Resistance Values Research Articles

Design of a Negative Temperature Coefficient Temperature Measurement System Based on a Resistance Ratio Model.

In this paper, a temperature measurement system with NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) thermistors was designed. An MCU (Micro Control Unit) primarily operates by converting the voltage value collected by an ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) into the resistance value. The temperature value is then calculated, and a DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter) outputs a current of 4 to 20 mA that is linearly related to the temperature value. The nonlinear characteristics of NTC thermistors pose a challenging problem. The nonlinear characteristics of NTC thermistors were to a great extent solved by using a resistance ratio model. The high precision of the NTC thermistor is obtained by fitting it with the Hoge equation. The results of actual measurements suggest that each module works properly, and the temperature measurement accuracy of 0.067 °C in the range from -40 °C to 120 °C has been achieved. The uncertainty of the output current is analyzed and calculated with the uncertainty of 0.0014 mA. This type of system has broad potential applications in industry fields such as the petrochemical industry.

Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery Health in Electric Bicycles Using Internal Resistance Measurement Method

This study evaluates the performance of a 36 Volt 10 Ah battery in an electric bicycle with a 350-Watt Brushless DC (BLDC) motor as an environmentally friendly alternative to overcome the negative impacts of motorized vehicle use in Indonesia. In addition, this study measured the State of Health battery’s value of internal resistance, which is different from other studies that use capacity fading. With a focus on maximum travel distance and travel time, experiments were conducted without load and with a 70kg load. The no-load test was conducted only once, resulting in a travel time of 600 minutes and a distance of 330.1 Km. Although the battery was not discharged, the results were not in line with expectations, so the no-load test was only conducted once. In the 70kg load test, six trials were conducted with variable measurements of distance, battery voltage, and battery resistance. Results showed variations in distance between 50.7 km and 53.1 km, and travel time between 151 and 160 minutes. The battery voltage varied from 31.316 Volts to 31.850 Volts. The resistance in the battery also showed an increase of about 0.0001 ohms from 0.1132 ohms to 0.1139 ohms. Overall, the results from the study showed that as time and usage progressed, the battery voltage and internal resistance values tended to increase, while the distance and travel time tended to decrease. The internal resistance measurement method proved to be effective in assessing battery health as the State of Health value decreased throughout the experiment.

Facile synthesis of SnSe–MnTe nanocomposite as a promising electrode for supercapacitor applications

The biggest problems encountered by the world right now are energy demand and environmental damage because of the exploitation of fossil fuels. Producing and storing energy in an environment-friendly way is increasingly crucial due to the exhaustion of non-renewable resources. Developing a robust energy storing system is essential for efficient energy storage, specifically for renewable energy sources. In this study, tin selenide and manganese telluride (SnSe–MnTe) nanocomposite was synthesized via a sonication method for supercapacitor application. Different physical techniques confirmed the enhanced structural and morphological attributes observed for the SnSe–MnTe nanocomposite. During electrochemical investigations, the SnSe–MnTe nanocomposite exhibited specific capacitance, specific energy (SE) and specific power (SP) of 1502 F/g, 61.05 Wh/kg and 270.5 W/kg at 1.0 A/g, correspondingly. Furthermore, it exhibited outstanding cyclic stability, maintaining its performance across 5000th cycles in an electrolyte (2.0 M KOH). Compared to SnSe (1.25 Ω) and MnTe (0.69 Ω), the charge transfer resistance (Rct) value for SnSe–MnTe (0.3 Ω) was smaller calculated via Nyquist plot. Therefore, transition metal chalcogenide-based nanocomposite has an excellent potential as electrode material for supercapacitor (SCs) and it can also be utilized in different energy storage devices.

Delivery of Vitamins through the Intraoral Cavity with Toothpaste Using Penetration Enhancers

Dental health is rarely deemed a significant factor for a healthy life despite its considerable impact on the human body. Many presume that regular dental check-ups and daily toothbrushing are sufficient to prevent oral health diseases. However, consuming certain nutrients is also required to attain a healthy oral cavity. Nutrients necessary for preserving dental health, namely calcium, phosphorus, fluorine, and various vitamins, contribute to the development, maintenance, and repair of oral tissues. Nevertheless, it can be challenging to be conscious of taking such nutrients on a daily basis. In this study, aiming to abolish such inconveniences, vitamins essential for dental health were combined in a toothpaste formulation with penetration enhancers (PEs) to achieve intraoral delivery of the vitamins while toothbrushing. Multiple tests were performed to evaluate the characteristics of the intraoral vitamin-delivery toothpaste (IOVT), such as abrasiveness and antibacterial strength tests. The same tests were also conducted on three different commercial toothpaste to draw comparisons with the IOVT. Additionally, to verify the IOVT’s penetration capability, a mass transport study, and a transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) value test were conducted using nightcrawlers’ skin. The data collected demonstrated congruency between multiple characteristics of the IOVT and those of the commercial toothpaste. Our key finding was that the greater TEER values demonstrated the high plausibility of effective intraoral delivery of vitamins, assisted by PEs, as components of the IOVT.

Exploring the role of domesticated resistors in batch-mode microbial desalination cell

Microbial Desalination Cells (MDCs) are an electrochemical process that harnesses microbial reactions to simultaneously treat wastewater, generate power, and desalinate water. By utilizing microbial decomposition of organic pollutants in wastewater, MDCs offer a sustainable and energy-efficient alternative to conventional desalination technologies. The technical framework of MDCs emphasizes the integration of water-electricity principles, making them promising for future applications in seawater desalination, wastewater treatment, resource recovery, and water softening. This study investigates the impact of acclimation resistance, represented by four different domesticated resistors values of 1 kΩ, 100Ω, 51Ω, and 10Ω, on the performance of MDCs. Larger acclimation resistors exhibit higher power performance, with the case of 100Ω achieving a power density of 0.33 mA/m2 and the case of 1 kΩ achieving the highest current density of 1.90 mA/m2. Furthermore, the case with an acclimation resistance of 1 kΩ exhibits superior performance in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, achieving a removal rate of 76.3% on day 1. Conversely, the case with an acclimation resistance of 10Ω demonstrates the best desalination performance, achieving a desalination rate of 9.0%. It should be noted that the optimal performance in terms of COD removal and desalination capacity varies due to the various operational mechanisms involved. . The findings of this study provide valuable insights for enhancing the performance of MDCs in future applications, enabling further improvements in their efficiency and effectiveness.

Bergapten enhances mitophagy to regulate intestinal barrier and Th17/Treg balance in mice with Crohn's disease-like colitis via PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway.

This study aimed to investigate whether bergapten (BG), a furanocoumarin phytohormone, holds promise for Crohn's disease (CD)-like colitis treatment and to preliminarily explore its potential mechanisms. 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesufonic acid (TNBS)-treated mice were applied to establish an in vivo research model, and BG was administered with different concentrations. The status of mice in each group was evaluated by disease activity index (DAI), and the severity was evaluated by pathological sections. The intestinal barrier was assessed by measuring in vivo intestinal permeability, peripheral blood intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) levels, epithelial resistance values, and tight junction protein levels. Markers were then used to assess Th17/Treg levels, mitophagy, and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ/ nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. BG significantly reduced colon tissue damage in a concentration-dependent manner. DAI scores showed that the loose feces, occult blood, and weight loss of mice in the BG treatment were significantly reduced, and pathological section results revealed reduced inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis. Reduced serum FITC-dextran and I-FABP and increased levels of epithelial resistance and tight junction proteins support that the intestinal barrier was protected upon BG. The proportion of Th17 in mesenteric lymph nodes increased while Treg decreased in the model group. BG treatment effectively reduced the conversion of Treg to Th17. Additionally, BG was found to enhance mitophagy and activate the PPARγ/NF-κB signaling. BG demonstrates promising effects in ameliorating intestinal barrier damage and Th17/Treg imbalance in a murine model of CD-like colitis, while also promoting intracellular mitophagy. The PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway may serve as a key mediator of BG's regulatory mechanisms.

Metronidazole mediated potassium iodide as high-performance deterioration retardant for mild steel in an acidic media

As corrosion scientists all over the world struggle to discover new metal deterioration retardant which can close the performance gap created by the legislative banned toxic inhibitors, we present in this research work an azole based drug and its mediation performance with a synergistic agent as ‘green’ metal degradation retardant. The anti-deterioration performance of the azole-based drug, metronidazole (MTN) and its different concentration combinations with potassium iodide (KI) were examined with materials degradation analysis tools such as functional group, nanoindentation, weight loss and electrochemical techniques. MTN alone performed well as an anti-deterioration retardant exhibiting retardation efficiencies (η%) in the range between 73 to 85% at different temperatures and analytical techniques. However, with the introduction of KI, an escalation in (η%) was obtained in the region of 92 to 97%. In addition, improved polarization resistance of chemical retardants on substrate cross sections was achieved, manifested by the resultant elevation in values of polarization resistances (Rp) from 1.54 Ω.cm2 of the blank to 30.61 Ω.cm2 of the optimum concentration, charge transfer resistances, (Rct) improved likewise from 6.03 to 144.07 Ω.cm2 and depreciation in the values of corrosion current densities (Icorr) from 8863.86 to 228.89 µA.cm2. This work describes a method of improving the metal deterioration retardation potentials of an azole compound, bringing out new knowledge on the degradation inhibition properties of MTN and the adsorption process taking place between the substrate and the belligerent environment. We hope it opens the door for the utilization of a mixture of MTN and KI as additives for the formulation of sealants, paints, conversion coatings and primers for ferrous alloys. It also encourages more investigations, to find additives such as suitable activating and accelerating agents for MTN to make It exercise the same or more anti-corrosion potents possessed by the banned hexavalent chromium (vi), benzothiazoles (BTA) and others. Some of these potents are the ability of MTN to function at a wide region of pH and in the moment of coating failure, what can enable an azole-containing coating, to undergo some chemical activities and still maintain the substrate surface integrity?

Green synthesis and characterization of crystalline copper nanoparticles via sodium borohydride reduction towards enhanced gas sensing application

Copper nanoparticles were produced by a chemical reduction method from precursor copper sulphate using sodium borohydride as a reducing agent. Cu nanoparticles were created by the reduction of Cu2+ ions with NaBH4 in an alkaline solution. NaBH4 and CuSO4 have a molar ratio of 1.2 (6:5). CuSO4 has a concentration of 0.02 M, and 0.04 M NaBH4 was added dropwise to develop the precipitate. Further, characterizations were performed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy (UV–Vis). The synthesis of the pure copper nanoparticles with a cubic crystalline structure was established. The average crystallite size of copper particle size is about 56.73 nm. The values of resistivity of the Cu conductive films were measured 4.1 × 103 Ω cm, 8 0.8 × 10−2 Ω cm and 1.4 × 10−5 Ω cm at different atmospheric environments, including air, nitrogen gas, and hydrogen gas respectively.

Rapid recovery of old steel piping capacity with energy saving effect by reducing hydraulic resistance values

The design of repair work for the reconstruction of pressure steel pipelines using Swagelining technology by pulling pre-compressed polymer pipes into old pipelines is considered. Information on regulatory and technical documentation and the field of application of advanced technology, on installation and operation conditions, as well as on the comparative assessment of energy consumption after reconstruction of dilapidated sections of pipelines with polymer pipes with the possibility of minimizing energy consumption during water transportation under conditions of non-thermal operation of the pipeline with changes in hydraulic characteristics is presented.

Characterizing mudstones and fault structure in Bumita Quarry, Perlis through integrated geophysical techniques

The parameters of seismic refraction and electrical resistivity play a crucial role in geological studies, as they provide insights into the composition of rocks or soil beneath the Earth’s surface. Previous researchers have established reference ranges for seismic velocity and resistivity values based on different rock types, which are presented in tabulated forms. However, the wide variability in these values sometimes leads to challenges in interpretation due to overlapping ranges. In the region of Perlis, Malaysia, a comprehensive geophysical investigation involving seismic refraction and electrical resistivity methods was conducted within the Chepor Member of the Kubang Pasu Formation at the Bumita Quarry and Utan Aji. The results were then correlated with porosity and permeability data. The Chepor Member primarily comprises both red mudstone and grey mudstone. Interestingly, the seismic velocities of these two mudstone types are quite similar, differing only by a small margin of approximately 200 m/s. The resistivity method employed utilized a pole-dipole array configuration. In terms of resistivity values, the red mudstone exhibited lower readings (ranging from 15 to 100 Ωm) compared to the grey mudstone (ranging from 120 to 500 Ωm). Assessing porosity, the red mudstone displayed a value of 0.95%, alongside a permeability of 5.58×10-5 μd, while the grey mudstone indicated a slightly higher porosity value of 1.9% and a permeability of 2.06×10-5 μd. Consequently, the study successfully established seismic velocity and resistivity benchmarks for the mudstones within the Chepor Member geological unit.

Relaxation oscillations in the Darie wind power plant model

The article discusses the mathematical model of the Daria small wind power plant. This installation is a type of vertical axis wind turbine named after its inventor, Georges Jean Marie Darrieux. The design consists of a vertically oriented shaft with curved blades or airfoils attached to it, forming a shape similar to an egg whisk. In today’s world, against the backdrop of climate change and steadily increasing energy demand, wind energy acts as a critical pillar of the transition to renewable energy sources. This technology helps reduce carbon emissions and mitigate humanity’s impact on the environment. In this context, wind energy is emerging not only as a means of supplying electricity, but also as a powerful catalyst for building a more sustainable and energy-efficient future. The equation of stationary modes is studied at the value of the external resistance of the dynamic model specified by the simplest equation. Conditions have been found under which relaxation oscillations are observed in the system.

Fabrication of 0D/2D CoFe2O4/CoFe LDH composite intruded within CNTs network as a high-performance electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution and hydrogen evolution reactions

Designing highly efficient and durable multicomponent heterostructured composites as catalytic materials for concomitant hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is highly desirable. Researchers all over the world are continuously working to develop such materials. Herein, CNTs wrapped CoFe2O4/CoFe LDH (CoF/CoFe LDH@CNTs) ternary composite is synthesized by hydrothermal and ultra-sonication routes. Numerous methods, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrical Mott-Schottky, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are employed to study structure, morphology, flat band potential, and electrochemical properties of prepared samples. In terms of water splitting performance, CoF/CoFe LDH@CNTs composite showed predominant performance for both HER and OER activities, as compared to its analogs (CoF and CoF/CoFe LDH). Faster electron transfer is also exhibited by CoF/CoFe LDH@CNTs, as it possesses a lower Tafel slope. For OER, CoF/CoFe, LDH@CNTs require a small overpotential of 170 mV to reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in 1 M KOH, with a Tafel slope of 42 mV dec-1. Similarly, for HER an overpotential of 218 mV is required to drive 10 mA cm−2 with a small Tafel slope of 31 mV dec-1. Impedance studies show a small value of charge transfer resistance (Rct = 1.11 Ω) for CoF/CoFe, LDH@CNTs. Significant electrochemical performance for CoF/CoFe, LDH@CNTs for both half-reactions (OER and HER) is ascribed to the synergy among electrochemically active CoF and CoFe LDH, and a highly conductive network of CNTs. The present strategy improves the electrochemical performance of electrochemical systems relevant to energy applications.

Interface Defects and Carrier Regulation in MOF-Derived Co3O4/In2O3 Composite Materials for Enhanced Selective Detection of HCHO.

Gas sensors for real-time monitoring of low HCHO concentrations have promising applications in the field of health protection and air treatment, and this work reports a novel resistive gas sensor with high sensitivity and selectivity to HCHO. The MOF-derived hollow In2O3 was mixed with ZIF-67(Co) and calcined twice to obtain a hollow Co3O4/In2O3 (hereafter collectively termed MZO-6) composite enriched with oxygen vacancies, and tests such as XPS and EPR proved that the strong interfacial electronic coupling increased the oxygen vacancies. The gas-sensitive test results show that the hollow composite MZO-6 with abundant oxygen vacancies has a higher response value (11,003) to 10 ppm of HCHO and achieves a fast response/recovery time (11/181 s) for HCHO at a lower operating temperature (140 °C). The MZO-6 material significantly enhances the selectivity to HCHO and reduces the interference of common pollutant gases such as ethanol, acetone, and xylene. There is no significant fluctuation of resistance and response values in the 30-day long-term stability test, and the material has good stability. The synergistic effect of the heterostructure and oxygen vacancies altered the formaldehyde adsorption intermediate pathway and reduced the reaction activation energy, enhancing the HCHO responsiveness and selectivity of the MZO-6 material.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY DISTRIBUTION ALONG THE HEIGHT OF THE FLUIDIZED BED

This work is focused on the experimental research into the electrical conductivity of a fluidized bed with graphite particles. The aim of the study is to determine the change in electrical conductivity along the height of the fluidized bed. The study was carried out on a chamber-type unit with a working space diameter 110 mm at a fluidization index 2-3. As a result of the experimental research, during heating in electrothermal fluidized bed, the uneven distribution of electrical resistance along the bed height was confirmed for the first time. The resistivity value increases 3-5 times with the depth of immersion into the bed from its surface. The unevenness of the resistivity along the height of the bed decreases with increasing temperature. The difference in power distribution due to uneven electrical resistance along the bed height can lead to a temperature difference of several tens of degrees.

Water Content Evolution in the EDZ of Opalinus Clay: A Methodic Approach for a Comparative Interpretation of Measurements and Modelling

In the Mont Terri Rock Laboratory (Switzerland), an interdisciplinary examination program is carried out to increase knowledge about coupled hydro-mechanical effects in Opalinus Clay, which are of significant interest regarding the stability and integrity of a potential storage facility for high-level radioactive waste. This article focuses on the characterization of the claystone in the near field of excavations and related hydraulic effects due to excavation and ventilation. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is applied to characterize the OPA: Several open fractures correlate with regions of high resistivity values, indicating potential preferential flow paths that are relevant for transport processes. Due to the combined interpretation of ERT long-term monitoring and seasonally repeated nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements, a relationship between electrical resistivity and water content can be established, resulting also in a time-dependent map of the water content around excavations with different climatic conditions. The statistical interpretation of these measurements indicates the existence of small-scale singularities in contrast to dominating, more homogeneous zones. The presented approach leads to a better process understanding of these heterogeneous near field effects and provides a valuable basis for a pragmatic approach to safety assessment.

Electrical, structural and photovoltaic properties of acceptor dye modified Au/n-Ge heterostructure

n-Ge heterostructure is fabricated using organic dye interlayers such as sulforhodamine-G (SRG) using low-cost spin coating technique and explored its electrical and structural features. The I–V measurements of the Au/SRG/n-Ge heterostructure (HJ) show good rectification behavior. It has been noticed that the barrier height (0.73 eV) of the Au/SRG/n-Ge heterojunction was significantly higher than the Au/n-Ge Schottky diode (SD) (0.63 eV). Cheung's function and the Norde method has been utilized to evaluate the various barrier parameters to understand the non-ideal behavior of the contacts at higher bias region. The low value of the series resistance for HJ (53 Ω) is observed than compared to the SD without organic dye (2974 Ω). Barrier parameters evaluated from the Norde method were compared with those from the Cheung method and found that they confirmed the consistency of Schottky barrier parameters obtained from both techniques. The transport properties of the HJ and SD in the forward bias region are evaluated using the log (I) vs. log (V) plot. At larger forward bias voltages, a change in the drift of current conduction is observed from Ohmic current conduction to traps-assisted SCLC conduction. This may be ascribed to the presence of defects or traps at the n-Ge and SRG interface possibly associated with the organic dye. Also, the photovoltaic properties of the SRG/n-Ge heterostructures were evaluated at 100 mW/cm2 showing significant photoresponse indicates the usage of SRG dyes in photosensitive applications.

Groundwater Potential of the East and North Sides of Gunungmasigit Village: A Case Study

The purpose of this research is to conduct a groundwater survei by analyzing the availability of groundwater on the east and north sides of Gunungmasigit Village, Kec. cipatat, kab. west bandung (case study: PPSDM Geominerba field campus KESDM). The aim of this study was to determine the potential for groundwater in the northern area of the PPSDM Geominerba Field Campus and to find information regarding the absence of groundwater after drilling was carried out in 2019 in the area on the east side of the PPSDM Geominerba Field Campus. The research administrative area is located in Gunungmasigit Village, Kec. Cipatat, Kab. West Bandung (PPSDM Geominerba field campus KESDM). The author will focus more on the end of Cipatat-1 (north side) on the map, where it is located in the gate area of the Geominerba PPSDM Field Campus. This study uses the geoelectrical measurement method. One of the geoelectrical methods is the resistivity or resistivity method. This method studies the subsurface structure based on the different resistivity values in the rock with depth. Data analysis used IPI2WIN Software with track 1 having a length of 200 meters and track 3 having a length of 400 meters. In the results of Cipatat-1 it is suspected that there is a water-carrying layer at a depth of 11.9 – 45.9 m. Meanwhile, the results of Cipatat-3 suggest that there is a water-carrying layer at a depth of 26.3 m.

Designing reduced graphene oxide decorated Ni doped δ-MnO2 nanocomposites for supercapacitor applications

Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) decorated δ-MnO2 and Ni-doped δ-MnO2 samples have been synthesized by a microwave-assisted co-precipitation technique which is low cost, simple and fast reaction method. The structural and morphological properties of synthesized samples have been characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). XRD result indicates that all samples have monoclinic crystal structure with δ phase of MnO2. The morphologies of MnO2 transformed into perforated porous nanoflakes with Ni doping and rGO composition in MnO2. AFM images confirmed that surface roughness for 3 % Ni-doped MnO2 samples is higher due to the chemical adsorption of samples. Raman spectroscopy results show the presence of vibrational and Raman active modes of MnO2.X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy revealed the presence of mixed valencies of Mn such as Mn2+, Mn3+, and Mn4+ in prepared nanocomposites while Ni shows 2+ valency. The specific capacitance (Cs) of pure δ -MnO2 samples were 68 Fg-1 and rGO decorated 3 % Ni-doped MnO2 composition 694 Fg-1 at 10 mVs−1 respectively. EIS data of the rGO decorated Ni-doped MnO2 composition samples confirm that the porous nanoflake-shaped rGO decorated 3 % Ni-doped MnO2 composite sample has a low resistance value among all samples. These results reveal that rGO-decorated 3 % Ni-doped MnO2 nanoflakes should be a promising material for designing and fabricating the electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors.

Determination of the geophysical signature of soft-clay and hard lateritic soils and the implications on geotechnical works using electrical resistivity imaging

Understanding the geophysical signature of subsurface is quite essential in mapping site conditions for geotechnical engineering and simulating geophysical surveys, especially in coastal areas. This article presents a comparative geophysical study of topsoil (often refer as engineering layer) of soft clay deposit and hard lateritic soil to evaluate the implications on geotechnical work using electrical resistivity imaging (ERI). The results of the 2D ERI show that the hard lateritic soil produces three distinctive geological layers with the topsoil having high apparent electrical resistivity (AER) values varying between 300 Ωm–1000 Ωm and a thickness between 2.0 m – 10.0 m. The layer between the unsaturated and saturated regions has a moderate layer AER and thickness values ranging from 100 Ωm–300 Ωm and 2.5 m–9.5 m, respectively. In contrast, the saturated (weathered) layer has a low AER value (< 100Ω m), which represents the regional groundwater unit, located beneath the subsurface of a depth > 6.0 m. However, the soft clay soil shows no distinctive subsurface layers, as it is characterized by a nearly homogeneity subsurface of poor AER variability. The top-soft clay deposit has very AER values ranging from 11.0 Ωm–80 Ωm, which extends beyond 6.5 m. Higher and lower AER values noted within the overburdened topsoil of lateritic and clay extractions, respectively, were due to the accumulations of compacted clay and lateritic soil, which are very essential for geotechnical works. In addition, the geophysical signal was conspicuously attenuated in soft clay soil, which shows that soft clay soil is not a favourite target of geophysical investigation. However, the geophysical signals in hard lateritic generate a fine geo-electrical layer pattern. It was also noted that the existence of soft clay and lateritic soil decreases with depth. This kind of information is very essential in geotechnical works.

Characterization of oil extracted from wild apricot seeds kernel using submerged alcoholic fermentation and its quality characteristics

The current study investigated the impact of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation on apricot kernel oil extraction and the resulting quality characteristics of the oil. The seed kernels underwent physicochemical and antioxidant studies after being separated, gelatinized, and fermented. The results revealed 43.6% of oil yield by fermentation. The extracted oil had a lower acid value (3.74 mg KOH/g), and peroxide value (4.25 meq/kg). The investigation of additional oil properties was included, like iodine value (100.26 mg KOH/g), saponification value (190.5 mg KOH/g), specific gravity (0.919), viscosity (4.62), moisture content (0.592%), and refractive index (1.4836), which signifies optimum physicochemical parameters of oil. As per the FTIR data, some distinct functional groups like C-H stretch and CO, CC, CH3, OH, and R-O-R esters were found in the extracted oil. The oil's fatty acid composition, with 50.47% saturated, 22.23% mono-unsaturated, and 35.13% polyunsaturated fatty acids, enhances stability, oxidative resistance, and nutritional value, justifying its favorable physicochemical properties. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the oil showed to have good antioxidant activity. Metabolic modeling of S. cerevisiae provided information about compounds received after fermentation. Hence, it can be concluded that fermentation is a suitable approach to extract apricot seed kernel oil with beneficial properties.