Resistance Categories Research Articles

Criteria of Museum Colour and Luminous Environment Concept Selection

The article formulates the criteria of selection of the colour and luminous concept in museums of different profiles with focus on visitors of exhibition halls. The amount of light and the quality of illumination solution are important parameters affecting preservation of pieces of art, perception of museum environment, and capability to research any exhibit. Showcase illumination requires not only meeting exhibit lighting standards, but also balancing showcase illumination with general hall lighting. If daylighting is present, the problem becomes more complicated: it is necessary to select illuminance and luminance levels, locations of showcases and exhibits in them. For demonstration and convenient perception of paintings, it is important to create a comfortable illumination solution, to fill the space with light, to select appropriate contrast. Cultural heritage of Russia is huge, and, naturally, no exhibition may consist of exhibits of the same light resistance category. Annual luminous exposure may help find a solution for lighting design in this case. Light and shadow are inseparable, that combination gives a perspective of volume and texture of a piece of art. But shadow may distort exhibit perception therefore it is necessary to work with it. Another complication and, at the same time, a limitless area for creativity is using and/or limiting daylighting. Lighting design depends on the goals and objectives of a project.

Formulasi Dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Facial Foam Minyak Biji Jintan Hitam (Nigella Sativa Oil)

Acne is a disease that most people suffer especially among adolescent, one of the causes of acne is usually caused by the growth of acne-causing bacteria that is Staphylococcus epidermidis. One of the ingredients that can be used as an antibacterial product is black cumin seed oil (Nigella sativa oil), it is known that black cumin seed oil contains Thymoquinone and α-pinen which are efficacious as antibacterial. This research aims to produce a cosmetic preparation in the form of a face wash that effectively cleans the skin from dust and dirt from makeup, as well as preparations that have antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis by using the well diffusion method. Black cumin seed oil is formulated into facial foam in several concentrations, namely 3% (FI), 5% (FII) and 7% (FIII). Evaluation of fa cial foam preparations includes examination of organoleptic, pH, foam power, skin irritation, homogeneity, wetting power, alcohol insoluble portion, freeze and thaw, examination of mineral oil, washability and antibacterial activity. Data analysis using One Way ANOVA statistical test and descriptive. The result showed that the physical stability test, the three facial foam formulas have good physical stability and meet the pH requirements of topical cosmetic preparation. In the antibacterial activity test, it was found that the facial foam preparation of black cumin seed oil give inhibition of 15.37 mm (FI), 16.52 mm (FII) and 17.25 mm (FIII). Based on the one way ANOVA statistical data, the p value <0,05 which means that three is a significant difference in inhibition diameter between FI, FII and FIII which negative control and positive control. It is concluded that the facial foam preparations of black cumin seed oil was physically stable and based on antibacterial activity tests, it is known that FIII has the most bacterial resistance of 17.25 mm with medium resistance category.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI NANOPARTIKEL EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN MATOA (Pometia pinnata J.R. Forst & G. Forst) TERHADAP BAKTERI Streptococcus mutans

Streptococcus mutans is one of the bacteria that plays an important role in the formation of dental caries. One of the plants known to have antibacterial compounds are matoa leaves (Pometia pinnata J.R. Forst & G. Forst) family Sapindaceae. The objective of this research was to determine the antibacterial activity of matoa leaves ethanolic extract nanoparticles is better than matoa leaves ethanolic extract against S. mutans bacteria. The research method was carried out experimentally. Free variables, namely the concentration of matoa leaf ethanol extract (KEDM 25% ; KEDM 50%; and KEDM 75%) and the concentration of nanoparticles of matoa leaf ethanol extract (KNDM 2.5%; KNDM 5%; and KNDM 7.5%). Bound variables are antibacterial activity of ethanol extract and nanoparticles of matoa leaf ethanol extract against S. mutans bacteria. The nanoparticle size of the extract was characterized using a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). Test of antibacterial activity of ethanol extract and matoa leaf ethanol extract nanoparticles against S. mutans using the diffusion method to Kirby Bauer. The result of the extract nanoparticle size characterization was 324.97 nm. Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) values of antibacterial ethanol extract of matoa leaves against S. mutans were 12.00 mm (KEDM 25%), 12.50 mm (KEDM 50%), and 12.60 mm (KEDM 75%). The antibacterial ZOI values of matoa leaf ethanol extract nanoparticles against S. mutans were 8.00 mm (KNDM 2.5%), 9.06 mm (KNDM 5%), and 10.10 mm (KNDM 7.5%). The conclusion is that ethanol extract of matoa leaves can be used as extract nanoparticles, where the extract nanoparticle concentration of 7.5% already has the ability of antibacterial activity that is close to the concentration of 25% ethanol extract, so that it can be said that the extract nanoparticle preparation can reduce the dose of a drug even though it is in the resistant category compared to Amoxicillin 25 g with the susceptible category.

New indicators of ecological resilience and invasion resistance to support prioritization and management in the sagebrush biome, United States

Ecosystem transformations to altered or novel ecological states are accelerating across the globe. Indicators of ecological resilience to disturbance and resistance to invasion can aid in assessing risks and prioritizing areas for conservation and restoration. The sagebrush biome encompasses parts of 11 western states and is experiencing rapid transformations due to human population growth, invasive species, altered disturbance regimes, and climate change. We built on prior use of static soil moisture and temperature regimes to develop new, ecologically relevant and climate responsive indicators of both resilience and resistance. Our new indicators were based on climate and soil water availability variables derived from process-based ecohydrological models that allow predictions of future conditions. We asked: (1) Which variables best indicate resilience and resistance? (2) What are the relationships among the indicator variables and resilience and resistance categories? (3) How do patterns of resilience and resistance vary across the area? We assembled a large database (n = 24,045) of vegetation sample plots from regional monitoring programs and derived multiple climate and soil water availability variables for each plot from ecohydrological simulations. We used USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service National Soils Survey Information, Ecological Site Descriptions, and expert knowledge to develop and assign ecological types and resilience and resistance categories to each plot. We used random forest models to derive a set of 19 climate and water availability variables that best predicted resilience and resistance categories. Our models had relatively high multiclass accuracy (80% for resilience; 75% for resistance). Top indicator variables for both resilience and resistance included mean temperature, coldest month temperature, climatic water deficit, and summer and driest month precipitation. Variable relationships and patterns differed among ecoregions but reflected environmental gradients; low resilience and resistance were indicated by warm and dry conditions with high climatic water deficits, and moderately high to high resilience and resistance were characterized by cooler and moister conditions with low climatic water deficits. The new, ecologically-relevant indicators provide information on the vulnerability of resources and likely success of management actions, and can be used to develop new approaches and tools for prioritizing areas for conservation and restoration actions.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI NANOPARTIKEL EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN MATOA (Pometia pinnata J.R. Forst & G. Forst) TERHADAP BAKTERI Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli was one of the bacteria that causes diarrhea. Matoa leaves (Pometia pinnata J.R. Forst & G. Forst) ) is a plant from the Sapindaceae family and is known to have antibacterial compounds. This study aims to make ethanol extract of matoa leaves into extract nanoparticles and to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract nanoparticles better than ethanol extract of matoa leaves against E. coli bacteria.
 This research was conducted experimentally with free variables, namely the concentration of matoa leaf ethanol extract (KEDM 25%; KEDM 50%; and KEDM 75%), and the nanoparticle concentration of matoa leaf ethanol extract (KNDM 2.5%; KNDM 5%; and KNDM 7.5%). The bound variable was the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract and nanoparticles of ethanol extract of matoa leaves against E. coli bacteria. Nanoparticle manufacturing uses the ionic glassing method with chitosan 0.1% and Na-TPP 0.1% (1:1). The nanoparticle size characterization of the extract used a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). Antibacterial activity test using the diffusion method of Kirby Bauer's agar. 
 The result of the characterization of the extract nanoparticles obtained a size of 324.97 nm. The value of the antibacterial Zone Of Inhibition (ZOI) of matoa leaf ethanol extract was 13.9 mm (KEDM 25%); 14.6 mm (KEDM 50%); and 18 mm (KEDM 75%). The antibacterial ZOI value of the ethanol extract nanoparticles was 6.6 mm (KNDM 2.5%); 7.2 mm (KNDM 5%); and 7.7 mm (KNDM 7.5%). The conclusion of this research was that matoa leaf ethanol extract can be used as an extract nanoparticle, where with a concentration of 2.5% extract nanoparticles already has antibacterial activity capability which is equivalent to half the dose of 25% ethanol extract concentration of matoa leaves, so it can be said that the extract nanoparticle preparation can reduce the dose of a drug by up to half the dose, even though it is in the resistant category compared to Tetracycline 30 μg.

Antibacterial Activity of Extracts of Wild Mango (Mangifera spp.), Ruellia tuberosa L and Leucobryum sp. Causes of Gangrene in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

Plants are the main medicinal source that exists around the world, due to the content of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, polyphenols, tannins, terpenoids, and essential oils. These bioactive compounds have antimicrobial activity. The purpose of this study was to analyze the antibacterial activity of a combination extracts of Sumatran wild mango (M. sumatrana, and M. foetida var. Batu), R. tuberosa L. and Leucobryum sp. against bacteria that cause gangrene wounds in diabetics. Preparation of plant extraction is carried out by the method of maceration using 70% alcohol. Testing of antibacterial activity using the disc paper method 6 mm in diameter at an extract concentration of 10% with seven treatments (P1-P7). The test results obtained the largest inhibitory zone diameter against Staphyococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 both shown in combination II extracts at P7 treatment (2:3:1 ratio), 9.04±1.42 mm and 8.85±0.21 mm, respectively. The results of the inhibitory zone resulting from the combination extract test included criteria of resistance to Staphylococcus. In the positive control, the diameter of the chloramphenicol inhibition zone against S. aureus belongs to the sensitive category, but to S. epidermidis it belongs to the resistant category. Combination of methanol extract from wild mango, R. tuberosa L and Leucobryum sp. has the opportunity as the candidate for natural-based antibiotics to replace synthetic antibiotics.

Reevaluation of methanol extract from Phoenix dactylifera var. sukkari fruit’s potential against acne-inducing bacteria

<p>One of the natural ingredients that is often developed as an antibacterial product is the date palm (<em>Phoenix dactylifera</em>). However, scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of the antibacterial compounds contained in dates needs to be evaluated, considering that several previous studies have reported that dates are more dominant as antioxidants than as antibacterials. Therefore, it is necessary to reevaluate the antibacterial ability of the methanolic extract of the sukkari variety date palm against the three test bacteria that cause acne, namely <em>P. acnes</em>, <em>S. epidermidis</em> and <em>S. aureus</em>. This research aimed to determine the sensitivity of the three bacteria tested in response to the methanol extract of the sukkari dates. This research design is experimental. The samples tested were sukkari and the tested bacteria were <em>P. acnes, S. epidermidis </em>and<em> S. aureus</em>. Dates were extracted by maceration method and made in concentrations of 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90%. Positive control was chloramphenicol antibiotic while negative control was sterile distilled water. All treatments including control (+) and (-) were given to the test bacteria using the Kirby Baeur method to see the diameter of the zone of inhibition of the test bacteria growth. The data was processed in tabular form and compared with the 2016 CLSI standard to see the sensitivity response of the test bacteria. Results of this research is<strong> </strong>the sukkari dates extract with concentrations of 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90% was able to inhibit the growth of <em>P. acnes, S. epidermidis</em> and <em>S. aureus</em> bacteria with an interval of 7.0-10.0 mm in diameter of the zone of inhibition. All the tested bacteria showed a sensitivity response in the resistant category, so the sukkari dates fruit extract is not the main choice to be developed as a natural anti-acne product.</p>

Função discriminatória de lógica Fuzzy para avaliação de cabras expostas a ocorrência de verminose quanto à resistência, resiliência ou sensibilidade ao parasitismo

Abstract Worm infections pose a significant challenge to goat farming in the tropics. While individual variations in the animals' response to this disease are observed, understanding its genetic component is crucial for establishing effective herd production management, prioritizing the selection of goats with higher resistance to parasitism. This study aimed to assess goat response to worm infection under natural field conditions using data on eggs per gram of feces (EPG), body condition score (BCS), and conjunctival mucosa coloration (FAMACHA©). Cluster analysis and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques were applied to 3,839 data points from 200 individuals in an experimental goat herd in Piauí, Brazil. The study considered the phenotypic expression of resistance, sensitivity, and resilience to worm infection as responses to parasitism. Three clustering methods, namely Ward, Average, and k-means, were employed and compared with fuzzy logic obtained through the CAPRIOVI web software. The analysis revealed statistically significant differences (P<0.05) between the groups of animals classified as resistant, resilient, and sensitive to parasitism. Pregnancy and peripartum were identified as stages of heightened sensitivity to parasitism (P<0.05). Among the clustering techniques, traditional statistical methods exhibited excellent performance, with an overall accuracy percentage exceeding 90.00%. In contrast, CAPRIOVI's fuzzy logic demonstrated lower overall accuracy (77.00%). The clustering methods showed similar efficiency, but differed in terms of the distribution of animals per group, with a tendency towards greater numbers in the resistant category. Fuzzy logic circumvented this limitation by enabling the formation of groups tailored to meet the producer's interests, adding consistency in terms of the animals' response to worm infection. This finding highlights the potential of the software for goat health management.

New mutations in genes associated with cefiderocol resistance in a clinical isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Objective. To assess the effects of chromosomal mutations on emergence of cefiderocol resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates. Materials and Methods. Study design purported to compare the characteristics of phenotypic antibiotic resistance and chromosomal mutations of P. aeruginosa strains of a common origin possessing different resistance levels to cefiderocol. Two P. aeruginosa isolates from the sputum of a patient with cystic fibrosis who had not previously received cefiderocol were analyzed. Species identification was performed using an MALDI-TOF MS instrument and whole genome sequencing (WGS) data obtained from the MGISEQ-2000 platform. Antibiotic resistance was estimated based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing. Plasmid-borne resistance genes and mutations in chromosomal genes associated with cefiderocol resistance were revealed based on WGS data. Results. Both P. aeruginosa isolates had the same antibiotic MIC values excluding meropenem and cefiderocol MIC values. Cefiderocol MICs were significantly different between the two strains corresponding to the resistant clinical category for one isolate and to the susceptible category for another one. Both strains belonged to 2554 sequence type. Eight potentially significant mutations in iron-uptake genes and genes associated with beta-lactam resistance were detected in the genome of the cefiderocol-resistant isolate, which were absent in the cefiderocol-susceptible strain. Cefiderocol resistant isolate harbored frameshift mutations in pirA, pirR and piv and nonsynonymous mutations in pfeA, cirA, iutA, pbpА and pchD. Conclusions. Cefiderocol resistance can emerge among P. aeruginosa isolates which were not exposed to cefiderocol as the phenomenon of cross-resistance. Resistance to cefiderocol can be conferred not by a single mutation, but by a combination of chromosomal gene alterations.

Noble Indices for Degree of Host Plant Resistance against Alternaria Blight in Rapeseed-mustard Genotypes

Experiments were conducted at Genetics and Plant Breeding Research Farm of N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.) to evaluate 15 promising genotypes of rapeseed-mustard against Alternaria blight caused by Alternaria brassicae (Berk) Sacc. and A. brassicicola (Schw) Wiltshire. It is the most destructive and major disease problem under eastern Uttar Pradesh in Indian condition causing both the quantitative and qualitative losses. The evaluation criteria for host resistance against the disease considered were the number and size of spot, number of conidia per spot on both the vegetative (leaf) and reproductive (pod) parts were regularly recorded at periodical intervals starting from the disease appearance till the physiological maturity of each genotypes. The indices which were considered for in built resistance were delayed appearance of visible symptoms, minimum number of spot and their size, number of conidia per spot as well as the minimum leaf defoliation. The disease appeared first in genotype T-9 (44 DAS) which was delayed in GSL-5 (53 DAS). The number of spot/10cm2, size, sporulation capacity in terms of conidia per spot varied invariably among the genotypes and significantly in some cases. The appearance of disease symptoms in the form of blighted spots varied invariably (44 to 53 DAS) in different genotypes. The delayed appearance of disease symptoms (53 and 52 DAS), lower number of spot / 10cm2 on leaf (3.07 and 3.65), pods (3.74 and 4.14), smallest spot size on leaf (3.54 and 3.05 cm), pods (1.22 and 1.27 cm2), number of conidia per spot on leaf (1230 and 1630), pods (130 and 150) were visualised in genotype GSL-5 and Pusa Aditya,respectively indicating a certain pattern and may be considered as attributes of disease resistance. Further, this fact was strengthened with minimum leaf defoliation (32.03 and 35.55%), PDI on leaf (12.35 and 14.16), pods (7.73 and 7.93) and ultimately the AUDPC calculated on leaf (486.70 and 551.90) and pods (282.85 and 291.05). Accordingly both the genotypes were grouped in moderately resistant (MR) category. The correlation coefficient (r) among parameters attributing to resistance behaviour worked out proved helpful in drawing the conclusion. Because very limited source of durable resistance are available, it may be suggested to exploit the two genotypes i.e.GSL-5 and Pusa Aditya for breeding programme against Alternaria blight.

DOSSIER: RESISTANCE STUDIES IN THE FRONT OF CATASTROPHE AND THE STATE OF EXCEPTION

The production of a dossier entitled Studies of resistance in the face of catastrophe and the state of exception arises from the need to strengthen research on forms of resistance in different lines of action that assert themselves in the field of literary studies. In this sense, we seek to bring together texts by researchers who collaborate with the qualification and development of scientific and intellectual dissemination in dialogical processes between the areas of History, Philosophy, Psychoanalysis, Cinema, Visual Arts and Literature. This is affirmed due to the significant reflections on ways contrary to totalitarianism, authoritarianism and other forms of oppression. The categories Resistance and Testimony are present in studies such as those by Alfredo Bosi, Augusto Sarmento-Pantoja, Bárbara Harlow, Giorgio Agamben, Jaime Ginzburg, Márcio Seligmann-Silva, Michel Foucault, Paul Ricœur, Tânia Sarmento-Pantoja, Sigmund Freud, Stuart Hall, Theodor Adorno, Tzvetan Todorov, Walter Benjamin, among others, who have shown a broad theoretical-critical insertion in investigations related to Cultural Studies, Sociological Criticism, Historical Materialism and Discourse Analysis. This mobility through different theoretical-methodological approaches is a consequence of the principles and reasons that govern the Resistance and Testimony categories: the need to oppose forces that try at all costs and in the most varied ways to domesticate, subdue, submit, massacre, destroy. The struggles for freedom, for fundamental human and civil rights, for justice and dignity are imperatives that make up the speculative core of Resistance, as the category offers many possibilities for reflection on authoritarianism related to States of Exception, as is the case of Dictatorships. The production of a Dossier that discusses the topic at hand is, finally, an effort to consolidate, disseminate and interconnect scientific knowledge with regard to research guided by social commitment. This is strengthened even more when we find that, at the present time, extremist groups occupy the streets of our country in defense of the values and practices of the civil-military dictatorship, idealizing them to simultaneously obstruct the critical knowledge pertinent to that period and also silence its reverberations in the cultural, educational, social and political spheres. Thinking about alternatives contrary to such actions and strategies of oppression, like the dossier Studies of resistance in the face of catastrophe and the state of exception, becomes an indispensable act for contemporary scientific thought.KEYWORDS: Resistance. A testimony. Catastrophe. State of Exception.

Genome-resolved insight into the reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes in aquatic microbial community

Aquatic microbial communities are an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, distribution and diversity of different ARG categories in environmental microbes with different ecological strategies is not yet well studied. Despite the potential exposure of the southern part of the Caspian Sea to the release of antibiotics, little is known about its natural resistome profile. We used a combination of Hidden Markov model (HMM), homology alignment and a deep learning approach for comprehensive screening of the diversity and distribution of ARGs in the Caspian Sea metagenomes at genome resolution. Detected ARGs were classified into five antibiotic resistance categories including prevention of access to target (44%), modification/protection of targets (30%), direct modification of antibiotics (22%), stress resistance (3%), and metal resistance (1%). The 102 detected ARG containing metagenome-assembled genomes of the Caspian Sea were dominated by representatives of Acidimicrobiia, Gammaproteobacteria, and Actinobacteria classes. Comparative analysis revealed that the highly abundant, oligotrophic, and genome streamlined representatives of taxa Acidimicrobiia and Actinobacteria modify the antibiotic target via mutation to develop antibiotic resistance rather than carrying extra resistance genes. Our results help with understanding how the encoded resistance categories of each genome are aligned with its ecological strategies.

The Accelerate Pheno™ System-A New Tool in Microbiological Diagnostics of Bloodstream Infections: A Pilot Study from Poland.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the Accelerate Pheno™ system (APS) (Accelerate Diagnostics, Denver, CO, USA) for rapid laboratory diagnosis of bloodstream infections. The study included 45 positive blood samples obtained from patients hospitalized in University Hospital No. 1 in Bydgoszcz, Poland. In 40 (88.9%) blood samples, the APS was capable of identification of at least one microorganism at the genus or species level and in 38 (84.4%) of them additionally assessed antimicrobial susceptibility. The time of identification and the time to result of antimicrobial susceptibility ranged from 1:32 to 1:42 and 5:02 to 5:36 h, respectively. Six positive blood samples revealed a poly-microbial culture. In these cases, only one out of two or three microorganisms was detected by the APS, and the system assessed antimicrobial susceptibility only for them. For 78.6% positive blood samples, agreement on identification compared to mass spectrometry was found. For all but one sample, a 96-100% compliance of the resistance category was achieved when comparing the antimicrobial susceptibility testing results to conventional methods. Using the APS, the total time to report was reduced from 13:34 to even 63:47 h compared to the standard microbiological laboratory workflow. The APS is a very useful system, especially for the rapid assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria directly from positive blood samples, offering the greatest potential for microbiology laboratories operating around the clock.

Screening of short-day onions for resistance to Stemphylium leaf blight in the seed-to-bulb stage (stage I) and bulb-to-seed stage (stage II).

Stemphylium leaf blight, caused by Stemphylium vesicarium, is a very important fungal disease in onions since its epidemics are able to affect both the bulb yield and the seed quality. The aim of this study was to screen onion genotypes at stage I (seed to bulb) and further screen the identified resistant and susceptible genotypes at stage II (bulb to seed). One hundred and fifty-seven genotypes were screened against SLB under artificially inoculated field conditions. Results revealed a significant variation among the morphological and biochemical traits studied. Correlation studies revealed a significant and negative correlation between percent disease incidence (PDI), pseudostem width, neck thickness, and dry matter. Fifteen genotypes were identified as moderately resistant, and the rest were categorized as susceptible. Bulbs of the genotypes, identified as moderately resistant, were again screened for resistance in stage II. All the genotypes were categorized as moderately susceptible. Biochemical analysis revealed that total foliar phenol content, pyruvic acid, catalase, and peroxidase increased up to 20 days after inoculation (DAI) and thereafter declined. Protein content was highest in the initial stage and declined at 10, 20, and 30 DAI. The higher biochemical activity was observed in moderately resistant category genotypes compared with the susceptible ones. Correlation analysis showed a highly significant and negative correlation of PDI with total foliar phenol content (TFPC), pyruvic acid, catalase, peroxidase, and protein content. To conclude, it was observed that screening against SLB should be done at both the stages (stage I and Stage II) to identify resistant onion genotypes. Direction selection for genotypes with high dry matter, higher phenols, and enzymes may be an alternative pathway to select genotypes for a robust resistance breeding program.

PEMETAAN TINGKAT KETAHANAN PANGAN WILAYAH DI KABUPATEN SIDENRENG RAPPANG

This research was conducted with the aim to: (1) Identify food security indicators of each sub-district in Sidenreng Rappang Regency. (2) Analyze the level of sub-district food security based on regional food security indicators in Sidenreng Rappang Regency. (3) Mapping food security based on the level of food security of each sub-district in Sidenreng Rappang Regency. This study was conducted with evaluative descriptive methods, supported by quantitafif data and information aimed at better describing the food security conditions of the region related to food security indicators. The analysis unit used is the Subdistrict Scale which uses 20 indicators of the Food Security Index. The results of this study showed that: (1) The level of food security of each sub-district in Sidenreng Rappang Regency varied from various indicators of food insecurity based on Food Availability where almost all sub-districts fall into the category of food resistance with an average score of 5.27, only one sub-district is in the category of food resistance. Food Access with an average score of 4.80 is in the food resistant category. Food absorption with an average score of 5.27 is in the food resistant category. Food Vulnerability with an average score of 4.85 is in the food resistant category. Based on the composite results, it can be produced the Food Defense Map of Sidenreng Rappang Regency can be concluded that in general Sidenreng Rappang regency has Food Resistant status.

Coral bleaching resistance variation is linked to differential mortality and skeletal growth during recovery.

The prevalence of global coral bleaching has focused much attention on the possibility of interventions to increase heat resistance. However, if high heat resistance is linked to fitness tradeoffs that may disadvantage corals in other areas, then a more holistic view of heat resilience may be beneficial. In particular, overall resilience of a species to heat stress is likely to be the product of both resistance to heat and recovery from heat stress. Here, we investigate heat resistance and recovery among individual Acropora hyacinthus colonies in Palau. We divided corals into low, moderate, and high heat resistance categories based on the number of days (4-9) needed to reach significant pigmentation loss due to experimental heat stress. Afterward, we deployed corals back onto a reef in a common garden 6-month recovery experiment that monitored chlorophyll a, mortality, and skeletal growth. Heat resistance was negatively correlated with mortality during early recovery (0-1 month) but not late recovery (4-6 months), and chlorophyll a concentration recovered in heat-stressed corals by 1-month postbleaching. However, moderate-resistance corals had significantly greater skeletal growth than high-resistance corals by 4 months of recovery. High- and low-resistance corals on average did not exhibit skeletal growth within the observed recovery period. These data suggest complex tradeoffs may exist between coral heat resistance and recovery and highlight the importance of incorporating multiple aspects of resilience into future reef management programs.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETIL ASETAT DAUN RAMBUSA DAN DAUN KARAMUNTING TERHADAP Streptococcus mutans

Empirically, many natural ingredients have been used in preventive care for the treatment of dental and oral disorders. Chronic conditions on the teeth with the appearance of plaque and tooth decay are referred to as dental caries which are characterized by toothache and also digestive disorders. Streptococcus mutans is known as the bacteria that most often causes dental caries. Karamunting and rambusa plants have enough potential as antibacterials because there have been many studies that have shown their potential as antibacterial activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate extract of karamunting leaves and rambusa leaves against Streptococcus mutans. Antibacterial activity test using well diffusion method by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone. The results showed that the ethyl acetate extract of karamunting leaves 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% had inhibition zone diameters of 4.6 mm, 4.1 mm, 0 mm, 0 mm, 0 mm, respectively while rambusa leaves 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% had inhibition zone diameters of 4.4 mm, 8.7mm, 9.4 mm, 5.3mm and 8.8mm respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of karamunting and rambusa leaves is known to have weak antibacterial activity in the resistant category.

Achyranthes aspera Extracts as Adjuvants for the Redressal of Antibiotic Resistance.

Achyranthes aspera seeds and leaves are believed to reverse antibiotic resistance and increase the efficacy of current drugs. Achyranthes aspera seeds and leaves contain many secondary metabolites needed for the redressal of antibiotic resistance. In the present study, seven different antibiotics were used against five different strains of bacteria such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. For Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Cefoxitin, Penicillin, and Co-trimoxazole were resistant out of seven antibiotics. The zone of inhibition for all these three antibiotics goes from the resistant to the sensitive range after the combination with plant extracts. For Enterococcus faecalis, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Penicillin, Amoxicillin, Imipenem, and Vancomycin were resistant after treatment with the plant extracts, and the Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Imipenem, and Vancomycin zones of inhibition were from the resistant to the sensitive range. An increase in zone sizes was observed for Penicillin, but it remained resistant while no zone of inhibition was observed for Amoxicillin. For Acinetobacter baumannii, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, and Imipenem were resistant. After a combination of these antibiotics with plant extracts, a change in zone sizes was observed for Levofloxacin and Ceftriaxone, but it was not considerable as it remained in the resistance and intermediate ranges. No zones of inhibition were observed for Ciprofloxacin, Ceftazidime, or Imipenem. For Klebsiella pneumoniae, all the antibiotics were resistant. An increase in zone sizes was observed after a combination with plant extracts for Ceftazidime and Imipenem in Klebsiella pneumoniae, but it remained in the resistance category. No zone of inhibition was observed for Pseudomonas aeruginosa before or after using plant extracts against any antibiotic. This study suggests that the Achyranthes aspera seed and leaf extracts can reverse antibiotic resistance without any side effects on the human body, and that they can reverse antibiotic resistance naturally.

Antibacterial activity test of solid soap with torch ginger's (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.sm.) flower extract

Ethanol extract of torch ginger’s flower (Etlingera elatior) is rich in active compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins, steroids. Flavonoids are bioactive compounds that serve as antioxidants and antibacterials. This study aims to find the antibacterial activity of solid soap with torch ginger’s flower extract against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. This study includes the preparation of simplicia, extracts, moisture content, total ash levels, insoluble acid ash levels, water soluble extract levels. The first evaluation includes organoleptic test, pH, irritation, and stability. The formulation of the tested soap preparations was 5%, 7.5%, 10%. The data analysis was performed with ANOVA. The results of this study revealed that its ethanolic extract had a moderate category of bacterial resistance against S.aureus where in FI (5%) has a clear zone with 7 mm in diameter, FII (7.5%) 8.3 mm and FIII (10%) 10.4 mm.Furthermore,for P.aeruginosa, it has a moderate clear zone with diameter in FI (5%) is 8.86 mm, FII (7.5%) is 9.73 mm, and FIII is 10.6 mm. Torch ginger’s flower ethanolic extract had anantibacterial activity against S.aureus and P.aeruginosa with the widestclear zone is in the FIII (10%, v/v) in the number of 10.4 mm against S.aureus and 10.6 mm against P.aeruginosa with moderate resistance category.

Screening of wild okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) against yellow vein mosaic and enation leaf curl diseases

Okra yellow vein mosaic (OYVMD) and enation leaf curl diseases (OELCuD) are the most important biotic diseases which cause yield and quality loss in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench). Therefore, development of viral resistance varieties and lines become important breeding objective worldwide. Wild relatives are the natural source for disease and pest resistance. Hence an experiment was conducted at research farm of ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during rainy (kharif) season 2020 and for screening of 24 wild genotypes to identify the resistance source for OYVMD and OELCuD diseases of okra. PDI (Percent disease incidence) for OYVMD varied from 3.12–93.72, while PDI for OELCuD ranged from 0.00–83.29. The area under disease progress curve for both the diseases indicated that the rate of disease incidence was in increasing trend with the growth of the crop. Based on the natural epiphytotic screening A. moschatus (IC 141055), A. tetraphyllus (IC 90476-1) and A. caillei (Sikkim) were 3 top most genotypes from different species which showed very less incidence of OYVMD and no incidence of OELCuD. These genotypes were grouped in highly resistant category for both the diseases; other genotypes grouped in this category were A. moschatus (EC 360900), A. tetraphyllus (IC 90515 and IC 470735). These genotypes can be used further for interspecific breeding programme and resistant variety development in okra.