Resistive Exercise Device Research Articles

Novel Approach to Intradialytic Progressive Resistance Exercise Training

Physical activity levels are typically undesirably low in chronic kidney disease patients, especially in those undergoing haemodialysis, and particularly on dialysis days. Intradialytic exercise programmes could be a solution to this issue and have been reported to be safe and relatively easily implemented in dialysis clinics. Nevertheless, such implementation has been failing in part due to barriers such as the lack of funding, qualified personnel, equipment, and patient motivation. Intradialytic aerobic exercise has been the most used type of intervention in dialysis clinics. However, resistance exercise may be superior in eliciting potential benefits on indicators of muscle strength and mass. Yet, few intradialytic exercise programmes have focused on this type of intervention, and the ones which have report inconsistent benefits, diverging on prescribed exercise intensity, absent or subjective load progression, equipment availability, or exercise supervision. Commonly, intradialytic resistance exercise interventions use free weights, ankle cuffs, or elastic bands which hinder load progression and exercise intensity monitoring. Here, we introduce a recently developed intradialytic resistance exercise device and propose an accompanying innovative resistance exercise training protocol which aims to improve the quality of resistance exercise interventions within dialysis treatment sessions.

The impact of pandemic-related social distancing regulations on exercise performance-Objective data and training recommendations to mitigate losses in physical fitness.

In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany, governmental restrictions led to the closure of sports facilities for several months. To date, only subjective and fitness-tracking related data on physical activity during the pandemic are available. Using data of a chip-controlled fitness circuit, training data as a measure of physical performance before and after the lockdown during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic will show the impact of the training interruption on exercise performance in middle-aged and older adults. The re-training data are analyzed, to extract practical recommendations. Objective training data of 17,450 participants [11,097 middle-aged (45-64 yrs), 6,353 older (≥65 yrs)] were exported from chip-controlled milon® fitness circuit systems before and after the first COVID-19 related lockdown in Germany. The change in the product of training weight (sum of lifting and lowering the training weight) and repetitions on the leg extension resistance exercise device (leg score) between the last three training sessions before the lockdown and the first ten training sessions after individual training resumption as well as the last training session before the second lockdown in October 2020 was analyzed. Participants who trained with high intensity before the lockdown, experienced deleterious effects of the training interruption (middle-aged group: -218 kg, older group: ~-230.8 kg; p < 0.001 for change in leg score from to post-lockdown) with no age effect. Participants training with a leg score of more than 3,000 kg did not resume their leg score until the second lockdown. The interruption of training in a fitness circuit with combined resistance and endurance training due to the lockdown affected mainly those participants who trained at high intensity. Apparently, high-intensity training could not be compensated by home-based training or outdoor activities. Concepts for high-intensity resistance training during closure of sports facilities are needed to be prepared for future periods of high incidence rates of infectious diseases, while especially vulnerable people feel uncomfortable to visit sports facilities. Identifier, DRKS00022433.

Repeated Horizontal Jumping is a Feasible Exercise Countermeasure for Microgravity

Astronauts who spend prolonged time in microgravity on the International Space Station can experience a significant reduction in physical fitness. Jumping exercises represent a potential solution to this problem as the European Space Agency has demonstrated that the deconditioning effect of long-term bed-rest can be countered with around four minutes per day of jumping. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if repeated jumping is possible in microgravity and if the transmission of impact forces and vibration to the aircraft can be minimised. Five subjects performed repeated jumping on a custom jump sled both in microgravity during a parabolic flight campaign and in normal gravitational conditions. Forces expressed by the user and transmitted to the aircraft were quantified using a bespoke instrumentation system. These results show, for the first time, that repeated horizontal jumping is possible in microgravity, and that force transmission can be minimised by using a custom supine jump sled. The peak effective ground reaction force experienced by the user was sensitive to both the style of jumping used and resistance employed. These results open the door to the next generation of exercise countermeasures for deep space exploration. In particular, we have qualified the High Frequency Impulse for Microgravity (HIFIm) exercise device to a Technology Readiness Level of 6 making it a leading candidate to replace the Advanced Resistive Exercise Device (ARED) which has been in service since 2009.

Change in Lumbar Muscle Size and Composition on MRI with Long-Duration Spaceflight.

Prolonged microgravity results in muscle atrophy, especially among the anti-gravity spinal muscles. How individual paravertebral muscle groups change in size and composition with spaceflight needs further exploration. This study investigates lumbar spine musculature changes among six crewmembers on long-duration space missions using non-invasive measurement of muscle changes with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Pre- and post-flight lumbar images were analyzed for changes in cross-sectional area, volume, and fat infiltration of the psoas (PS), quadratus lumborum (QL), and paraspinal [erector spinae and multifidus (ES + MF)]muscles using mixed models. Crewmembers used onboard exercise equipment, including a cycle ergometer (CEVIS), treadmill (T2/COLBERT), and the advanced resistive exercise device (ARED). Correlations were used to assess muscle changes related to exercise modality. There was substantial variability in muscle changes across crewmembers but collectively a significant decrease in paraspinal area (- 9.0 ± 4.8%, p = 0.04) and a significant increase in QL fat infiltration (7.3 ± 4.1%, p = 0.05). More CEVIS time may have protected against PS volume loss (p = 0.05) and PS fat infiltration (p < 0.01), and more ARED usage may have protected against ES+MF volume loss (p = 0.05). Crewmembers using modern onboard exercise equipment may be less susceptible to muscle changes. However, variability between crewmembers and muscle size and quality losses suggest additional research is needed to ensure in-flight countermeasures preserve muscle health.

Bisphosphonate Use May Reduce the Risk of Urolithiasis in Astronauts on Long-Term Spaceflights.

ABSTRACTLong‐duration spaceflight is associated with an increased risk of urolithiasis, and the pain caused by urinary calculi could result in loss of human performance and mission objectives. The present study investigated the risk of urolithiasis in astronauts during 6 months on the International Space Station, and evaluated whether the suppression of bone resorption by the bisphosphonate, alendronate (ALN), can reduce the risk. A total of 17 astronauts were included into the analysis: exercise using the advanced resistive exercise device (ARED) plus weekly oral 70 mg alendronate (ARED+ALN group, n = 7) was compared to resistive exercise alone (ARED group, n = 10). Urine volume decreased in both groups during spaceflight but recovered after return. The ARED group showed increased urinary calcium excretion from the 15th to 30th day of spaceflight, whereas urinary calcium was slightly decreased in the ARED+ALN group. Urinary N‐terminal telopeptide (NTX) and helical peptide (HP) of type I collagen, as bone resorption markers, were elevated in the ARED group during and until 0 days after spaceflight, while there was no elevation in these parameters in the ARED+ALN group. Urinary oxalate and uric acid excretion tended to be higher in the ARED group than in the ARED+ALN group during spaceflight. These results demonstrate that astronauts on long‐duration spaceflights may be at high risk for the formation of urinary calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stones through increased urinary excretion of oxalate and uric acid, from degraded type I collagen, as well as of calcium from enhanced bone resorption. Our findings suggest that increased bone resorption during spaceflight, as a risk factor for urinary calculus formation, could be effectively prevented by an inhibitor of bone resorption. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Exercise Countermeasures to Neuromuscular Deconditioning in Spaceflight.

The mechanical unloading of spaceflight elicits a host of physiological adaptations including reductions in muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle function and alterations in central interpretation of visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive information. Upon return to a terrestrial, gravitational environment, these result in reduced function and performance, the potential consequences of which will be exacerbated during exploration missions to austere and distant destinations such as the moon and Mars. Exercise is a potent countermeasure to unloading-induced physiological maladaptations and has been employed since the early days of spaceflight. In-flight exercise hardware has evolved from rudimentary and largely ineffective devices to the current suite onboard the International Space Station (ISS) comprised of a cycle ergometer, treadmill, and resistance exercise device; these contemporary devices have either fully protected or significantly attenuated neuromuscular degradation in spaceflight. However, unlike current microgravity operations on the ISS, future exploration missions will include surface operations in partial gravity environments, which will require greater physiological capacity and work output of their crews. For these flights, it is critical to identify physiological thresholds below which task performance will be impaired and to develop exercise countermeasures-both pre- and in-flight-to ensure that crewmembers are able to safely and effectively complete physically demanding mission objectives. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:171-196, 2020.

Neck Muscle Changes Following Long-Duration Spaceflight.

The effects of long-duration spaceflight on crewmember neck musculature have not been adequately studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in the neck musculature on pre-flight and post-flight magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations of six crewmembers on 4- to 6-month missions equipped with the advanced resistive exercise device (aRED). The MRI images were resliced to remove variations in spinal curvature, the cross-sectional area (CSA), and muscle fat infiltration (MFI) of neck musculature at the C1-C2, C4-C5, C7-T1, and T1-T2 intervertebral disc levels were measured bilaterally. Percent changes in the neck muscle CSA and fatty infiltration following spaceflight were calculated, and mixed models were used to assess significance of these changes. Crewmembers on missions equipped with the aRED experienced an average 25.1% increase in CSA for the trapezius muscle at C6-C7, an average 11.5% increase in CSA for the semispinalis capitis muscle at C4-C5, an average 9.0% increase in CSA for the sternocleidomastoid muscle at C4-C5, and an average 23.1% increase in CSA for the rhomboid minor at T1-T2. There were no significant changes in the CSA of the levator scapulae, splenius capitis, rectus capitis posterior major, scalenus anterior, scalenus posterior, scalenus medius, longissimus capitis, or obliquus capitis inferior muscles at the locations measured. None of the muscles analyzed experienced statistically significant changes in fatty infiltration with spaceflight. Our study indicates that long-duration spaceflight conditions are associated with preservation of CSA in most neck muscles and significant increases in the CSAs of the trapezius, semispinalis capitis, sternocleidomastoid, and rhomboid minor muscles. This may indicate that cervical muscles are not subjected to the same degradative effects microgravity imparts on the majority of muscles.

Lumbopelvic Muscle Changes Following Long-Duration Spaceflight.

Long-duration spaceflight has been shown to negatively affect the lumbopelvic muscles of crewmembers. Through analysis of computed tomography scans of crewmembers on 4- to 6-month missions equipped with the interim resistive exercise device, the structural deterioration of the psoas, quadratus lumborum, and paraspinal muscles was assessed. Computed tomography scans of 16 crewmembers were collected before and after long-duration spaceflight. The volume and attenuation of lumbar musculature at the L2 vertebral level were measured. Percent changes in the lumbopelvic muscle volume and attenuation (indicative of myosteatosis, or intermuscular fat infiltration) following spaceflight were calculated. Due to historical studies demonstrating only decreases in the muscles assessed, a one-sample t test was performed to determine if these decreases persist in more recent flight conditions. Crewmembers on interim resistive exercise device-equipped missions experienced an average 9.5% (2.0% SE) decrease in volume and 6.0% (1.5% SE) decrease in attenuation in the quadratus lumborum muscles and an average 5.3% (1.0% SE) decrease in volume and 5.3% (1.6% SE) decrease in attenuation in the paraspinal muscles. Crewmembers experienced no significant changes in psoas muscle volume or attenuation. No significant changes in intermuscular adipose tissue volume or attenuation were found in any muscles. Long-duration spaceflight was associated with preservation of psoas muscle volume and attenuation and significant decreases in quadratus lumborum and paraspinal muscle volume and attenuation.

Fracture Risk in Spaceflight and Potential Treatment Options.

INTRODUCTION: Understanding the effects of microgravity on bone is essential, since humans are now considering long-distance spaceflight missions. It is well known that bone mineral density (BMD) decreases during long-duration spaceflight. While the risk of fracture in a microgravity environment is believed to be low, the potential risk for fracture increases upon re-entering a gravity environment. The objective of this study was to determine skeletal regions of high-risk for fracture after long-duration spaceflight and identify management protocols for those fractures.METHODS: A literature search was conducted on current fracture risk predictive models and suggestions for treatment.RESULTS: Exercise with the Advanced Resistance Exercise Device (ARED), T2 treadmill, and cycle ergometer with vibration isolation and stabilization (CEVIS) on the International Space Station (ISS) is part of a fundamental long-duration spaceflight strategy to mitigate BMD loss. Additionally, studies have shown that bisphosphonates have an additive effect for preventing bone loss. However, if a fracture were to occur, treatments that improve bone healing in space (in addition to standard management modalities such as splinting) include the use of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound, electromagnetic field therapy, and intermittent subcutaneous injections of parathyroid hormone. In the event of a complicated fracture, surgical intervention with a universal external fixation device could be a viable option for management.CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the best strategy for mitigating musculoskeletal injuries for deep-space missions will be a combination of BMD loss reduction coupled with improvements in management protocols for potential fractures.Swaffield TP, Neviaser AS, Lehnhardt K. Fracture risk in spaceflight and potential treatment options. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2018; 89(12):1060-1067.

Musculoskeletal Injuries in Astronauts: Review of Pre-flight, In-flight, Post-flight, and Extravehicular Activity Injuries

To provide a comprehensive review of musculoskeletal injuries in astronauts during pre-flight, in-flight (including extravehicular activity), and post-flight periods. The discussion is inclusive of etiology and nature of the injury, preventative measures, and future considerations. The most common injuries were to the hand, shoulder, and back/spine. Patterns and location of injury depend on the phase of flight during which they occurred. Current countermeasures are effective for some concerns, but do not ameliorate all musculoskeletal risks, thus new countermeasure and preventative approaches are warranted in some arenas. During pre-flight preparations, the shoulder is a site with the most concerning injuries, and they occur during extravehicular activity training, usually secondary to interaction with the planar hard upper torso. Suit redesign is under consideration, for both the pre- and in-flight environments. Hand injuries are also common in both pre-flight training and in-flight extravehicular activity. Countermeasures include reducing moisture and protective bandaging of fingertips. Space-adaptation back pain and herniated nucleus pulposus occur in-flight and post-flight, respectively. In-flight exercise countermeasures may mitigate many in-flight and post-flight spinal pathologies. In-flight loss of bone mineral and trabecular architecture can be mediated via both pharmacologic and exercise countermeasures. The advanced resistive exercise device has shown ability to reduce not only bone loss, but also muscular atrophy. Standardized and anonymous injury reporting is essential to track the full range of injuries over time. Participation of physical medicine and orthopedic-trained physicians and therapists, working alongside the ASCR (Astronaut Strength, Conditions, and Rehabilitation) group during astronaut exercise, training, and rehab should be considered value added.

The Effects of Resistance Exercise on Intracranial Pressure

IntroductionOne of the primary health concerns faced by NASA astronauts on board the International Space Station is a decline in visual acuity. It is believed that increases in intracranial pressure (ICP) due to resistive exercise performed on the station's Advanced Resistive Exercise Device (ARED) may contribute to Spaceflight Associated Neuro‐Ocular Syndrome (SANS), also referred to as the Visual Impairment and Intracranial Pressure (VIIP) syndrome. In a manner similar to low level Valsalva exertion, it is hypothesized that ICP would increase during low level resistance exercise.MethodsSix healthy subjects (4 male, 2 female, age: 27 ± 10 years, weight: 77 ± 15 kg) were recruited to perform low‐level resistance exercises in both the seated and supine positions. A Cerebral Cochlear Fluid Pressure analyzer (CCFP) was used to noninvasively measure ICP by assessing tympanic membrane displacement (Vm) in the inner ear following an auditory stimulus. Increased values of Vm correspond to a decrease in ICP. After a 10‐minute acclimation period, a baseline measurement was taken with the subject at rest in the seated position. ICP was then measured during randomized, isometric, overhead shoulder holds with weights of 0lbs, 2lbs, and 5lbs (per hand). This procedure was then repeated in the supine position. ICP was also measured in the 15‐degree head down tilt (HDT) position following a 10‐minute acclimation period. Significant differences between groups were determined at p&lt;0.05 using a Student's T‐test.ResultsThe relative changes in Vm with increased loading by position are shown in Figure 1. Vm decreased by 40% ± 15% (p=0.001) in the HDT position as compared to the supine baseline, showing a predicted, reliable increase in ICP for positional changes. In the seated position, displacement increased slightly from baseline (12% ± 63%, p=0.412) for all subjects across all weight levels, indicating a statistically nonsignificant decrease in ICP. Measurements in the supine position were more consistent, with decreasing Vm (3% ± 3%, p=0.563) for all subjects across all weight levels, indicating a nonsignificant increase in ICP.DiscussionContrary to our hypothesis, measured data showed no significant change in ICP during low level resistance exercise in either the seated or supine positions. Based on these results, resistance exercise may not be the primary contributing factor to the development of SANS in astronauts. This study will form the basis of future investigation into the effects of exercise and ICP in different such as gender, age, and clinical populations. Sensitivity of the CCFP to motion and pulse artifacts will also be addressed to reduce variability between subjects.Support or Funding InformationSupported by NASA grant NNX13AJ12GThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

662 - Strength Training Using a Novel Swallow Resistance Exercise Device (SRED) Improves Oropharyngeal Swallow Function, Deglutitive UES Opening and Biomechanics in a Heterogeneous Group of Dysphagic Patients

662 - Strength Training Using a Novel Swallow Resistance Exercise Device (SRED) Improves Oropharyngeal Swallow Function, Deglutitive UES Opening and Biomechanics in a Heterogeneous Group of Dysphagic Patients

The Efficacy of Handheld Resistive Exercise Device (HRED) Training on Wellness Outcomes in Older Adults

The Efficacy of Handheld Resistive Exercise Device (HRED) Training on Wellness Outcomes in Older Adults

Adaptation to microgravity, deconditioning, and countermeasures.

Humans are generally in standing or sitting positions on Earth during the day. The musculoskeletal system supports these positions and also allows motion. Gravity acting in the longitudinal direction of the body generates a hydrostatic pressure difference and induces footward fluid shift. The vestibular system senses the gravity of the body and reflexively controls the organs. During spaceflight or exposure to microgravity, the load on the musculoskeletal system and hydrostatic pressure difference is diminished. Thus, the skeletal muscle, particularly in the lower limbs, is atrophied, and bone minerals are lost via urinary excretion. In addition, the heart is atrophied, and the plasma volume is decreased, which may induce orthostatic intolerance. Vestibular-related control also declines; in particular, the otolith organs are more susceptible to exposure to microgravity than the semicircular canals. Using an advanced resistive exercise device with administration of bisphosphonate is an effective countermeasure against bone deconditioning. However, atrophy of skeletal muscle and the heart has not been completely prevented. Further ingenuity is needed in designing countermeasures for muscular, cardiovascular, and vestibular dysfunctions.

Exercise in space: the European Space Agency approach to in-flight exercise countermeasures for long-duration missions on ISS.

BackgroundTo counteract microgravity (µG)-induced adaptation, European Space Agency (ESA) astronauts on long-duration missions (LDMs) to the International Space Station (ISS) perform a daily physical exercise countermeasure program. Since the first ESA crewmember completed an LDM in 2006, the ESA countermeasure program has strived to provide efficient protection against decreases in body mass, muscle strength, bone mass, and aerobic capacity within the operational constraints of the ISS environment and the changing availability of on-board exercise devices. The purpose of this paper is to provide a description of ESA’s individualised approach to in-flight exercise countermeasures and an up-to-date picture of how exercise is used to counteract physiological changes resulting from µG-induced adaptation. Changes in the absolute workload for resistive exercise, treadmill running and cycle ergometry throughout ESA’s eight LDMs are also presented, and aspects of pre-flight physical preparation and post-flight reconditioning outlined.ResultsWith the introduction of the advanced resistive exercise device (ARED) in 2009, the relative contribution of resistance exercise to total in-flight exercise increased (33–46 %), whilst treadmill running (42–33 %) and cycle ergometry (26–20 %) decreased. All eight ESA crewmembers increased their in-flight absolute workload during their LDMs for resistance exercise and treadmill running (running speed and vertical loading through the harness), while cycle ergometer workload was unchanged across missions.ConclusionIncreased or unchanged absolute exercise workloads in-flight would appear contradictory to typical post-flight reductions in muscle mass and strength, and cardiovascular capacity following LDMs. However, increased absolute in-flight workloads are not directly linked to changes in exercise capacity as they likely also reflect the planned, conservative loading early in the mission to allow adaption to µG exercise, including personal comfort issues with novel exercise hardware (e.g. the treadmill harness). Inconsistency in hardware and individualised support concepts across time limit the comparability of results from different crewmembers, and questions regarding the difference between cycling and running in µG versus identical exercise here on Earth, and other factors that might influence in-flight exercise performance, still require further investigation.

Tu1262 EMG Evidence of Submental UES Opening Muscle Training During Swallowing With a Resistance Exercise Device

Tu1262 EMG Evidence of Submental UES Opening Muscle Training During Swallowing With a Resistance Exercise Device

Tu1258 Augmenting the Training Effect of a Swallow Resistance Exercise Device (sRED): Lessons From Exercise Physiology

Tu1258 Augmenting the Training Effect of a Swallow Resistance Exercise Device (sRED): Lessons From Exercise Physiology

Development of Magnetorheological Resistive Exercise Device for Rowing Machine.

Training equipment used by professional sportsmen has a great impact on their sport performance. Most universal exercisers may help only to improve the general physical condition due to the specific kinematics and peculiar resistance generated by their loading units. Training of effective techniques and learning of psychomotor skills are possible only when exercisers conform to the movements and resistance typical for particular sports kinematically and dynamically. Methodology of developing a magnetorheological resistive exercise device for generating the desired law of passive resistance force and its application in a lever-type rowing machine are described in the paper. The structural parameters of a controllable hydraulic cylinder type device were found by means of the computational fluid dynamics simulation performed by ANSYS CFX software. Parameters describing the magnetorheological fluid as non-Newtonian were determined by combining numerical and experimental research of the resistance force generated by the original magnetorheological damper. A structural scheme of the device control system was developed and the variation of the strength of magnetic field that affects the magnetorheological fluid circulating in the device was determined, ensuring a variation of the resistance force on the oar handle adequate for the resistance that occurs during a real boat rowing stroke.

Isokinetic Strength Changes Following Long-Duration Spaceflight on the ISS.

Long-duration spaceflight results in a loss of muscle strength that poses both operational and medical risks, particularly during emergency egress, upon return to Earth, and during future extraterrestrial exploration. Isokinetic testing of the knee, ankle, and trunk quantifies movement-specific strength changes following spaceflight and offers insight into the effectiveness of in-flight exercise countermeasures. We retrospectively evaluated changes in isokinetic strength for 37 ISS crewmembers (Expeditions 1-25) following 163 ± 38 d (mean ± SD) of spaceflight. Gender, in-flight resistance exercise hardware, and preflight strength were examined as potential modifiers of spaceflight-induced strength changes. Mean isokinetic strength declined 8-17% following spaceflight. One month after return to Earth, strength had improved, but small deficits of 1-9% persisted. Spaceflight-induced strength losses were not different between men and women. Mean strength losses were as much as 7% less in crewmembers who flew after the Advanced Resistive Exercise Device (ARED) replaced the interim Resistive Exercise Device (iRED) as the primary in-flight resistance exercise hardware, although these differences were not statistically significant. Absolute and relative preflight strength were moderately correlated (r = -0.47 and -0.54, respectively) with postflight strength changes. In-flight resistance exercise did not prevent decreased isokinetic strength after long-duration spaceflight. However, continued utilization of ARED, a more robust resistance exercise device providing higher loads than iRED, may result in greater benefits as exercise prescriptions are optimized. With reconditioning upon return to Earth, strength is largely recovered within 30 d.

Anthropometry and high-speed resistive exercise performance by male athletes

BACKGROUND: High-speed exercise is an essential training component to prepare athletes for competition. To date correlations between anthropometry and high-speed exercise performance are mixed. OBJECTIVE: To assess anthropometry as a correlate to performance from workouts comprised exclusively of tonic or phasic repetitions done on a high-speed resistive exercise device (Impulse Training Systems; Newnan, GA). METHODS: Male athletes (n = 31) did two workouts that involved performance of a standing unilateral rowing motion with their left arm for two 60-second sets. Each workout was comprised solely of tonic or phasic repetitions. Anthropometric measurements included: height, mass, body fat percentage, shoulder width, upper and lower arm lengths as well as torso length. Mean force and total work values from each type of workout served as criterion variables. RESULTS:Anthropometry predicted significant amounts of variance for both mean force and total work values (r 2 ∼ 0.21) from tonic workouts. However anthropometry failed to predict a significant amount of performance variance from phasic workouts. CONCLUSIONS: Anthropometry acts as a better correlate to high-speed resistive exercise performance for repetitions that do not terminate with impact forces and are inherently less ballistic, as the latter likely utilizes less momentum.