Components Of Resistance Research Articles

Antibiotic resistance: A cross-sectional study on the characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices of dairy farmers' cooperative in North Cianjur (KPSCU), Cianjur District, Indonesia.

Antibiotic resistance is a component of antimicrobial resistance and is often referred to as the silent pandemic. It is one of the causes of global health problems that must be addressed. Resistance occurs due to frequent misuse and overuse of antibiotics by dairy farmers. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the influence of the characteristics of dairy farmers and analyze the variables that directly and indirectly affected the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of dairy farmers regarding antibiotic resistance in a dairy farmers' cooperative in North Cianjur. A cross-sectional design was used with a structured questionnaire validated by Pearson correlation and reliability tested with Alpha Cronbach. Data were obtained from interviews with 75 dairy farmers in KPSCU, Cianjur District, West Java, Indonesia. The outcome variables were analyzed using descriptive and pathway analyses. The results showed that dairy farmers had good and sufficient knowledge (42.7%), the attitude level was positive (81.3%), and all farmers had sufficient practices (100%). The results also showed that most dairy farmers were over 40 years of age, with 54.7% having elementary school education. Approximately 50.7% of farmers had been engaged in breeding for 10-20 years, 80% owned their livestock, and 76% had attended training. There was a significant relationship between age, education, training, and knowledge level. Knowledge was the primary factor influencing the overall attitude. In addition, age, education, type of business, knowledge, and attitude were factors that influenced the practice of antibiotic resistance. Training and education really influenced KAP of farmers. Therefore, the best way to reduce antibiotic resistance is by increasing farmers' knowledge and understanding of antibiotic resistance and monitoring the use of antibiotics.

Developing methods of decomposing the physical resistance components acting on a hydrofoil

The America’s Cup is a sailing competition contested by teams fielding bespoke yachts designed and built to the AC75 class regulations. These yachts make use of hydrofoils, which permit them to lift their hulls above the water surface. When in this “foiling” regime, the drag forces on the hull are drastically lower, permitting greater sailing speed. Predicting hydrodynamic forces produced from hydrofoils on race yachts remains challenging, due to a wide operating regime and complex hydrodynamical phenomena. In this study, existing wake survey methods of decomposing the total drag force of a hydrofoil into physical subcomponents were developed through examining their sensitivities and accuracy. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of a rectangular NACA4412 hydrofoil were performed to generate data for the wake surveys. The hydrofoil was simulated at a submergence depth of one chord. Viscous flow was simulated with the k–ω SST turbulence model in steady state; and the volume-of-fluid (VOF) model was used to capture free surface effects. Chord Froude numbers of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 were investigated, corresponding to Reynolds numbers of 2.57 × 105, 5.15 × 105, 1.03 × 106 and 2.06 × 106. Force decomposition was performed using two different wake survey methods – one each for the wave and viscous drag – as well as Trefftz plane analysis for the induced drag. Wave drag forces could be reliably isolated at all tested Froude numbers, while reliable predictions of the viscous drag were dependent on the Froude number and method of isolating the hydrofoil’s viscous wake region. Accurately isolating the induced drag component proved challenging due to free surface interactions. Careful selection of the wake survey location was also necessary for accurate predictions of any of the drag components.

Study on the stall vortex and vibration characteristics in multi-stage pump under natural flow condition

When a vessel reaches a specific speed, the circulating pump in the cooling system stops driving. It relies only on the kinetic energy its speed generates to provide cooling seawater for the condenser. This cooling strategy is known as natural flow cooling. Under natural flow conditions, the impeller rotates passively due to flow impact, and the circulating pump serves as a significant resistance component in the cooling system. The unstable flow within a pump is primarily attributed to the varying scales of stall vortex, which can induce vibration and potentially result in severe damage to components. To investigate the generation of stall vortex and vibration characteristics under natural flow conditions, the numerical simulation method was employed to study the structure and motion characteristics of stall vortex in multi-stage pumps at different flow rates. Moreover, vibration signals were collected through a natural flow experiment, and the obtained data were analyzed using empirical mode decomposition with singular value decomposition and wavelet transform methods. The result indicates that natural flow conditions can be categorized into impeller stuck and passive rotation. During passive rotation, the speed increases linearly with the flow rate. Thus, the blade inlet's attack angle remains consistent at different flow rates, making the internal flow features similar. The stretching and bending of the stall vortex structure primarily cause the variation of the vorticity. Additionally, the internal structure and motion pattern of stall vortex exhibit similarities. The excitation force increases continuously with the flow rate and is related to the effects of flow losses and turbulent kinetic energy. Vibration energy caused by stall vortex and rotor–stator interference is mainly concentrated in the low-frequency band.

Experimental Study on the Ice Resistance of a Naval Surface Ship with a Non-Icebreaking Bow

With the shrinking of Arctic sea ice due to global climate change, potential access to Arctic waters has increased for non-typical icebreaking or strengthened ships. Numerous studies have been conducted on hull form designs and ice resistance predictions for ships with typical icebreaking bows, but published research for ships with non-icebreaking bows in ice is still rare. The objective of this study was to investigate the ice resistance of a naval surface ship with a non-icebreaking bow through model tests in an ice tank. The naval surface combatant concept DTMB 5415 was used as the ship model. The tests were conducted under different levels of ice thicknesses and speeds. During the tests, the total resistance of the model ship was measured, accompanied by monitoring of the ice load at the stem area with a flexible tactile sensor sheet. Compared with the test results of icebreaker models in former studies, the total ice resistance, as well as the stem ice load, of the present ship was significantly higher. The ice crushing resistance component in the stem area accounted for more than 60% of the total resistance in the ice. Discussions on the applicability of a semi-empirical formula for predicting the ice resistance of the present ship are also presented. Keinonen’s formula was found to be relatively more consistent with the predictions produced by model tests, and a preliminary modification was proposed to obtain more accurate predictions.

Impact of using whole chestnut flour as a substitute for cake flour on digestion, functional and storage properties of chiffon cake: A potential application study

Developing fresh cake product with rich nutrition and high quality has become a hot spot in food industry. In this study, whole chestnut flour as a high-quality dietary source was successfully substituted for cake flour in the production of chestnut chiffon cake with 40–55% substitution rate, and its application prospects were further evaluated through studying nutritional and storage properties. The results showed that chestnut chiffon cake with 45% and 50% substitution rate could significantly increase the resistant component, scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power, surprisingly decrease predicted glycemic index to 54.05–57.28, and reduce the acetate/propionate ratio and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes value for human gut microbiota as well. Comparatively, chestnut chiffon cake with 45% substitution rate had more application potential due to its higher free water retention at day 7 and higher resilience throughout the storage time. Overall, this study could provide valuable information for the development of modern nutritional cake industry.

On Woven Fabric Sound Absorption Prediction

For building applications, woven fabrics have been widely used as finishing elements of room interior but not in particular aimed for sound absorbers. Considering the micro perforation of the woven fabrics, they should have potential to be used as micro-perforated panel (MPP) absorbers; some measurement results indicated such absorption ability. Hence, it is of importance to have a sound absorption model of the woven fabrics to enable us predicting their sound absorption characteristic that is beneficial in engineering design phase. Treating the woven fabric as a rigid frame, a fluid equivalent model is employed based on the formulation of Johnson-Champoux-Allard (JCA). The model obtained is then validated by measurement results where three kinds of commercially available woven fabrics are evaluated by considering their perforation properties. It is found that the model can reasonably predict their sound absorption coefficients. However, the presence of perturbations in pores give rise to inaccuracy of resistive component of the predicted surface impedance. The use of measured static flow resistive and corrected viscous length in the calculations are useful to cope with such a situation. Otherwise, the use of an optimized simple model as a function of flow resistivity is also applicable for this case.

Aerogels for Thermal Protection and Their Application in Aerospace.

With the continuous development of the world's aerospace industry, countries have put forward higher requirements for thermal protection materials for aerospace vehicles. As a nano porous material with ultra-low thermal conductivity, aerogel has attracted more and more attention in the thermal insulation application of aerospace vehicles. At present, the summary of aerogel used in aerospace thermal protection applications is not comprehensive. Therefore, this paper summarizes the research status of various types of aerogels for thermal protection (oxide aerogels, organic aerogels, etc.), summarizes the hot issues in the current research of various types of aerogels for thermal protection, and puts forward suggestions for the future development of various aerogels. For oxide aerogels, it is necessary to further increase their use temperature and inhibit the sintering of high-temperature resistant components. For organic aerogels, it is necessary to focus on improving the anti-ablation, thermal insulation, and mechanical properties in long-term aerobic high-temperature environments, and on this basis, find cheap raw materials to reduce costs. For carbon aerogels, it is necessary to further explore the balanced relationship between oxidation resistance, mechanics, and thermal insulation properties of materials. The purpose of this paper is to provide a reference for the further development of more efficient and reliable aerogel materials for aerospace applications in the future.

Flow irreversibility versus wear of elbow-reducer connection with gas-solid two-phase flow: A numerical study via CFD-DEM coupling method

In industry sectors, such as power, petroleum, and natural gas production, many fluids contain solid particles in gas/liquid-solid two-phase flows. Thus, resistance and wall erosion, which mainly occur at pipe resistance components, such as elbows and reducers, should be considered in the design of conveying pipelines. To examine the interaction of two resistance components, the flow irreversibility versus wear of an elbow-reducer connection with a gas–solid two-phase flow were studied via the CFD–DEM coupling method. The studied connection structures include a reducer at the elbow downstream with distances of 0, 1, and 3 pipe diameters, and a reducer at the elbow upstream with distances of 0, 1, and 3 pipe diameters. Results show that turbulence and wall entropy generation are main reasons for the total entropy generation and flow irreversibility, which are mainly distributed in the interior wall of the elbow and the pipe. The reducer located downstream of the elbow has a good inhibition effect on the fluid with a separation phenomenon. The total entropy generation and maximum erosion rate for the elbow-reducer connections are lower than that for the reducer-elbow connections. Moreover, influences of solid particle mass flow rate and particle size on partial entropy generations, including mean, turbulent, and wall entropy generations, and wall erosion were comparatively analyzed. The simulation results can provide a reference for the design of pipelines to reduce energy consumption and pipeline wear.

A New Perspective on Metabolic Syndrome with Osteopontin: A Comprehensive Review.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) imposes a substantial burden on the healthcare systems and economies of countries and is a major public health concern worldwide. MetS is mainly caused by an imbalance between calorie intake and energy expenditure; however, it is recognized that additional variables, such as chronic inflammation, may have the same predictive potential as insulin resistance or MetS components in the genesis of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular events. More importantly, the early diagnosis or treatment of MetS may significantly reduce the burden on the health systems of the disease with any prevention or biomarker and should not be underestimated. Osteopontin (OPN), also called secreted phosphoprotein 1, is a soluble protein found mostly in body fluids. Studies suggest that serum OPN levels may be an early and new biomarker to predict metabolic and cardiovascular complications significantly associated with some diseases. This review aims to provide specific insight into the new biomarker OPN in MetS. With this purpose, it is examined the link between the MetS cornerstones and OPN. In addition, the interaction between the microbiota and MetS is predicted to be bidirectional, and the microbiota may act as a bridge in this interaction process. Increased OPN levels may have unfavourable consequences for cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity, all of which are components of MetS. Further studies are required to evaluate the use of OPN levels as a clinical biomarker risk of MetS.

Inherent lack of CMFDA/FDA staining in certain algae and its implication for ballast water testing

The approved method for testing the efficacy of ballast water management systems with respect to killing 10–50 μm organisms uses movements of the organisms or the vital stains CMFDA/FDA. The present study demonstrates that certain freshwater coccoid chlorophytes, known or suspected to contain a highly resistant cell wall component (algaenan), stain poorly with CMFDA/FDA, resulting in false negatives. The staining rates for the most dominant species were determined and were approx. 3–70 %. The use of Crystal Violet as an indicator for the presence of algaenan gave inconclusive results. The number of the 10–50 μm organisms in a small pond was found to be 10,183 organisms/mL (Lugol's fixed sample) vs. 2335 organisms/mL (CMFDA/FDA-stained sample). Using the staining rates obtained, it was estimated that the number of false negatives could make 40–50 %. The implications for biological performance evaluation of ballast water management systems are discussed.

Multi-trait stability index for the identification of shoot fly (Atherigona soccata) resistant sorghum lines from a mini core collection.

On sorghum, shoot fly (Atherigona soccata Rondani) is the most destructive insect pest causing enormous economic losses. Breeding for host plant resistance is the best and economically viable strategy to control shoot fly damage. For improving resistance, there is a need to identify better donors with resistance, stability and adaptability. Sorghum mini core set representing global genetic diversity offers opportunity to understand genetic diversity of resistance component traits, their genotype × year (G × Y), and to identify better donors based on mean performance of multiple shoot fly resistance traits coupled with stability. Significant genetic variability and G × Y interaction was detected for all traits in the mini core set. Broad sense heritability and accuracy of selection for traits was high. Genetic correlation between deadhearts and leaf surface glossiness and with seedling height were negative while genetic correlation of deadhearts with oviposition was positive. The sorghum races did not establish any inherent relation with shoot fly resistance. Based on multiple trait stability index (MTSI), the study identified 12 stable resistant accessions. Selection differential and selection gains in the selected genotypes were positive for both glossiness and seedling height and were negative for deadhearts and Eggs. The MTSI selected new sources of resistance may constitute a breeding population for providing a dynamic gene pool of different resistance mechanisms for improving shoot fly resistance in sorghum. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Role of potassium, magnesium, sulphur and copper nutrients on groundnut late leaf spot disease dynamics

Plant protection strategies need an effective alternative mode that reduces chemical load on environment and financial burden on farmers. Mineral nutrition, an integral part of crop production has long since proven to be a promising management strategy. Due to high specificity of host-pathogen-nutrient relationship, precise investigation has to be taken before recommendation. Among the various methods to screen infection frequency and disease tolerance with respect to applied treatments, components of resistance (incubation period, latent period, number of leaf spots, and lesion diameter) studied in hydroponically grown plants under greenhouse conditions are more appropriate than detached leaf assay as disease development of late leaf spot caused by the hemibiotroph., Phaeoisariopsis personata is more akin to the disease development under field conditions. Role of four nutrients i.e., Potassium, Magnesium, Sulphur and Copper deficient conditions as well as supplementation alone and in combination on groundnut late leaf spot disease incidence was compared with fungicidal check (Tebuconazole seed treatment) in terms of components of resistance and anti-oxidant enzyme activities using sand culture. Deficiency of nutrients showed higher disease incidence than control suggesting the role of nutrients in offering resistance to infection. Further it is revealed that CuSO4 and combination of four nutrients were effective in delaying incubation (11.67 days, 12.33days) and latent period (16.67 days, 17.00 days) while MgSO4 followed by combination of four nutrients were effective in reducing lesion number (17.65/leaf, 22.15/leaf) and diameter (0.20 and 0.27 mm) thus lowered AUDPC which showed similar antioxidant enzyme activity as fungicidal check. Nutrient supplementation though inferior to fungicidal check (14 days incubation period, 18.33 dayslatent period, 1.95 lesions/leaf with 0.22mm diameter), wassignificantlysuperior to control (10.33 daysincubation period, 13.67 days latent period, 70.15lesions/leaf with 0.33mm diameter). Hence, application of adequate amount of nutrients improves plants growth as well as resistance to LLS infection.

Frequency fluctuation in resonant circuit due to spatial movement of plasma

In an electrical circuit with plasma generation, the resistance and reactance components on the circuit cause a phase difference between the applied voltage and the power supplied current. The resistance and reactance components are determined by the dielectric, working gas, and plasma that make up the circuit. While each component of the dielectric and working gas is constant, the plasma component varies depending on its properties. As a result, the resonant frequency in the circuit varies depending on the plasma properties. In a configuration where plasma is emitted from a quartz tube and irradiated onto a copper disk, the reactance component is inductive when the plasma is generated in a single shot. When the intensity of the dynamic electric field generated by the plasma charging on the copper disk exceeds the intensity of the dynamic electric field formed by the power supplied electrode, the reactance component is capacitive because the plasma reciprocates between the electrode and the copper disk.

Mechanism analysis and prediction of longitudinal cut wave pattern resistance based on CFD simulation

Inspired by ITTC 2021 (International Towing Tank Conference), this paper implements the Longitudinal Cut Method (LCM), a methodology to predict wave pattern resistance (Rwp), within Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation to explore its mechanism and feasibility in predicting wave resistance (Rw). To accurately predict the free surface, a validation study, including the grid convergence index (GCI), wave profile, and wave pattern, is conducted for a Series 60 ship model. Next, Rwp is appropriately evaluated and compared with the experiment. The influence of the transverse wave component on the LCM analysis is also discussed. Furthermore, a comparison between the EFD (Experimental Fluid Dynamics) and CFD-based LCM is made through the analysis of the Wigley Catamaran, highlighting the advantages of the present approach. Finally, the limitations of the LCM theory are systematically discussed with the nonlinear bow wave analysis of a wall-sided ship model by introducing the local adaptive mesh refinement (LAMR) approach. For the fine hull form, LCM has been validated as a suitable methodology for directly predicting Rw and consequently the other primary resistance components (frictional resistance Rf and viscous pressure resistance Rpv) by one simulation. In contrast, due to energy dissipation of the non-negligible nonlinear local field wave component in the downstream wake region, Rw could be underestimated for the full hull form.

Investigation of the Effect of Anti-fouling Systems on Meeting Energy Efficiency Regulations

The operational efficiency of marine vessels should be kept as high as possible to achieve sustainable development goals in the maritime field. However, a lot of factors such as resistance components reduce the operational efficiency of the ship. Frictional resistance is the biggest resistance component for the power needed on ships and its coefficient increases due to the biofouling as long as the ship interacts with seawater. The increased total resistance of the ship causes extra power needed and excessive fuel consumption to reach service speed. The increase in both fuel consumption and power will create an obstacle to meeting the EEXI and CII reference values which became mandatory after January 1, 2023. That’s why the utilization of effective anti-fouling systems is quite critical in maritime applications. The purpose of this study is to reveal anti-fouling systems’ effect on EEXI, CII, and CII ratings by utilization of the container ship operated in liner shipping. That’s why, high, medium, and low effective anti-fouling system scenarios have been created since the effect of each anti-fouling will not be the same on the container ship. According to the results, the required EEXI and CII reference values will have been met respectively when the effect of ship biofouling is ignored. However, the reduction ratios and biofouling effect have created quite a challenge in meeting EEXI and CII in the following years. Although the required EEXI value has been met for 2024 and 2025 by the high-effective anti-fouling system and reference value has not been met by the low-effective anti-fouling system in the following years. Any anti-fouling system utilized in this paper won’t be sufficient to meet the reference value at the end of 2023 because attained CII of the container ship is very close to the reference value of CII in 2023. The CII rating of the container ship will have been at C level until the end of 2026 when the biofouling effect is ignored. However, it decreased to D and E levels in the following two years depending on the best and worst scenarios. This study will be a valuable resource for scientists, researchers, experts, and maritime stakeholders who want to investigate the effect of EEXI, CII, and CII rating of antifouling systems.

Investigation of the Interaction Process with the Environment of a Bulldozer Bladow with Variable Geometry

The purpose of the work is theoretical and experimental confirmation of rational parameters, a significant range of rational use and efficiency growth of bulldozers-terrasers due to the installation of a universal, adaptable to variable working conditions of the blade with a variable geometry of its profile. Experimental studies have confirmed the correctness of the assumptions made when deriving analytical dependencies for determining the volume of the accumulated ground prism, as well as the components of the horizontal resistance to cutting and digging with a blade with a variable geometry. The experimental and theoretical dependences obtained as a result of the research made it possible to develop a methodology for determining the main parameters of a blade with a variable geometry, taking into account functional limitations. The article shows the stages of theoretical and experimental results of checking the dependence of the counteraction forces (their horizontal and vertical components) on digging and generating a drawing prism of the material being developed on the defining parameters of the blade with variable geometry (angles of capture, tilt and cutting, blade width, etc.). The proposed method for determining the main parameters of the blade with variable geometry allows you to choose them taking into account the universal purpose of the blade, the results of the research, the existing geometric dependencies between the parameters and various functional limitations.

Ntombi Vimbela! Sexual violence risk reduction intervention: pre and one-year post assessments from a single arm pilot feasibility study among female students in South Africa

BackgroundThe extremely high prevalence of sexual violence victimisation reported among female students in South African public higher education demands urgent action to develop, rigorously evaluate and scale effective prevention interventions. This article details findings from a pilot feasibility study of Ntombi Vimbela! a campus sexual violence risk reduction intervention developed to tackle the high burden of sexual violence in higher education institutions in South Africa.MethodsNtombi Vimbela! (NV!) is a sexual violence risk reduction intervention that comprises sexuality empowerment, gender and social norm change, early-risk identification, self-defence, resistance and mental wellbeing components. NV! is comprised of ten workshop sessions running for 3.5 h each. Workshops are co-delivered by two trained peer facilitators per group of at most 20 first-year female students. One-year post-intervention quantitative outcome assessments were remotely completed by 98 participants who participated in the NV! pilot workshops. Qualitative assessments were conducted with 35 participants through in-depth telephone interviews (IDTIs).FindingsOne year after attending NV! workshops, most participants reported improved awareness of sexual rights, assertive communication, shifts in gender equitable beliefs, reductions in rape myth acceptance, improved expressed sexual relationship power sexual decision-making, and improved negotiation within their intimate relationships. Participants’ depressive symptoms also significantly decreased. Many participants improved awareness of sexual assault risk and vigilance, including using self-protection strategies such as removing themselves from environments where alcohol intoxication posed sexual assault risks. Some participants used assertive communication to withstand peer pressure to engage in risky sexual behaviours. Most participants scored highly on the self-defence efficacy scale. Some participants were exposed to and successful in using verbal and physical resistance strategies in potential sexual assault risky situations.ConclusionThese findings indicate the potential beneficial effects of NV! as a campus sexual violence risk reduction intervention at one-year post-intervention, which must be evaluated in a future rigorous randomised control trial.Pilot trial registered atClinicalTrials.gov NCT04607564 on 29/10/2020.

Research on Scale Effect of Resistance Components for Full-Formed Ship Based on Large-Scale Model Towing Test

In recent years, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has gradually introduced more stringent new Ship Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) bills, and transport ships are more inclined to reduce the speed and increase the length and square coefficient to meet the design requirements. However, the size of the ship model that can be accommodated in the towing tank is seriously limited. Under the action of the scale effect, the accuracy of the prediction results of the resistance performance of large ships is particularly prominent. To break through the limitations of the test site, a large-scale ship model resistance towing test system and data analysis method in the port were established. By comparing with the results of small-scale model tests in the towing tank, the applicability of the 1957 ITTC friction line and Grigson friction line in the resistance prediction of the full-formed ship was analyzed, and the scale effects of resistance components were also examined. The results show that the scale effect of the form factor of full-formed ships is weak. The three-dimension method based on the empirical formula of mixed-form friction resistance of ITTC-Grigson is more suitable for predicting the resistance performance of full-formed ships.

Piezoimpedance of carbon nanotube yarns coupled with Raman spectroscopy and its implementation for sensing polymerization kinetics

The electrical response of carbon nanotube yarns (CNTYs) under alternating (AC) and direct current (DC) is investigated. Electrical measurements are conducted simultaneously with application of strain and under in situ Raman spectroscopy. In situ Raman spectroscopy is used to better understand the loading mechanisms and the electromechanical response of the CNTY upon axial stretching. The AC electrical response of the CNTYs is dominated by its resistive component, and a capacitive contribution arises at high frequencies (f > 105 Hz). This response obeys the hierarchical structure of the CNTY, where porosity between bundles form microcapacitors. Under AC, the impedance modulus showed a positive electrical sensitivity to strain with a maximum value of 0.33 at 100 kHz. This is slightly higher than the DC one (0.25). The AC phase angle showed very low sensitivity to strain. The small shift of the Raman bands with strain suggests that structural deformations at the bundle level are the dominant deformation mechanism. While the Raman shift is weak to identify unwinding and detaching of bundles, both the AC and DC electrical responses pinpoint such damage mechanisms by a change in trend. The promising application of the impedance response to monitor the curing kinetics of thermosetting polymers is proved.

1113-P: Alanine Aminotransferase Elevation in Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes—Prevalence and Risk Factors

Purpose: Fatty liver and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) are components of insulin resistance, but the prevalence of fatty liver disease at diagnosis of youth onset T2D is unknown. Fatty liver disease is typically identified initially by elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT). We aim to describe the prevalence of ALT elevation in youth onset T2D at diagnosis and associated risk factors. Methods: We conducted a single center retrospective review of patients (age≤21) diagnosed with T2D (5/1/2015-12/31/21). Chi-squared and two sample t-tests were used to compare those with ALT values in the highest and lowest quartiles at diagnosis for categorical and linear variables. Results: Analysis included 455 patients. ALT was elevated at diagnosis and varied widely (mean=70.4 IU/L, standard deviation=76.0 IU/L). At diagnosis 48% of patients had ALT ≥45 IU/L and 14% had ALT ≥135 IU/L. Compared to those with ALT values in the lowest quartile, those in the highest quartile were more likely to be male (p=0.0001), Hispanic (p<0.00001), have a lower HgbA1C (8.9% vs 9.8%, p=0.001), and not identify as Black (p<0.00001). There was no difference in BMI Z-score. A follow-up ALT (6-18 months later) was available in 49% of patients: 37% had ALT≥45 IU/L and 7% had ALT≥135 IU/L (Figure 1). Conclusions: Elevation of ALT is common at diagnosis of youth onset T2D, but often improves. Those with elevated ALT tend to have a lower HgbA1C and a similar BMI. Disclosure S.E.Delacey: None. S.Feng: None. A.Ranganna: None. M.Fishbein: None. M.E.Bianco: None. Funding National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (T32DK007169)