Performed Resistance Training Research Articles

The Impact of Breakfast Consumption or Omission on Exercise Performance and Adaptations: A Narrative Review

Background: Breakfast is often termed the most important meal of the day. However, its importance to acute and chronic adaptations to exercise is currently not well summarized throughout the literature. Methods: A narrative review of the experimental literature regarding breakfast consumption’s impact on acute and chronic exercise performance and alterations in body composition prior to November 2024 was conducted. To be included in this review, the selected investigations needed to include some aspect of either endurance or resistance training performance and be conducted in humans. Results: These findings suggest that breakfast consumption may benefit acute long-duration (>60 min) but not short-duration (<60 min) morning endurance exercise. Evening time trial performance was consistently inhibited following breakfast omission despite the resumption of eating midday. No or minimal impact of breakfast consumption was found when examining acute morning or afternoon resistance training or the longitudinal adaptations to either resistance or endurance training. Favorable changes in body composition were often noted following the omission of breakfast. However, this was primarily driven by the concomitant reduced kilocalorie intake. Conclusions: Consuming breakfast may aid endurance athletes regularly performing exercise lasting >60 min in length. However, the morning meal’s impact on resistance training and changes in body composition appears to be minimal. Although, as the body of literature is limited, future investigations are needed to truly ascertain the dietary practice’s impact.

The Effects of Normobaric Hypoxia on the Acute Physiological Responses to Resistance Training: A Narrative Review.

Allsopp, GL, Britto, FA, Wright, CR, and Deldicque, L. The effects of normobaric hypoxia on the acute physiological responses to resistance training: a narrative review. J Strength Cond Res 38(11): 2001-2011, 2024-Athletes have used altitude training for many years as a strategy to improve endurance performance. The use of resistance training in simulated altitude (normobaric hypoxia) is a growing strategy that aims to improve the hypertrophy and strength adaptations to training. An increasing breadth of research has characterized the acute physiological responses to resistance training in hypoxia, often with the goal to elucidate the mechanisms by which hypoxia may improve the training adaptations. There is currently no consensus on the overall effectiveness of hypoxic resistance training for strength and hypertrophy adaptations, nor the underlying biochemical pathways involved. There are, however, numerous interesting physiological responses that are amplified by performing resistance training in hypoxia. These include potential changes to the energy system contribution to exercise and alterations to the level of metabolic stress, hormone and cytokine production, autonomic regulation, and other hypoxia-induced cellular pathways. This review describes the foundational exercise physiology underpinning the acute responses to resistance training in normobaric hypoxia, potential applications to clinical populations, including training considerations for athletic populations. The review also presents a summary of the ideal training parameters to promote metabolic stress and associated training adaptations. There are currently many gaps in our understanding of the physiological responses to hypoxic resistance training, partly caused by the infancy of the research field and diversity of hypoxic and training parameters.

Impact of Smartphone-Induced Mental Fatigue on Resistance Training Performance and Efficiency - The Role of Smartphone Use During Workout

Introduction Resistance training volume is a key determinant of muscle hypertrophy and strength development. However, mental fatigue can significantly impact this volume, ultimately affecting performance. One prominent source of mental fatigue in modern gym environments is smartphone use, which has become pervasive and may reduce workout efficiency and overall training volume. Purpose This review examines the dual effects of smartphone use on resistance training outcomes and offers strategies to balance these impacts effectively. Conclusions Smartphone-induced mental fatigue increases perceived exertion, leading to reduced performance during resistance training by lowering volume-load and endurance, particularly in low- and moderate-intensity exercises. Despite this, maximal strength appears to remain unaffected. Additionally, smartphone use diverts cognitive resources, resulting in mental fatigue and impairing both physical and technical performance due to distractions during workouts. It can also unintentionally prolong rest periods, which disrupts the balance between muscle recovery and mental readiness, further decreasing training efficiency. However, smartphones also offer valuable benefits, such as access to fitness apps, progress tracking, and motivational music, which can help maintain or even enhance performance by improving focus and motivation. To minimize distractions and optimize training outcomes, strategies such as using airplane mode or scheduling specific times for phone use are recommended. While excessive smartphone use can impair training efficiency, careful management and strategic use can enable athletes to capitalize on its benefits and improve resistance training results. Future research should focus on developing best practices for incorporating smartphone use in fitness settings to balance its advantages while minimizing its downsides.

Glucose metabolism in the perfused liver did not improve with resistance training in male Swiss mice under caloric restriction

Context: Energy homeostasis is a primary factor for the survival of mammals. Many tissues and organs, among which is the liver, keep this homeostasis in varied circumstances, including caloric restriction (CR) and physical activity. Objective: This study investigated glucose metabolism using the following groups of eight-week-old male Swiss mice: CS, sedentary and fed freely; RS, sedentary and RT, trained, both under 30% CR (n = 20–23 per group). Results: Organs and fat depots of groups RS and RT were similar to CS, although body weight was lower. CR did not impair training performance nor affected systemic or hepatic glucose metabolism. Training combined with CR (group RT) improved in vivo glucose tolerance and did not affect liver gluconeogenesis. Conclusions: The mice tolerated the prolonged moderate CR without impairment of their well-being, glucose homeostasis, and resistance training performance. But the higher liver gluconeogenic efficiency previously demonstrated using this training protocol in mice was not evidenced under CR.

Muscle Oxygen Saturation Dynamics During Upper-Body Resistance Exercise

Research examining the changes in muscle oxygen saturation across multiple sets of resistance exercise is limited. The purpose of this study was to describe the physiological response of muscle oxygenation parameters during upper-body resistance exercise and examine the differential effects of relevant participant characteristics on resistance training performance and muscle oxygen saturation dynamics. Sixty-one recreationally trained men (n = 44; 21.8 ± 2.6 years) and women (n = 17; 20.2 ± 1.8 years) completed five-repetition maximum sets of barbell bench presses at a load equal to 75% 1-RM with a 2 min rest interval. Muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) dynamics within the anterior deltoid were monitored using a portable near-infrared spectroscopy sensor. The percent change in SmO2 (∆%SmO2), the muscle oxygen re-saturation rate (SmO2RecSlope), and the highest measured SmO2 value during recovery periods (SmO2Peak) were measured. Two-way (sex [men, women] x time [sets 1–5]) repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVA) were performed on muscle saturation variables. To examine the effect of relevant controlling variables, separate analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) with repeated measures were also performed. No differences were seen with ∆%SmO2 across sets. The main effects for sets occurred for SmO2RecSlope, whereby a decline was noted on sets 4 and 5 (p = 0.001) compared to set 1. Additionally, SmO2Peak was the lowest on set 5 (p < 0.001) compared to all other sets. Moreover, body mass (p = 0.013), diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.044), and mean arterial pressure (p = 0.033) for ∆%SmO2 were the only significant covariates noted amongst the muscle oxygenation variables. In conclusion, no sex differences and only a few set differences in muscle oxygen saturation dynamics were seen without employing any covariates. Body mass, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure were identified as factors that could influence observed responses.

The application of aquatic resistance exercises in different diseases

Aquatic exercise is an active exercise that make full use of the physical and hydrodynamic characteristics of water in a water environment to achieve a similar strength increase effect as land training, while avoiding the aggravation of joint stress and muscle microdamage caused by repetitive training. It has been widely studied in the field of sports rehabilitation and public fitness, while its form is basically presented in the form of aerobic exercise or interval training, the aquatic resistance exercises are often ignored by people. Due to the influence of the physical characteristics of water, the main form of muscle contraction of athletes performing resistance training in water is similar to isokinetic contraction, and the force used by practitioners is proportional to the resistance of water, which increases the centrifugal load of muscles and greatly reduces the risk of sports injury. In addition to the athletes, aquatic resistance exercises also have certain benefits for other clinical diseases. In this paper, the application of this training in swimming performance, rheumatoid arthritis, postmenopausal osteoporosis and knee osteoarthritis was reviewed in order to improve the clinical understanding and promote its rational application.

The effects of running based HIIT sessions with varying neuromuscular demands on acute resistance training performance

The effects of running based HIIT sessions with varying neuromuscular demands on acute resistance training performance

Neuromuscular response of young athletes during plyometric and sprint exercises

The objective was to analyse the neuromuscular response during jumping and sprint exercises in young athletes and adults. Young athletes were divided into 2 groups: indoor soccer (SOC, n = 12) and rugby (RUG, n = 12) and adults were physical education students (PE, n = 12). Sport groups were trained systematically for their sport for 5 years and performed resistance training at least for 2 years. Neuromuscular response was evaluated using a vertical jump test (CMJA), 15-meter sprint test (SPRI) and a rebound test at 3HZ (REB). Force and electromyography were measured during all tests. Leg stiffness (Kvert), rate of force development (RFD) and muscle activation were calculated and analysed. Pre activation and contact EMG were measured for all tests. EMG signal was normalized by CMJA. There were no differences in maturation level between young sport groups as shown by Mirwald’s formula (p = .897). Significant differences were found in favour of RUG vs SOC during CMJA (p = .029). For SPRI and REB, there were no statistical differences between groups for RFD (p = .585) and (p = .056). Kvert showed no group differences among CMJA (p = .396), SPRI (p = .329) and REB (p = .429). It is concluded that a systematic training in young athletes allows the accelerated development of neuromuscular performance.

Creatine supplementation protocols with or without training interventions on body composition: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.

Despite the robust evidence demonstrating positive effects from creatine supplementation (primarily when associated with resistance training) on measures of body composition, there is a lack of a comprehensive evaluation regarding the influence of creatine protocol parameters (including dose and form) on body mass and estimates of fat-free and fat mass. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effect of creatine supplementation on body composition were included. Electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched up to July 2023. Heterogeneity tests were performed. Random effect models were assessed based on the heterogeneity tests, and pooled data were examined to determine the weighted mean difference (WMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). From 4831 initial records, a total of 143 studies met the inclusion criteria. Creatine supplementation increased body mass (WMD: 0.86 kg; 95% CI: 0.76 to 0.96, I2 = 0%) and fat-free mass (WMD: 0.82 kg; 95% CI: 0.57 to 1.06, I2 = 0%) while reducing body fat percentage (WMD: -0.28 %; 95% CI: -0.47 to -0.09; I2 = 0%). Studies that incorporated a maintenance dose of creatine or performed resistance training in conjunction with supplementation had greater effects on body composition. Creatine supplementation has a small effect on body mass and estimates of fat-free mass and body fat percentage. These findings were more robust when combined with resistance training.

Ketogenic Diet Plus Resistance Training Applied to Physio-Pathological Conditions: A Brief Review

The ketogenic diet (KD) is a nutritional strategy characterized by a reduced intake of carbohydrates (between 30 and 45 g per day or ≈5% of one’s total calories from this macronutrient). The regimen induces physiological ketosis in which serum levels of ketone bodies increase from 0.5 to 3.0 mM, becoming an essential contributor to energy production. The popularity of using the KD to lose weight and its application in specific physio-pathological conditions, such as epilepsy, lipedema, and polycystic ovary syndrome, which is maintained over extended periods, gave us the impulse to write this brief review. In these types of physio-pathological conditions, subjects can achieve favorable training outcomes even if adhering to a KD. Therefore, performing resistance training under the KD to enhance muscle status and quality of life could be possible. It is important to note that, while some statements here suggest potential future directions, they are hypotheses that require experimental validation, even if they are supported by the independent benefits reported from the KD and resistance training and represent a promising area for future research.

Minimum Intensity of Daily Six Eccentric Contractions to Increase Muscle Strength and Size.

Our previous study showed that daily six maximal eccentric contractions that were performed 5 days a week for 4 weeks increased maximal voluntary isometric (MVC-ISO), concentric (MVC-CON), and eccentric contraction (MVC-ECC) strength of the elbow flexors and muscle thickness of biceps brachii and brachialis (MT) by 8.3 ± 4.9%, 11.1 ± 7.4%, 13.5 ± 11.5%, and 10.6 ± 5.1%, respectively. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the muscle strength and MT would still increase when the training intensity was reduced to 2/3 or 1/3 of the peak MVC-ECC torque. Thirty-six healthy young (19-24 years) adults who had not performed resistance training were placed to three groups (n = 12/group): 2/3MVC or 1/3MVC that performed six eccentric contractions with 2/3 or 1/3 MVC-ECC load using a dumbbell 5 days a week for 4 weeks or control group that did not perform any training. Changes in the MVC-ISO, MVC-CON, MVC-ECC torque, and MT before and after the 4-week period were compared among the groups and with the group of the previous study in which six maximal eccentric contractions were performed 5 days a week for 4 weeks (MVC group; n = 12). The control and 1/3MVC groups showed no significant changes in any measures. Significant (p < 0.05) increases in MVC-ISO (10.3 ± 11.4%), MVC-CON (10.9 ± 9.5%), and MVC-ECC (9.3 ± 8.8%) torque and MT (10.1 ± 9.2%) were observed for the 2/3MVC group. These changes were not significantly different from those of the MVC group. These results suggest that the 2/3-intensity eccentric contractions with a dumbbell are as effective as maximal-intensity isokinetic eccentric contractions to induce muscle adaptations.

Multi-Ingredient Preworkout Supplementation Compared With Caffeine and a Placebo Does Not Improve Repetitions to Failure in Resistance-Trained Women.

To determine the effect of varying doses of MIPS compared with caffeine only (C) and a placebo (PL) on resistance-training performance in trained women. Ten women (21.5 [2.3]y) completed 1-repetition-maximum tests at baseline for leg press and bench press. A within-group, double-blind, and randomized design was used to assign supplement drinks (ie,PL, C, MIPS half scoop [MIPS-H], and MIPS full scoop [MIPS-F]). Repetitions to failure were assessed at 75% and 80% to 85% of 1-repetition maximum for bench and leg press, respectively. Total performance volume was calculated as load × sets × repetitions for each session. Data were analyzed using a 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and reported as means and SDs. There were no differences in repetitions to failure for bench press (PL: 14.4 [3.2] repetitions, C: 14.4 [2.9] repetitions, MIPS-H: 14.2 [2.6] repetitions, MIPS-F: 15.1 [3.1] repetitions; P = .54) or leg press (PL: 13.9 [7.8] repetitions, C: 10.8 [5.9] repetitions, MIPS-H: 13.1 [7.1] repetitions, MIPS-F: 12.4 [10.7] repetitions; P = .44). Furthermore, there were no differences in total performance volume across supplements for bench press (PL: 911.2 [212.8]kg, C: 910.7 [205.5]kg, MIPS-H: 913.6 [249.3]kg, MIPS-F: 951.6 [289.6]kg; P = .39) or leg press (PL: 4318.4 [1633.6]kg, C: 3730.0 [1032.5]kg, MIPS-H: 4223.0 [1630.0]kg, MIPS-F: 4085.5 [2098.3]kg; P = .34). Overall, our findings suggest that caffeine and MIPS do not provide ergogenic benefits for resistance-trained women in delaying muscular failure.

The Effect of Short-Set High-Load and Long-Set Low-Load Isometric Exercises Based on Stress-Strain Isometric Time-Dependent Strength Trial on Weightlifters Performing Resistance Training Periodization

The Effect of Short-Set High-Load and Long-Set Low-Load Isometric Exercises Based on Stress-Strain Isometric Time-Dependent Strength Trial on Weightlifters Performing Resistance Training Periodization

Cooling Down to Level Up: Does Interset Palm or Sole Cooling Enhance Resistance Training Performance?

ABSTRACT An emerging body of research has explored the potential ergogenic effects of noninvasive interset recovery strategies involving the application of cold substances to the extremities distal to exercising muscles (e.g., palms of the hands or the soles of the feet). It was suggested that such strategies may acutely enhance resistance training (RT) performance by augmenting excitation and motor unit recruitment of the working muscles through enhanced stimulation of the central nervous system, resulting in greater force production and the ability to perform more repetitions to fatigue. Moreover, peripheral stimuli such as distal cooling may acutely reduce the sensation of distress during RT, allowing individuals to tolerate more exercise and achieve higher training volumes. Although there is some evidence that interset distal cooling confers an ergogenic benefit during RT, certain methodological considerations, a paucity of longitudinal research, and contrasting findings call into question its effectiveness. Thus, the purpose of this review is to assess the current evidence regarding the effects of interset palm and sole cooling on RT performance outcomes.

A comprehensive study of the academic benefits and practical recommendations to include resistance training programs in institutional education.

The connection between physical activity and cognitive function has become a focus of attention in educational research in recent years. Regular exercise has been shown to have significant positive effects on physical health, but it also appears to have a significant impact on cognitive function and academic performance. Of all the exercise modalities, resistance training has drawn interest for its ability to improve cerebral abilities in addition to physical well-being. However, there is limited available knowledge exploring the relationship between resistance training regimens and academic performance. This narrative review aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms linking resistance training to academic performance. Firstly, we will examine the biological mechanisms and psychosocial links that potentially connect resistance training to academic performance to find and describe the different mechanisms by which resistance training improves academic performance. In the next part of the work, we delve into the existing observational and intervention studies that have explored the relationship between resistance training and academic performance. Lastly, we provide practical recommendations for including resistance training in institutional education settings, emphasizing the need of dispelling myths and addressing barriers to increase participation as well as the relevance of considering key training variables and adaptation of protocols to developmental stages, always guided by a properly trained professional. Overall, the available evidence supports that resistance training provides potential benefits to the academic performance of youth students with many biological and psychosocial factors that explain this relationship. However, most of the studies are observational, and broader interventional studies are needed to understand and maximize the benefits of this type of physical exercise.

Can mental fatigue affect perception of barbell velocity in resistance training?

Perception of Velocity (PV) is the ability to estimate single repetition velocity during resistance training (RT) exercises. The main purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of Mental Fatigue (MF) on the accuracy of barbell PV. The secondary aims were to evaluate whether MF affected RT performance and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE; OMNI-RES) in the back squat. Twenty-four (14 Females, 10 Males) resistance-trained participants underwent 2 familiarization sessions and 1RM test for the back squat. In two separate sessions, PV was tested for light, medium, and heavy loads in 2 conditions in random order: at rest (REST) and in MF condition (POST-MF) induced by previous incongruent Stroop color-word task. MF and Motivation were assessed through visual analog scales (VAS; 0-100) before and after the Stroop task. For each load subjects performed 2 repetitions and reported the RPE value. Mean propulsive velocity (Vr) of the barbell was recorded with a linear encoder, while the perceived velocity (Vp) of the subjects was self-reported using the Squat-PV scale. The PV accuracy was calculated through the delta score (ds: Vp-Vr). Following the Stroop task MF increased significantly (p<0.001; F (1, 23)=52.572), while motivation decreased (p<0.05; F (1, 23)=7.401). Ds, Vr, and RPE did not show significant differences between conditions (p>0.05) for the three loads analyzed. MF induced by previous demanding cognitive task did not affect PV accuracy. Furthermore, subjects maintained unchanged both RT performance and RPE values associated with each load, even when mentally fatigued.

Effects of Ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera) standardized root extract on physical endurance and VO 2max in healthy adults performing resistance training: An eight-week, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Ashwagandha is a well-known Ayurvedic herb used for youthful vigor and wellbeing. This study investigated the effects of 600 mg standardized root extract (>5% withanolides) of Ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera) on muscle size, strength and cardiorespiratory endurance following resistance training. In this eight-week, parallel-group, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study, 80 healthy male and female participants aged 18-45 years, who engaged in regular physical activity were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to receive Ashwagandha (AG, n=40) 300 mg capsules twice daily for eight weeks, or identical placebo (PB, n=40). Seven (3 AG, 4 PB) participants were excluded due to poor compliance. All participants conducted eight-week resistance training. Study outcomes included muscle strength (1RM bench press and leg extension), muscle size(circumference of arm, chest and upper thigh) and cardio-respiratory endurance(VO 2max) assessed at baseline and at eight weeks. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to estimate adjusted differences based on sex, BMI and chest circumference at baseline. AG caused greater improvement in bench press (males: p = 0.0084; females: p = 0.0005), leg press (males: p = 0.0049; females: p = 0.018) and endurance (males: p <0.0001; females: p <0.0001) as compared to PB. Also, greater improvements in muscle girth for arm, chest and thigh were seen in both male and female participants with AG. No adverse events were reported in the study. Eight weeks of AG root extract supplementation along with resistance training is effective in improving muscle strength, growth and endurance in both male and female participants. AG root extract could be a safer, effective and low-cost alternative for athletes to improve muscle endurance.

The Effect of Exercise and Sildenafil on Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor and Tropomyosin Kinase B Receptor in the Hippocampal of Alzheimer's Rats

Objectives: Alzheimer disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with the formation of amyloid β plaques in the brain. This study investigates the effects of a resistance training course with sildenafil supplementation on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tropomyosin receptor kinase B in the hippocampal tissue of rats with Alzheimer disease. Methods: A total of 40 Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups. Alzheimer induction was performed with β-amyloid peptides 1-14. Rats performed resistance training 5 sessions per week for six weeks. Sildenafil was injected intraperitoneally. Then, 72 h after the last training session, the hippocampus of the rats was extracted. The results of the analysis of variance showed a significant difference between brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA and tropomyosin receptor kinase B mRNA (P≤0.001). Results: The results of the Bonferroni post hoc test showed a significant difference between the control group and the experimental groups. Discussion: Training and sildenafil supplementation groups performed better in the Morris water maze cognitive test compared to other groups. Resistance training and sildenafil supplementation, by synergizing their effects, can increase tropomyosin receptor kinase B, the expression of neurotrophin genes, and hippocampal receptors; in addition, they are effective in the development of cognitive activity and memory.

Nuances of the Valsalva manoeuvre and bracing with regard to resistance training performance and its effects on the pelvic floor

There is a great deal of confusion about the use of the Valsalva manoeuvre (VM), and its potential to harm or benefit the pelvic floor when performing resistance training (RT). The VM is completed when expiratory pressure is exerted on a closed or partially closed glottis. This creates a haemodynamic response that corresponds to an increase in blood pressure and then heart rate. For the RT athlete, the VM is a term used to describe bracing of the abdominal musculature to increase trunk stiffness and lumbar stability by intensifying intra-abdominal pressure. This gives individuals a performance advantage during RT. Within pelvic health, the VM is used to assess pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD), and in particular, pelvic organ prolapse. Emerging literature demonstrates that rates of PFD are high in resistance-trained female athletes, and therefore, it has been suggested that avoidance of the VM helps to reduce pelvic floor complaints in this population. However, this is unrealistic given that an involuntary, transient VM occurs at loads greater than 80% of an individual’s one repetition maximum, and removal of the VM would potentially reduce performance in RT athletes. Physiotherapists need to use their evaluation and management skills to improve the symptoms of individuals who participate in RT and experience PFD. This clinical commentary reviews the physiology of the VM, explores rates of PFD in resistance-trained female athletes, and makes recommendations for the evaluation and treatment of these individuals. Unique considerations for the pregnant female participating in RT are also discussed.

Resistance Training With Different Velocity Loss Thresholds Induce Similar Changes in Strength and Hypertrophy.

Andersen, V, Paulsen, G, Stien, N, Baarholm, M, Seynnes, O, and Saeterbakken, AH. Resistance training with different velocity loss thresholds induce similar changes in strengh and hypertrophy. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): e135-e142, 2024-The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 2 velocity-based resistance training programs when performing resistance training with matched training volume. Ten resistance-trained adults volunteered (age, 23 ± 4.3 years; body mass, 68 ± 8.9 kg; and height, 171 ± 8 cm) with a mean resistance training experience of 4.5 years. A within person, between leg design was used. For each subject, the legs were randomly assigned to either low velocity loss (LVL) threshold at 15% or high velocity loss (HVL) threshold at 30% velocity loss. Leg press and leg extension were trained unilaterally twice per week over a period of 9 weeks. Before and after the intervention, both legs were tested in 1 repetition maximum (RM) (kg), maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) (N), rate of force development (N·s -1 ), average velocity (m·s -1 ), and power output (W) at 30, 45, 60, and 75% of 1 RM (all in unilateral leg press). Furthermore, muscle thickness (mm) of the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris, pennation angle (°) of the vastus lateralis, and the fascicle length (mm) of the vastus lateralis were measured using ultrasound imaging. The data were analyzed using mixed-design analysis of variance. No differences between the legs in any of the variables were found; however, both low and HVL were effective for increasing 1 RM (ES = 1.25-1.82), MVC (effect size [ES] = 0.42-0.64), power output (ES = 0.31-0.86), and muscle thickness (ES = 0.24-0.51). In conclusion, performing velocity-based resistance training with low and HVL with equal training volume resulted in similar effects in maximal and explosive strength in addition to muscular adaptations.