resolution elements representing the dense ISM is below the gravitational force softening length and gravity is therefore softened and not Newtonian. We re-derive the Jeans criteria for softened gravity in Lagrangian codes and use them to analyse gravitational instabilities at and below the hydrodynamical resolution limit for simulations with adaptive and constant gravitational softening lengths. In addition, we define criteria for which a numerical runaway collapse of dense gas clumps can occur caused by oversmoothing of the hydrodynamical properties relative to the gravitational force resolution. This effect is illustrated using simulations of isolated disc galaxies with the smoothed particle hydrodynamics code swift. We also demonstrate how to avoid the formation of artificial clumps in gas and stars by adjusting the gravitational and hydrodynamical force resolutions.

Theory of [formula omitted]-characteristics of four-level designs under quaternary codes

The J-characteristics play an instrumental role in the development of generalized resolution and minimum aberration criteria for two-level designs. In this paper, the concept of J-characteristics is naturally generalized to four-level designs via quaternary codes, which maps the four-level designs to two-level designs. Based on the relationship between the minimum G2-aberration criterion of two-level design and the generalized minimum aberration criterion of its projection designs, the properties of J-characteristics of four-level designs are explored. The relationship between J-characteristics of four-level design and J-characteristics of corresponding effective two-level sub-designs is built. The generalized resolution, confounding frequency vector and B-vector of four-level design are respectively defined based on the J-characteristics and their upper bounds, and minimum G-aberration and minimum G2-aberration criteria of four-level design are proposed, which are useful to assess the goodness of four-level designs.

Updating the European Pharmacopoeia impurity profiling method for cetirizine and suggesting alternative column, using design space comparison

The goal of the present study was to develop a generic workflow to evaluate the chromatographic resolution in a design space and find replacement column for the new method. To attain this objective, a limited number of initial experiments have been performed, and a modeling tool was employed to study and compare design spaces obtained with different columns. By overlaying the different individual resolution maps (design spaces), it is possible to quickly identify a robust zone where the different columns meet a given resolution criterion. This new feature of the modeling tool is very useful for finding alternative columns for a given separation, rather than the usual column tests. It was also demonstrated that two different columns can be used as equivalents (replacement columns), providing sufficient resolution at the same working point and with a high degree of robustness.

An integrated Geographic Information System and Analytical Hierarchy process based approach for site suitability analysis of on-grid hybrid concentrated solar-biomass powerplant

For sustainable and resilient energy future, cost-efficient renewable energy technologies are critical. In this regard, hybridization of concentrated solar power with biomass is one of the most promising options for two major reasons (1) dispatchability; (2) low carbon emissions. This study aims to propose a methodological framework to identify suitable areas for deployment of Hybrid Concentrated Solar Biomass (HCSB) powerplants by using a combined Geographic Information System (GIS) – Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) based approach. Moreover, Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) and bioenergy resource potential in Pakistan are also evaluated and mapped. At first, different economical, technical, and meteorological factors were selected after in depth review of literature. High resolution criteria maps were developed for selected factors and unsuitable areas were excluded. Weights of selected factors were determined using AHP. Then a final suitability map, categorizing all non-excluded areas into five suitability classes was achieved. The results show that more than 80% area of Pakistan (i.e., 684,072.15 km2) receives DNI >1800 kWh/m2.year, whereas 19% of land (i.e., 153,978.142 km2) is found to have bioenergy potential greater than 45,000 kWh/m2year. Moreover, approximately 37% of land (i.e., 299,431.46 km2) is identified as suitable for installation of HCSB projects. The district of Jamshoro (located in Sindh Province) is found out to be the most suitable location, whereas 36 districts lie in the “Highly suitable” class. Although, the current study is focused on Pakistan, the approach applied informs decision makers, in realm of energy planning and development, on a regional level.

Single-agent rituximab is an effective salvage therapy in pretreated patients with hairy cell leukemia

Single-agent rituximab can be a suitable treatment in hairy cell leukemia (HCL) patients relapsing after repeated courses of purine analogs, if purine analogs are contraindicated (e.g. in case of poor marrow cellularity, high disease infiltration predicting long-lasting aplasia) and if newer agents (moxetumomab or vemurafenib) are not easily available. Our institutional series of patients receiving single-agent rituximab as salvage therapy was reviewed. Patients received rituximab at the standard dose of 375 mg/m2 weekly for 4 weeks. The main study objectives were overall response rate (ORR), time-to-next treatment (TTNT), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Responses have been categorized according to the Consensus Resolution Criteria. Thirty-three patients received 39 courses of rituximab (4 patients received it twice, one patient three times), as a median third line of therapy (range 2-8). Out of 39 courses, a complete response was obtained in 28.2% of cases, a partial response in 23.1% and a minimal response in 20.5%. In 28.2% of patients, we observed no response. Median TTNT was 33 months (65% at 2 years), median PFS was 24 months (51% at 2 years) and median OS resulted of 154 months (22% at 20 years). To our knowledge, this is the widest series of HCL patients receiving single-agent rituximab for disease relapse. Rituximab is an effective salvage therapy in pretreated HCL patients after failure of purine analogs. It may be repeated if no alternatives are available.

Generalization of the two-point-source resolution criterion in the presence of noise.

The two-point-source resolution criterion is widely used to quantify the performance of imaging systems. The two main approaches for the computation of the two-point-source resolution are the detection theoretic and visual analyses. The first assumes a shift-invariant system and lacks the ability to incorporate two different point spread functions (PSFs), which may be required in certain situations like computing axial resolution. The latter approach, which includes the Rayleigh criterion, relies on the peak-to-valley ratio and does not properly account for the presence of noise. We present a heuristic generalization of the visual two-point-source resolution criterion using Gaussian processes (GP). This heuristic criterion is applicable to both shift-invariant and shift-variant imaging modalities. This criterion can also incorporate different definitions of resolution expressed in terms of varying peak-to-valley ratios. Our approach implicitly incorporates information about noise statistics such as the variance or signal-to-noise ratio by making assumptions about the spatial correlation of PSFs in the form of kernel functions. Also, it does not rely on an analytic form of the PSF.

Single‐agent rituximab as an effective salvage therapy in pre‐treated hairy cell leukemia

Introduction: Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) patients usually experience multiple disease relapses during the course of their disease. The CD20 antigen is highly expressed on the surface of hairy cells. Single-agent rituximab can be a suitable treatment options in patients relapsing after repeated courses of purine analogs, if purine analogs are contraindicated (e.g., in case of poor bone marrow cellularity, high disease infiltration predicting long-lasting aplasia), especially if newer agents (such as moxetumomab or vemurafenib) are not easily available (as it happens in several countries). Methods: Our institutional series of HCL patients receiving single-agent rituximab as salvage therapy was retrospectively reviewed. Patients received rituximab at the standard dose of 375 mg/m2 weekly for 4 weeks. The main study objectives were overall response rate (ORR), time-to-next treatment (TTNT), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Responses have been categorized according to the Consensus Resolution Criteria. Results: Thirty-three patients received 39 courses of rituximab (4 patients received it twice, one patient three times), in median as third line of therapy (range 2–8). First rituximab was given at a median age of 61 years and at a median time from disease diagnosis of 65 months. Out of 39 courses, a complete response was obtained in 28.2% of cases, a partial response in 23.1% and a minimal response in 20.5%, yielding an ORR of 71.8%. In 28.2% of patients, we observed no response. Median TTNT was reached at 33 months (65% at 2 years), while median PFS was reached at 24 months (51% at 2 years). Median OS resulted of 154 months (22% at 20 years). Among the 5 patients receiving rituximab more than once, all responded after the first course, although the ORR after the second or later course was only 50%. Median TTNT following the first rituximab was 38.5 months in these patients, ranging from 15 to 205 months. Keywords: Immunotherapy, Lymphoid Cancers No conflicts of interests pertinent to the abstract.

The role of anion gap normalization time in the management of pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis.

Our aims were to determine whether anion gap normalization time (AGNT) correlates with risk factors related to the severity of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in children, and to characterize AGNT as a criterion for DKA resolution in children admitted with moderate or severe disease. A ten-year retrospective cohort study of children admitted to the intensive care unit with DKA. We used a survival analysis approach to determine changes in serum glucose, bicarbonate, pH, and anion gap following admission. Using multivariate analysis, we examined associations between patients' demographic and laboratory characteristics with delayed normalization of the anion gap. A total of 95 patients were analyzed. The median AGNT was 8 h. Delayed AGNT (>8 h) correlated with pH < 7.1 and serum glucose >500 mg/dL. In multivariate analysis, glucose >500 mg/dL was associated with an increased risk for delayed AGNT, by 3.41 fold. Each 25 mg/dL elevation in glucose was associated with a 10% increment in risk for delayed AGNT. Median AGNT preceded median PICU discharge by 15 h (8 vs. 23 h). AGNT represents a return to normal glucose-based physiology and an improvement in dehydration. The correlation observed between delayed AGNT and markers of DKA severity supports the usefulness of AGNT for assessing DKA recovery.