Type Of Resistance Research Articles

The influence of line on indicators of dairy productivity of the Holstein cows with various levels of stress resistance

The selection of animals depending on their line is one of the promising methods of rearing brood animals aimed at increasing the productivity of dairy herds. Specialists of enterprises engaged in breeding work with dairy cattle include the level of stress resistance in the list of animal assessment indicators. The purpose of the research is to assess the effect of linear dependence on the indicators of dairy productivity of Holstein cows of various levels of stress resistance. The studies were conducted on cows of the Vis Back Ideal 1013415 and Reflection Sovering 198998 lines of the Ural collective farm in the Sverdlovsk region (120 heads). Dividing cows into groups relative to stress resistance levels, the coefficient of synchronicity of milk yield of the studied animals (Ksm) was estimated. The level of stress resistance in each animal was determined by the percentage ratio of Ksm to the average value of the group. The low level of stress resistance corresponded to 110.0% or more; the average level was 100.0-109.0%; the high level was less than 100.0%. It was found that milk yield for 305 days of the first lactation was higher in groups of cows with a high type of stress resistance by an average of 7.1%. At the same time, only in animals of the Reflection Sovering 198998 line, this difference turned out to be significant and amounted to 11.2% (at P≤0.001). In cows belonging to the Vis Back Ideal 1013415 line, the difference in lifetime milk yield between cows with low and high levels of stress resistance was 7.8%, in individuals of the Reflection Sovering 198998 line - 20.9% (at P≤0.05). Consequently, it can be assumed that among the animals of the Reflection Sovering 198998 line, the selection of cows according to the level of resistance to stress will be more effective.

Two case reports of biliary stent infections by extensively drug-resistant Escherichia coli carrying blaNDM-5 at a tertiary-care hospital in West Bengal, India.

Rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an acute public health emergency impeding the clinical efficacy of surgical interventions. Biliary stent placement is one of the routine surgical procedures that rarely lead to infections that are empirically managed by broad-spectrum β-lactams and fluoroquinolones. Critical priority pathogens, such as carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli challenge treatment outcomes and infection prevention. Two carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli isolates recovered from biliary stent-infected patients were investigated for drug resistance and molecular typing from a tertiary-care hospital in eastern India. The isolates were extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and remained susceptible to aminoglycosides, tigecycline, fosfomycin, or colistin. Carbapenemase blaNDM-5 was carried by both the isolates that either belonged to strain type ST361 or ST405. This is the first report of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli carrying blaNDM-5 being recovered from biliary stent infections in India. Targeted antibiotic therapy is pivotal for the XDR infections, while molecular typing facilitates infection prevention measures by source tracking and control.

Whole-genome sequencing reveals transmission pattern and drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis intra- or inter-hosts.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious global public health problem. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is responsible for approximately 10 million new TB cases globally each year. This study aimed to investigate transmission pattern and drug resistance of MTB in Shenzhen, China. A retrospective study on 286 samples from 184 TB patients collected between 2015 and 2018 in Shenzhen Third People's Hospital was conducted using whole-genome sequencing. Drug susceptibility testing (DST) was performed using both phenotypic DST (pDST) and molecular DST (mDST). Sample diversity was evaluated by SNPs and transmission clusters were identified based on SNP differences of 12 or fewer in genetic clusters. Except four samples identified as non-tuberculous mycobacteria, 282 MTB samples (181 patients) underwent mDST, with 244 samples (162 patients) undergoing pDST. The overall multidrug-resistant rate in patients was 22.31% in pDST (12.00% for new patients and 40.82% for retreatment patients) and 34.48% in mDST (20.41% for new patients and 58.21% for retreatment patients). Totally 92 transmission clusters were identified, encompassing 70.21% samples (57.46% patients), with 5 clusters containing samples (15, 5.32%) from different patients (9, 4.97%), indicating recent transmission. The drug-resistant mutations in 36 of 45 transmission clusters (80.00%) were identical in all samples, suggesting the transmission of drug resistance. Patients with multiple samples were categorized into simultaneous sampling (SS) and continuous sampling (CS) groups, revealing significant differences in treatment types, treatment outcomes, residential addresses, and drug resistance types. mDST showed greater accuracy than pDST in SS and CS groups. A novel method based on heterozygous SNPs and two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were developed and identified 12 (4.26%) samples as mixed infection samples. Six of 12 patients had mixed and pure samples together, and major strains of mixed samples were closer to corresponding pure strains than minor strains. This retrospective study, conducted at the only municipal hospital specializing in infectious diseases in Shenzhen, provides the opportunity to understand drug resistance of TB patients, which mainly are refractory patients. The study revealed transmission patterns of MTB, analyzed mixed infections, and tracked changes in MTB strains during short/long-term treatment.

The effect of three types of water-based training protocols on thymus atrophy and specific indicators of cellular immune senescence in aged male rats

The collective detrimental impact of aged naive lymphocytes and thymus atrophy on the aging of the immune system can be mitigated by exercise. Hence, this research aims to explore the effects of three methods of water-based exercises on immune system aging and thymus atrophy in elderly rats. Thirty-two 24-month-old rats, with an average weight of 320 ± 5 g, were randomly allocated into four groups of endurance training (n = 8), resistance training (n = 8), combined training (n = 8), and control (n = 8).The training protocols (10 weeks) were conducted four times a week in a container measuring 50 × 50x100 cm filled with water at 30 ± 1 °C. The evaluation of naïve and memory T lymphocytes was conducted for the intervention groups based on the expression or lack of expression of the CD28 and CD57 markers in the subsets of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. Naïve T cells were represented by CD28 + CD57- T lymphocytes, memory T cells were represented by CD28- CD57- T lymphocytes, aged naïve T cells were indicated by CD28 + CD57 + lymphocytes, and aged memory T cells were represented by CD28- CD57 + lymphocytes. The findings of the study showed that all three exercise protocols resulted in a significant decrease in levels of memory CD8, aged CD8, naive and naive CD4 and CD8, and aged memory, as well as an increase in levels of CD4, CD8, CD4 + , and naive CD8 when compared to the control group. It was observed that thymus atrophy, memory CD4, and aged CD4 had a significant decrease only in the combined exercise group compared to the control group, with no significant differences observed in these indicators for the resistance and endurance groups. Furthermore, the ratio of CD4 to CD8 remained unchanged across all groups. The findings of this study suggest greater efficacy of combined training in enhancing specific health indicators of cell immunity among elderly populations. Moreover, engaging in water exercises of all three types of combined, resistance, and endurance training are deemed safe activities for older individuals to bolster their immune system and mitigate the aging process of T cells.

State-of-the-Art Liver Cancer Organoids: Modeling Cancer Stem Cell Heterogeneity for Personalized Treatment.

Liver cancer poses a global health challenge with limited therapeutic options. Notably, the limited success of current therapies in patients with primary liver cancers (PLCs) may be attributed to the high heterogeneity of both hepatocellular carcinoma (HCCs) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCAs). This heterogeneity evolves over time as tumor-initiating stem cells, or cancer stem cells (CSCs), undergo (epi)genetic alterations or encounter microenvironmental changes within the tumor microenvironment. These modifications enable CSCs to exhibit plasticity, differentiating into various resistant tumor cell types. Addressing this challenge requires urgent efforts to develop personalized treatments guided by biomarkers, with a specific focus on targeting CSCs. The lack of effective precision treatments for PLCs is partly due to the scarcity of ex vivo preclinical models that accurately capture the complexity of CSC-related tumors and can predict therapeutic responses. Fortunately, recent advancements in the establishment of patient-derived liver cancer cell lines and organoids have opened new avenues for precision medicine research. Notably, patient-derived organoid (PDO) cultures have demonstrated self-assembly and self-renewal capabilities, retaining essential characteristics of their respective in vivo tissues, including both inter- and intratumoral heterogeneities. The emergence of PDOs derived from PLCs serves as patient avatars, enabling preclinical investigations for patient stratification, screening of anticancer drugs, efficacy testing, and thereby advancing the field of precision medicine. This review offers a comprehensive summary of the advancements in constructing PLC-derived PDO models. Emphasis is placed on the role of CSCs, which not only contribute significantly to the establishment of PDO cultures but also faithfully capture tumor heterogeneity and the ensuing development of therapy resistance. The exploration of PDOs' benefits in personalized medicine research is undertaken, including a discussion of their limitations, particularly in terms of culture conditions, reproducibility, and scalability.

New Perspectives on Antimicrobial Agents: Omadacycline for community-acquired pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections, and nontuberculous mycobacteria (focus on M. abscessus).

Omadacycline is a novel antimicrobial belonging to the tetracycline class. It has the ability to evade both efflux and ribosomal methylation types of resistance and therefore has an expanded spectrum compared to other tetracycline agents. Omadacycline is active against a number of multidrug-resistant bacteria, including macrolide and doxycycline-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, and several enteric gram-negative bacilli. It also has activity against many nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) species. It is available both orally and intravenously, which allows for feasible switch therapy. This review will assess the antimicrobial activity, pharmacology, safety, and clinical efficacy of omadacycline and present the opinions of the authors on where to position omadacycline for clinical practice.

The Impact of Family Parent-child Games and Attachment Relationships on Children's Social Adaptability

This paper explores the impact of family parent-child games (PCG) and attachment on children's social adaptability in depth. PCG, which include a variety of types, positively affect children's cognitive development, emotional development, social skills (SS) training, and adaptive behavior. Attachment are divided into secure, avoidant, and resistant types, among others. A secure attachment (SA) helps children establish a positive self-concept, promotes exploratory behavior, enhances cognitive development, regulates emotions, and develops SS, which are also crucial to children's adaptive behavior. PCG and attachment influence each other and jointly affect children's adaptability. A positive family environment (FE) is conducive to the development of both. Strategies to promote children's social adaptability include enhancing the quality and frequency of PCG, establishing secure attachment, and leveraging the collaborative effects of family, school, and society. In summary, family PCG and attachment significantly impact the development of children's social adaptability. Parents should value and cooperate with schools and society to create a favorable growth environment for children.

Betaine combined with traditional Chinese medicine ointment to treat skin wounds in microbially infected diabetic mice.

Skin wounds are highly common in diabetic patients, and with increasing types of pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance, wounds and infections in diabetic patients are difficult to treat and heal. To explore the effects of betaine ointment (BO) in promoting the healing of skin wounds and reducing the inflammation and apoptosis of skin cells in microbially infected diabetic mice. By detecting the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of betaine and plant monomer components such as psoralen, we prepared BO with betaine as the main ingredient, blended it with traditional Chinese medicines such as gromwell root and psoralen, and evaluated its antibacterial effects and safety in vitro and in vivo. The skin infection wound models of ordinary mice and diabetic mice were constructed, and the OTC drugs mupirocin ointment and Zicao ointment were used as controls to evaluate the antibacterial effects in vivo and the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of BO. The MICs of betaine against microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans ranged from 4 to 32 μg/mL. Gromwell root and psoralea, both of which contain antimicrobial components, mixed to prepare BO with MICs ranging from 16 to 64 μg/mL, which is 32-256 times lower than those of Zicao ointment, although the MIC is greater than that of betaine. After 15 days of treatment with BO for USA300-infected ordinary mice, the wound scab removal rates were 83.3%, while those of mupirocin ointment and Zicao ointment were 66.7% and 0%, respectively, and the differences were statistically significant. In diabetic mice, the wound scab removal rate of BO and mupirolacin ointment was 80.0%, but BO reduced wound inflammation and the apoptosis of skin cells and facilitated wound healing. The ointment prepared by mixing betaine and traditional Chinese medicine can effectively inhibit common skin microorganisms and has a strong effect on the skin wounds of sensitive or drug-resistant S. aureus-infected ordinary mice and diabetic mice.

First Report of Antibiotic-Resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus Strains Isolated from Technical Snow on Ski Slopes in Mountain Areas

Coagulase-negative staphylococci form a heterogeneous group defined solely by the lack of coagulase. Initially considered non-pathogenic, they are now known to be opportunistic pathogens of increasing importance. This study was conducted to examine the prevalence of Staphylococcus spp., their taxonomic diversity, antibiotic resistance patterns and genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance in the water resources used within the technical snow production process. The types of samples included (1) river water at intakes where water is drawn for snowmaking, (2) water stored in technical reservoirs, from which it is pumped into the snowmaking systems, (3) and technical snowmelt water. The study was conducted in the catchments of five rivers: Białka, Biały Dunajec, Raba and Wisła in Poland, and Studený Potok in Slovakia. Staphylococcus spp. was detected in all types of samples: in 17% of river water, 25% of reservoir-stored water and in 60% of technical snowmelt water. All staphylococci were coagulase-negative (CoNS) and belonged to 10 species, with S. epidermidis being the most prevalent in river water, S. warneri and S. pasteuri in reservoir-stored water and S. haemolyticus in snowmelt water. The highest resistance rates to erythromycin and macrolide/lincosamid/streptogramin b (MLSb) types of resistance were detected in all types of samples, accompanied by the erythromycin efflux pump-determining msrA gene as the most frequent genetic determinant of antibiotic resistance. This study is the first report of the presence of antibiotic-resistant, including multidrug-resistant, CoNS carrying more than one gene determining antibiotic resistance in technical snow in the mountain areas of the Central European countries.

From river to groundwater: Antibiotics pollution, resistance prevalence, and source tracking.

The extensive use of antibiotics has led to their frequent detection as residues in the environment. However, monitoring of their levels in groundwater and the associated ecological and health risks remains limited, and the impact of river pollution on groundwater is still unclear. This study focused on the highly urbanized Maozhou River and its groundwater. Forty-five antibiotics and microbial community composition were analyzed by high-resolution LC-MS/MS and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, respectively. These endpoints were measured in sediment, surface- and groundwater sampled during wet and dry seasons, while isolation and resistance profiling of Escherichia coli was performed in groundwater. This study aimed to assess the ecological and health risks posed by antibiotics in the Maozhou River and its groundwater, to assess the prevalence and type of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli, and to trace the sources of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in groundwater. Multiple antibiotics detected in the river and sediment were predicted to pose high risks to algae growth and bacterial resistance selection. In groundwater, the antibiotics erythromycin and norfloxacin were predicted to pose a medium risk to algae and a low risk towards bacterial resistance. Furthermore, significant positive correlations were observed between several predominant bacterial phyla in the river and groundwater and the detected antibiotics, suggesting a possible effect of local antibiotic residues on bacterial community composition. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 76 Escherichia coli isolates revealed 74% exhibited resistance to at least one tested antibiotic and 7.9% exhibiting multidrug resistance, which was confirmed by ARG-targeted PCR analysis. SourceTracker analysis of ARGs in groundwater indicated that ARG contamination in shallow groundwater was primarily from river sediments, while contamination in deeper groundwater originated mainly from river water. The results emphasize the need to address river pollution, as it directly impacts groundwater quality, particularly in areas with severe antibiotic contamination.

Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation on the structure and digestion of resistant starch type 3 and properties of fermented starch in the simulated digestion system

Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation on the structure and digestion of resistant starch type 3 and properties of fermented starch in the simulated digestion system

Prognostic impact of primary versus secondary resistance to sorafenib in patients with HCC.

Sorafenib is a first-line treatment option for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the impact of sorafenib resistance type on patient survival prediction and choice of second-line treatment regimen is unknown. This study aims to explore the factors predicting resistance in patients with HCC receiving sorafenib, the impact of resistance on survival, and the optimal second-line treatment regimen. This was a retrospective cohort study. We recruited all patients with advanced HCC who received first-line sorafenib from January 2019 to January 2023 in two medical centers in China. They were divided into primary and secondary resistance groups according to tumor progression within 3 months. Resistance was the primary outcome of this study. The secondary outcomes were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). A total of 424 patients met the inclusion criteria, including 165 patients (38.9%) in the primary group and 259 patients (61.1%) in the secondary group. The independent risk factors for primary resistance were alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) > 400 ng/mL and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) > 40 U/L. Patients in the primary group had significantly shorter median OS than those in the secondary group (9.0 months vs 23.0 months, p < 0.001). Compared with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) monotherapy, the use of TKI plus PD-1 inhibitor combination therapy as second-line treatment conferred a longer median PFS (6.0 vs 10.0 months, p < 0.001) and OS (13.0 vs 22.0 months, p < 0.001). Sorafenib has a high incidence of primary resistance and short survival in patients who develop primary resistance. AFP and ALT are influential factors in primary resistance, and it is valuable to use these two metrics to guide the use of sorafenib. As second-line therapy, a TKI plus PD-1 inhibitor regimen should be preferentially recommended.

Resistance Theory of Asymmetric 2 × n Circuit Network

ABSTRACTThis article proposes a class of asymmetric 2 × n resistor network model which contains multiple independent resistors; the study of asymmetric resistor network models is a challenge. We conducted in‐depth research on this issue using the RT‐V theory (Chinese Physics B, 2017, 26(9): 090503) and achieved new theoretical breakthroughs. This paper derived five original equivalent resistance formulae for this asymmetric 2 × n circuit network and also discusses the analytical expressions for equivalent resistance in different special cases, and several interesting results have been derived, indicating that the original resistance formula has powerful functionality. Finally, visual graphics of two types of equivalent resistances are provided using MATLAB drawing tools, which reveals the law of equivalent resistance changing with resistance variables. The research theory and technology in this article will provide a new theoretical basis for related scientific, engineering, and simulation research.

Trade‐offs between early planting and yellow rust resistance in wheat: Insights from screening experiments in the Indo‐Gangetic plain

AbstractWheat crops (Triticum aestivum) that are conventionally planted may exhibit susceptibility to yellow rust (YR). However, the disease can be mitigated if the crops are planted earlier than the recommended planting time. A wheat screening experiment was carried out at the Borlaug Institute of South Asia located in Ludhiana, Punjab, India. The purpose of the study was to gain a deeper understanding of the adaptation patterns of early planted wheat. Early planting was found to be more advantageous for production potential, as well as phenology, stature, and physiological traits. In a separate experiment, each year, the same number of genotypes were screened for YR by artificially inoculating them with pathogen spores. The well‐adapted genotypes for early establishment tend to possess a greater vulnerability to YR infection. Furthermore, the infection type score for the genotype selected for early planting showed a significantly greater proportion of S (susceptible) type reactions than for the genotypes adapted to early planting. Intriguingly, more R (resistant) and moderately resistant types of reactions were observed in early‐adapted genotypes than in timely‐adapted ones. Therefore, further concentrated research on YR screening is required to assess the possibility of breeding early sown wheat in the northwest part of the Indo‐Gangetic region.

Bearing capacity of plates under distributed load

In the current conditions of rapiddevelopment of the construction industry, there is aneed to use high-strength concrete, createinnovative structural systems and study effectivebuilding materials and structures. One of the mosteffective materials of the new generation is steelfiber concrete, which, due to its exceptionalproperties, is actively used in modern construction.Studies of bearing capacity [4, 9, 15] are animportant direction in construction engineering, asthey make it possible to assess the operationalcapabilities of slabs and develop effective methodsfor increasing their bearing capacity, deformabilityand resistance to cracking.As part of the work, comprehensiveexperimental studies were conducted to assess thestress-strain state of slabs with different types ofreinforcement. Reinforced concrete and fiberconcrete slabs were studied in order to comparetheir behavior under load depending on the methodof reinforcement.The results of the experiments showed the highefficiency of fiber in improving the strengthcharacteristics of slabs. Steel fibers contribute toincreasing the strength of structures and reducingthe manifestations of cracking.Thus, the choice of the type of dispersedreinforcement depends on the specific operationalrequirements of the structure. The use of dispersedreinforcement in construction significantlyincreases the strength characteristics, crackresistance and durability of structures, includingslabs, making them more reliable and resistant tovarious types of loads, including operational loads

Clinical and metagenomic predicted antimicrobial resistance in pediatric critically ill patients with infectious diseases in a single center of Zhejiang

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat to pediatric health; therefore, precise identification of pathogens as well as AMR is imperative. This study aimed at comprehending antibiotic resistance patterns among critically ill children with infectious diseases admitted to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and to clarify the impact of drug-resistant bacteria on the prognosis of children.MethodsThis study retrospectively collected clinical data, identified pathogens and AMR from 113 children’s who performed metagenomic next-generation sequencing for pathogen and antibiotic resistance genes identification, and compared the clinical characteristic difference and prognostic effects between children with and without AMR detected.ResultsBased on the presence or absence of AMR test results, the 113 patients were divided into Antimicrobial resistance test positive group (AMRT+, n = 44) and Antimicrobial resistance test negative group (AMRT-, n = 69). Immunocompromised patients (50% vs. 28.99%, P = 0.0242) and patients with underlying diseases (70.45% vs. 40.58%, P = 0.0019) were more likely to develop resistance to antibiotics. Children in the AMRT + group showed significantly increased C-reaction protein, score of pediatric sequential organ failure assessment and pediatric risk of mortality of children and longer hospital stay and ICU stay in the AMRT + group compared to the AMRT+- group (P < 0.05). Detection rate of Gram-negative bacteria was significantly higher in the AMRT + group rather than Gram-positive bacteria (n = 45 vs. 31), in contrast to the AMRT- group (n = 10 vs. 36). Cephalosporins, β-lactams/β-Lactamase inhibitors, carbapenems and sulfonamides emerged as the most common types of drug resistance in children. Resistance rates to these antibiotics exhibited considerable variation across common pathogens, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii.ConclusionsThe development of drug resistance in bacteria will significantly affect the prognosis of patients. The significant differences in drug resistance of common pathogenic bacteria indicate that identification of drug resistance is important for the rational use of antibiotics and patient prognosis.

Comparative Review of Fusarium graminearum Infection in Maize and Wheat: Similarities in Resistance Mechanisms and Future Directions.

Fusarium graminearum is one of the most important plant-pathogenic fungi that causes disease on wheat and maize, as it decreases yield in both crops and produces mycotoxins that pose a risk to human and animal health. Resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat is well studied and documented. However, resistance to Gibberella ear rot (GER) in maize is less understood, despite several similarities with FHB. In this review, we synthesize existing literature on the colonization strategies, toxin accumulation, genetic architecture and potential mechanisms of resistance to GER in maize and compare it to what is known regarding FHB in wheat. There are several similarities in the infection and colonization strategies of F. graminearum in maize and wheat. We describe multiple types of GER resistance in maize and identify distinct genetic regions for each resistance type. We discuss the potential of phenylpropanoids for biochemical resistance to F. graminearum. Phenylpropanoids are well characterized, and there are many similarities in their functional roles for resistance between wheat and maize. These insights can be utilized to improve maize germplasm for GER resistance and are also useful for FHB resistance breeding and management.

Geomorphological Characteristics of a Hydrographic Basin using RS and GIS on the Example of the Venna River (Maharashtra, India)

Assessing the impact of geomorphological processes on a catchment's hydrology necessitates a quantitative analysis of its geometry. This can be effectively achieved using remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS), which have become increasingly popular for supporting strategists and decision-makers in making precise and efficient plans and decisions. A morphometric analysis of the Venna River basin was conducted using RS and geographic information systems GIS. This study aims to assist local communities in effectively utilizing land and water resources for the sustainable development of the basin area. The drainage network was developed by digitizing Survey of India (SOI) toposheets. The Venna River basin, covering an area of 318.96 km², exhibits a dendritic drainage pattern with a 5thorder river system dominated by lower-order streams. A mean bifurcation ratio of 6.02 indicates undulating topography with structural influences on drainage. The basin's elongated shape is reflected in its circulatory ratio (0.3) and elongation ratio (0.38), while a form factor of 0.12 suggests low peak flows over extended durations. Low drainage density value of 0.6, indicates that basin has high permeability, slow surface runoff and value of constant of channel maintenance of 1.66 indicates basin has moderate slopes and effective infiltration. The relief ranges from 619 m to 1380 m, with a relief ratio of 0.015, indicating less resistant rock types. A ruggedness number of 0.46 suggests moderately rough terrain, allowing for some erosion potential while highlighting the basin's capacity for water retention, infiltration and sustainable resource management. The areal parameters, such as the form factor, circulatory ratio, elongation ratio and drainage density, suggest elongated basin geometry with high drainage intensity, implying slower runoff and moderate potential for groundwater recharge. The results of this study are valuable for effective watershed management, erosion control, and informed decision-making in land use planning and engineering projects.

Summary of the results of field and laboratory studies of hydraulic resistance during channel bending

The reliability of channel forecasts, performed using mathematical modeling methods in the design of engineering activities on shipping rivers, largely depends on the accuracy of the assessment of hydraulic resistance and sediment transport parameters. Therefore, the hydraulic resistance of natural channels is one of the largest problems in the dynamics of channel flows and is the object of close attention of scientists. In the resistance of natural channels, roughness appears in three forms: the first of them is the roughness of the granular surface of the bottom; the second is the roughness created by boulders and the third type is the roughness of microforms: ripples and ridges. Channel mesoforms also contribute to the resistance to water movement: spits, side streams, middle streams, islands, bends of the channel and such complex formations as riffles. This type of resistance is usually called the resistance of the channel form. The resistance of the natural channel shape due to the movement and deformation of mesoforms can change significantly over time. The complexity and insufficient study of this issue significantly limit the possibilities of a theoretical approach to its solution. Therefore, the obtained results are mainly empirical or semiempirical in nature. The paper presents the results of experimental and field studies that allowed us to identify the main features of flow movement in winding sections of rivers. One of the features of flow movement at channel turns is the possibility of additional energy losses. The total resistance of a curved section of a channel is made up of three main parts: the resistance of the granular surface of the bottom, the resistance of the bottom ridges, and the resistance of the channel shape. The additional resistance created by the bend depends on the curvature of the channel, the rate of change in depth along the length of the bend, and also reflects the impact of side streams formed near the convex bank on the flow.

Resistant Starch Type 5 Formation by High Amylopectin Starch-Lipid Interaction.

The formation of resistant starch type 5 (RS5), primarily associated with amylose-lipid complexes, is typically attributed to starches with high-amylose content due to their affinity for lipid interactions. Recently, studies have also investigated the potential of amylopectin-rich starches to form amylopectin-lipid complexes (ALCs), expanding RS5 sources. This study explores the capacity of waxy corn starch (WS), which is rich in amylopectin, to develop ALCs with oleic acid (10% w/w) under different thermal and mechanical conditions. Specifically, WS was treated at temperatures of 80 °C, 85 °C, and boiling, with stirring times of 0 and 45 min. Results demonstrated significant ALC formation, reaching a peak complexation index (CI) of 59% under boiling conditions with 45 min of stirring. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) identified a notable endothermic transition at 110 °C, indicating strong ALC interactions. FTIR spectra further evidenced starch-lipid interactions through bands at 2970 cm-1 and 2888 cm-1. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the presence of orthorhombic nanocrystals in native WS, with ALC samples exhibiting a V-type diffraction pattern, supporting effective complexation. This study advances knowledge on starch-lipid interactions, suggesting ALCs as a promising RS5 form with potential food industry applications due to its structural resilience and associated health benefits.