Resistance Profile Of Bacterial Isolates Research Articles

Understanding bacterial diversity, infection dynamics, prevention of antibiotic resistance: an integrated study in an Algerian hospital context.

Bacterial infections, particularly bacteremia, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and pus infections, remain among hospitals' most worrying medical problems. This study aimed to explore bacterial diversity, infection dynamics, and antibiotic resistance profiles of bacterial isolates. We analyzed data from 1750 outpatients and 920 inpatients, of whom 1.6% and 8.47% respectively had various bacterial infections. The analysis revealed that UTIs were the most prevalent at 41.01%, particularly affecting women. UTIs also showed a distinct distribution across admission departments, notably in emergency (23.07%) and pediatric (14.10%) units. The most frequently isolated microorganisms were Escherichia coli (E. coli), followed by Klebsiella ornithinolytica. Skin infections followed UTIs, accounting for 35.88% of cases, more prevalent in men, with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) being the primary pathogen (57%). Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) like E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa contributed significantly to skin infections (43%). Bacteremia cases constituted 11.52% of bacterial infections, predominantly affecting women (67%) and linked to GNB (78%). A comparative study of antibiotic susceptibility profiles revealed more pronounced resistance in GNB strains isolated from inpatients, particularly to antibiotics such as Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, Tetracyclin, Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, and Ampicillin. In contrast, strains from ambulatory patients showed greater resistance to Colistin. Gram-positive bacteria from hospitalized patients showed higher resistance to quinolones and cephalosporins, while ambulatory strains showed high resistance to aminoglycosides, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and penicillin. Furthermore, these analyses identified the most effective antibiotics for the empirical treatment of both community-acquired and nosocomial infections. Ciprofloxacin, aztreonam, and amikacin exhibited low resistance rates among GNB, with gentamicin and chloramphenicol being particularly effective for community-acquired strains. For S. aureus, ciprofloxacin, rifampicin, and cefoxitin were especially effective, with vancomycin showing high efficacy against community-acquired isolates and fosfomycin and chloramphenicol being effective for hospital-acquired strains. These results are essential for guiding antibiotic therapy and improving clinical outcomes, thus contributing to precision medicine and antimicrobial stewardship efforts.

Microbiological Quality and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Bacterial Isolates from Locally and Industrially Processed Noni (Morinda citrifolia) Drinks Sold in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Public health is seriously threatened by the emergence of antibiotic resistance, especially in food products. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Microbiological Quality and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Bacterial Isolates from locally and Industrially Processed NONI (Morinda citrifolia) Drinks Sold in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Noni beverages (samples) were bought from three distinct locations in Rivers State while the fruits were locally fermented into noni beverages. Conventional microbiological methods were employed to identify the bacterial isolates, and the disc diffusion method was employed to assess the antibiotics susceptibility. Characterization of the bacterial isolates was further done using molecular techniques. The total heterotrophic bacteria in the beverages ranged from 3.5±0.7 to 5.9±0.3×104 cfu/ml. The total coliform counts ranged from 1.7±1.9 to 3.8±1.2×104 CFU/ml and faecal coliform count in all the samples was zero (0). Data showed that the locally produced noni sample had the highest bacterial counts (1.6×103 cfu/ml) while the lowest count was observed in samples from location B (1.50×102 cfu/ml). The presence of multiple bacterial species, including Flavobacterium spp. (16.7%), Enterobacter spp. (25%), Serratia spp. (25%), Micrococcus spp. (8.3%) and Bacillus spp. (25%) was indicated by the results. All the isolates (100%) were resistant to commonly used antibiotics such as cefuroxime, cefotaxime, cefixime and meropenem, gentamycin, vancomycin, with 66.7% being resistant to ampiclox. Ampicillin resistance gene (Amp C gene) was detected in Serratia marcescens AB061685.1 and Bacillus subtilis AB192294.2. These findings have shown that Noni beverages are prone to bacterial contamination with serious public health concerns and thus highlighted the significance of strict quality control measures in the production and sale of Noni drinks, to check the risk of antimicrobial resistance transmission through food consumption.

Antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacterial isolates from clinical specimens referred to Ethiopian Public Health Institute: analysis of 5-year data

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance is one of the common global public health problems. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance is multifactorial, and tackling its development is challenging. Consequently, infections caused by resistant bacteria are unresponsive to conventional drugs, resulting in prolonged and severe illnesses, higher mortality rates, and considerable healthcare costs. Therefore, understanding the antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacterial pathogens is essential to optimize treatments and reduce the risks associated with infections. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial isolates from different clinical specimens at the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI).Materials and methodsThe retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on the bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility reports of different clinical specimens referred to the Bacteriology Laboratory of EPHI from September 2015 to August 2019. Standard bacteriological techniques were used for the isolation and identification of the bacteria. Data were extracted from 840 patients’ records, which included the type of clinical sample cultured, the name of the bacteria, the representations of the antibiotics used for susceptibility testing, and the susceptibility results. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the bacterial isolates and the antimicrobial resistance profiles.ResultsEight types of clinical specimens were analyzed for bacterial isolates and urine specimens were the most analyzed. Ten different genera of bacteria were identified by culture. Almost all the isolates were gram-negative bacteria, while only one species of gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) was reported. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns were tested on 840 culture isolates. Escherichia coli strains revealed more than 57% resistance to seventeen antibiotics. Klebsiella pneumoniae showed nearly 70% or greater resistance rates for 17 of the antibiotics used. The overall detected multidrug resistance (MDR) was 64.29%. The highest MDR was reported in Acinetobacter strains (84%) followed by K. pneumoniae (80%).ConclusionsThe multidrug resistance rates found in this study were alarming. Strengthening antimicrobial resistance surveillance at the national level is mandatory, and antimicrobial sensitivity testing should be accessible at local diagnostic centers.

Algerian postcaesarean surgical site infections: A cross-sectional investigation of the epidemiology, bacteriology, and antibiotic resistance profile

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are one of the most common health care-associated infections in low and middle-income countries. The aims of this cross-sectional descriptive study were to estimate the frequency of postcaesarean infection with associated clinical characteristics and the antibiotic resistance profile of bacterial isolates. Patients who underwent a cesarean section at the obstetrics and gynecology department of the hospital in Annaba, Algeria were included. Each woman was followed postoperatively for 30 days and sociodemographic data were collected. Culture-based microbiological methods were used to identify the causative bacteria and determine their antibiotic resistance phenotype and molecular characterization. Among 1,810 patients, we recorded 36 (1.9%) SSIs. Most patients had undergone an emergency delivery (75%) and low educational level (72.2%). The most frequent maternal pathologies were Body Mass Index≥30 (63.9%), scarred uteri (58.3%), anemia (55.6%), and an American Society of Anaesthesiologists score between II and III (33.3%). Of the 43 bacteria isolated, Enterobacteriaceae were the most frequent (62.8%), predominated by Escherichia coli strains (43.5%), a majority of which were extended-spectrum β-lactamases carriers (62.9%). Although gram-positive cocci were less frequent (37.2%), a majority of Enterococcus faecalis (56.2%) were observed and 2 strains of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium harboring the vanA gene were identified. Extensive surveillance of at-risk populations should be integrated to prevent the occurrence of SSIs.

Trends in Identification, Etiology, and Resistance Profiles of Bacterial Isolates and Appropriate Therapy for Neonatal Sepsis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: a Narrative Review

Trends in Identification, Etiology, and Resistance Profiles of Bacterial Isolates and Appropriate Therapy for Neonatal Sepsis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: a Narrative Review

Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Bacterial Isolates from Urinary Tract Infections in Companion Animals in Central Italy.

The available data on antimicrobial resistance in pets are limited compared to those collected for food-producing animals. Bacterial urinary tract infections are some of the most important indications for antimicrobial use in pets, and empiric antimicrobial treatments are often administered in the presence of clinical signs. In this study, the results obtained from the laboratory investigations carried out on dogs and cats with urinary tract infections coming from veterinary clinics and practices in Central Italy were evaluated to provide additional data concerning the bacterial urinary pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in pets. A total of 635 isolates were collected from urine samples. Escherichia coli was the most common species recovered in dogs and cats, followed by Proteus mirabilis and Enterococcus spp. Furthermore, it was possible to isolate bacteria not usually described in other studies concerning pets such as Pantoea dispersa, Raoultella ornithinolytica, and Pasteurella pneumotropica (also known as Rodentibacter pneumotropicus). Based on the antimicrobial susceptibility results, 472/635 (74.3%) isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic and 285/635 (44.8%) isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant. Monitoring the antibiotic resistance profiles in pet infections is important not only for the public health implications, but also to collect data useful for the treatment of diseases in pets.

A Comparative Study on Bacterial Co-Infections and Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant Organisms among Patients in COVID and Non-COVID Intensive Care Units.

SummaryIntroductionSecondary bacterial infections have been reported in majority of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A study of the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of these bacterial strains revealed that they were multidrug resistant, demonstrating their resistance to at least three classes of antimicrobial agents including beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides. Bacterial co-infection remains as an important cause for high mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.MethodsIn our study, we conducted a retrospective comparative analysis of bacterial co-infections and the antimicrobial resistance profile of bacterial isolates obtained from inpatients admitted in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 intensive care units. The goal was to obtain the etiology and antimicrobial resistance of these infections for more accurate use of antimicrobials in clinical settings. This study involved a total of 648 samples collected from 356 COVID-19 positive patients and 292 COVID-19 negative patients admitted in the intensive care unit over a period of six months from May to October 2020.ResultsAmong the co-infections found, maximum antimicrobial resistance was found in Acinetobacter species followed by Klebsiella species in both the ICU’s. Incidence of bacterial co-infection was found to be higher in COVID-19 intensive care patients and most of these isolates were multidrug resistant strains.ConclusionTherefore, it is important that co-infections should not be underestimated and instead be made part of an integrated plan to limit the global burden of morbidity and mortality during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and beyond.

Isolation, Phenotypic Identification and Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Bacterial Isolates from Intestinal Fluids of Local Minahasa Pigs, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

The Minahasa local pig is unique because it is the oldest local pig that has spread to the Philippine islands. Minahasa local pigs have endemic characteristics because they are in the Wallacea zone. Research has been carried out to isolate bacteria from pig intestinal fluid and obtain an antibiotic response profile from pure bacterial isolates. Pig samples were obtained from two locations in North Sulawesi, namely in North Minahasa and North Minahasa. Intestinal fluids are taken immediately when the pig is slaughtered. The liquid was preserved in a sterile container and inoculated directly on the nutrient agar medium by the dilution method. The bacterial isolates obtained were pure cultured and then used for automatic phenotypic identification using Vitek 2 Compact. The results showed that pure culture isolates were obtained from intestinal fluids of local pigs in Minahasa, North Sulawesi, indicating that two isolates (S1 and S2) were Escherichia coli and S3 was Enterobacter aerogenes. Isolate S1 showed resistance to Ampicillin, while isolate S2 showed resistance to Tetracycline, furthermore isolate S3 showed resistance to Tetracycline, Furanes, and Trimethoprim/Sulfonamide. The results confirm that further research is needed to isolate and test the antibiotic resistance of bacteria from pig intestines in several locations and various stages of common local pigs.

Molecular Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance Associated with TEM and CTX-M ESBL in Uropathogenic E. coli Strains Isolated from Outpatients

Background & Objective: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a leading cause of urinary tract infections becoming resistant against beta-lactams and cephalosporins through different mechanisms, including ESBL production due to the presence of ESBL specific genes, including blaCTX-M and blaTEM. The purpose of the present study was to detect the uropathogenic E. coli strains producing the ESBL.Methods: A total of 100 isolates of uropathogenic E. coli were randomly selected in a period of 6 months and their resistances to a number of antibiotics including amoxicillin, amikacin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftizoxime, nalidixic acid, and nitrofurantoin were determined. Then, DDT test was used to detect the presence of ESBL. Finally, the presence of blaCTX-M and blaTEM resistance genes was analyzed by PCR method.Results: The resistance profile of bacterial isolates to the antibiotics was as follows: amoxicillin: 16.7%, amikacin: 7.8%, gentamicin: 20.3%, ciprofloxacin: 35.5/%, ceftazidime: 35.0%, cefotaxime: 40.0%, ceftriaxone: 41.3%, nalidixic acid: 64.0%, nitrofurantoin: 9.7%, and ceftizoxime: 100%. Of these, 28 isolates (28%) were reported to be resistant to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone. In DDT test, 21 ESBL positive cases (21%) were detected. PCR results showed that the presence of blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes in the isolates were 21% and 20%, respectively. Conclusion: Regarding the production of ESBL by some E. coli isolates, phenotypic detection of ESBL-producing isolates is routinely suggested in the laboratories. Likewise, the treatment regimen should be selected regarding the ESBL production to avoid treatment failure.

Antimicrobial Resistance of Major Bacterial Pathogens from Dairy Cows with High Somatic Cell Count and Clinical Mastitis.

Simple SummaryMastitis is the most prevalent disease of dairy cattle that causes significant economic losses. Different agents cause mastitis which leads to increased somatic cell count (SCC) and low milk quality. Treating mastitis with antimicrobials is essential to reduce SCC and improve milk quality. Excessive use or misuse of antimicrobials in dairy farms leads to the development of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. The objectives of this study were (1) to isolate and identify the causative agent of mastitis and (2) determine antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacterial isolates. A total of 174 quarter milk samples from 151 cows with high SCC and clinical mastitis from 34 dairy farms in Tennessee, Kentucky, and Mississippi were collected. Bacterial causative agents were determined by bacteriological and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial isolates against 10 commonly used antimicrobials was tested. A total of 193 bacteria consisting of six bacterial species, which include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant isolate. The proportion of resistant isolates was relatively higher in Gram-negatives than Gram-positives. Continuous antimicrobial resistance testing and identification of reservoirs of resistance traits in dairy farms are essential to implement proper mitigation measures.Mastitis is the most prevalent and economically important disease caused by different etiological agents, which leads to increased somatic cell count (SCC) and low milk quality. Treating mastitis cases with antimicrobials is essential to reduce SCC and improve milk quality. Non-prudent use of antimicrobials in dairy farms increased the development of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. This study’s objectives were (1) to isolate and identify etiological agents of mastitis and (2) to determine antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacterial isolates. A total of 174 quarter milk samples from 151 cows with high SCC and clinical mastitis from 34 dairy farms in Tennessee, Kentucky, and Mississippi were collected. Bacterial causative agents were determined by bacteriological and biochemical tests. The antimicrobial resistance of bacterial isolates against 10 commonly used antimicrobials was tested. A total of 193 bacteria consisting of six bacterial species, which include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant isolate followed by Strep. spp., E. coli, and Klebsiella spp. Results of this study showed that Gram-negatives (E. coli and Klebsiella spp.) were more resistant than Gram-positives (Staph. aureus and Streptococcus spp.). Continuous antimicrobial resistance testing and identification of reservoirs of resistance traits in dairy farms are essential to implement proper mitigation measures.

Molecular Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance Associated with TEM and CTX-M ESBL in Uropathogenic E. coli Strains Isolated from Outpatients.

Background & Objective:Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a leading cause of urinary tract infections becoming resistant against beta-lactams and cephalosporins through different mechanisms, including ESBL production due to the presence of ESBL specific genes, including blaCTX-M and blaTEM. The purpose of the present study was to detect the uropathogenic E. coli strains producing the ESBL.Methods:A total of 100 isolates of uropathogenic E. coli were randomly selected in a period of 6 months and their resistances to a number of antibiotics including amoxicillin, amikacin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftizoxime, nalidixic acid, and nitrofurantoin were determined. Then, DDT test was used to detect the presence of ESBL. Finally, the presence of blaCTX-M and blaTEM resistance genes was analyzed by PCR method.Results:The resistance profile of bacterial isolates to the antibiotics was as follows: amoxicillin: 16.7%, amikacin: 7.8%, gentamicin: 20.3%, ciprofloxacin: 35.5/%, ceftazidime: 35.0%, cefotaxime: 40.0%, ceftriaxone: 41.3%, nalidixic acid: 64.0%, nitrofurantoin: 9.7%, and ceftizoxime: 100%. Of these, 28 isolates (28%) were reported to be resistant to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone. In DDT test, 21 ESBL positive cases (21%) were detected. PCR results showed that the presence of blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes in the isolates were 21% and 20%, respectively. Conclusion:Regarding the production of ESBL by some E. coli isolates, phenotypic detection of ESBL-producing isolates is routinely suggested in the laboratories. Likewise, the treatment regimen should be selected regarding the ESBL production to avoid treatment failure.

Prevalence of enteric pathogens, intestinal parasites and resistance profile of bacterial isolates among HIV infected and non-infected diarrheic patients in Dessie Town, Northeast Ethiopia.

Enteric pathogens like Salmonella and Shigella species as well as intestinal parasites (IPs) are among the main causative agents of diarrhea in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), particularly in low income countries like Ethiopia. Antimicrobial resistance against commonly prescribed drugs has become a major global threat. This study, therefore, aimed at determining the magnitude of Salmonella, Shigella and IPs infections, their predicting factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among HIV infected and non-infected diarrheic patients in Dessie town, Northeast Ethiopia. A cross sectional study was conducted at three health facilities in Northeast Ethiopia between January 2018 and March 2018. Data on socio-demographic and associated risk factors were collected using structured questionnaire from 354 HIV infected and non-infected diarrheic outpatients. Fresh stool specimen was processed according to standard operating procedures. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 22. Descriptive statistics was used to determine frequency, Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predicting factors associated with the outcome variable. P-value <0.05 were used to declare statistical significance. Among 354 diarrheic patients, 112 were HIV infected and 242 were HIV non-infected. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasite and bacterial infection among HIV infected versus non-infected, respectively, was 26 (23.2%) and 8 (7.1%) versus 50 (20.7) and 16 (6.6%). Salmonella was the highest in both groups, 6 (5.4%) vs 11 (4.5%). Most prevalent parasite was C. parvum, 9 (8%) among HIV+ while E. histolytica/dispar 39 (16.1%) among HIV-. Having bloody plus mucoid diarrhea, not utilizing latrine and drinking river or spring water were factors significantly associated with bacterial infection. Whereas, being illiterate or having primary level education, diarrhea lasting for 6-10 days, CD4 level between 200-500 cells/μl, not washing hand with soap showed significant association with IPs. The bacterial isolates were 100% susceptible to Ceftriaxone and 95.4% to Ciprofloxacin, while 100% resistant to Ampicillin and Amoxicillin. MDR was observed among 19 (79.2%) isolates. Preventing and controlling infection by enteric pathogens as well as IPs require strengthening intervention measures. The 100% resistance of isolates to commonly prescribed antibiotics calls for expanding antimicrobial susceptibility testing so as to select appropriate antimicrobial agent and prevent emergence of drug resistant bacteria.

Detection of Biofilm Production and Its Impact on Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Bacterial Isolates from Chronic Wound Infections.

Background:Microorganisms are known to be involved in the formation of biofilm. These biofilms are often seen in chronic wound infections, surgical site infections, implants etc., These are capable of causing recalcitrant infections and most of them are also known to possess high antibiotic resistance.Objectives:This study was conducted to detect the biofilm formation in bacterial isolates from chronic wound infections.Materials and Methods:In the present study, ninety two isolates from chronic wound infections were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS (bioMerieux) and VITEK-2-MS (bioMerieux). These isolates were further screened for biofilm formation by three methods i. e., Tissue Culture Plate method (TCP), Tube Method (TM) and Congo Red Agar (CRA) method. Impact of biofilm production was correlated with the antibiotic resistant pattern.Statistical Analysis:Statistical analysis was done for all three methods considering TCP as Gold Standard and parameters like senitivity and specificity of TM i.e. 47.2 and 100% respectively.Results:Out of 92 isolates, biofilm formation was seen in 72 isolates (78.2%) by TCP method. 64 isolates were strong biofilm producers, 8 isolates were moderate biofilm producers and 20 isolates were nonbiofilm producing. High prevalence of biofilm formation was seen in nonhealing ulcers infected with Staphylococcus aureus followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae.Conclusion:Among three screening methods used for detection of biofilm production, TCP method is considered to be a standard and most reliable for screening of biofilm formation in comparison to TM and CRA.

Resistance profile of bacterial isolates of urinary tract infection from patients attending general hospital Dawakin-Kudu, Kano State-Nigeria

Resistance profile of bacterial isolates of urinary tract infection from patients attending general hospital Dawakin-Kudu, Kano State-Nigeria

Evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility patterns of pathogens isolated from routine laboratory specimens at Ndola Teaching Hospital: A retrospective study.

Periodic monitoring of antibiotic susceptibility patterns in clinical settings is vital to ascertain the potency as well as re-establishing empirical therapy. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of pathogens isolated from routine laboratory specimens at Ndola Teaching Hospital. A retrospective study was conducted on routine specimens received between May 2016 and July 2018. Specimens were cultured on standard media and Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used for susceptibility testing in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute’s recommendations. A total of 693 specimens were analyzed, of which 65.9% (457) specimens came from inpatient departments and 49.1% (340) came from female patients. The commonest specimens were urine (58.6%), blood (12.7%) and wound swabs (8.5%), and the most common microorganisms were coliform (29.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (15.4%), coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS, 13.4%), and Escherichia coli (13%). The highest percentage of resistance to any particular antibiotic was co-trimoxazole (91.7%, 33) followed by nalidixic acid (75.2%, 279), norfloxacin (69.0%, 100), ceftazidime (55.7%, 185), nitrofurantoin (46.6%, 191), chloramphenicol (43%, 111) and ciprofloxacin (8.6%, 271). Furthermore, patient location had resistance effect on coliform (p = 0.014), CoNS (p = 0.031), Streptococcus species (p = 0.024) and Klebsiella species (p = 0.004) to nitrofurantoin, ceftazidime, nitrofurantoin and chloramphenicol, respectively. Besides coliform, resistance of Enterobacter species to ceftazidime and Proteus species to nalidixic acid were more from female patients. Generally, the most effective antibiotics were chloramphenicol and nitrofurantoin with addition of ceftazidime on blood pathogens and ciprofloxacin on wound swab pathogens. The common isolates were coliform, S. aureus, coagulase negative Staphylococci and Escherichia coli. The resistance of most bacteria to ceftazidime and nitrofurantoin were influenced by both gender and location. Our study presents a broad overview of the resistance profiles of bacterial isolates. However, more nosocomial prevalence and antibiogram studies on individual routine specimens are required to provide a more detailed picture of resistance patterns.

Bacterial Resistance to Commonly Prescribed Antibiotics in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Retrospective Review of Evidence

Background: Antibiotic resistance is a growing global healthcare challenge and efforts to contain it are being outpaced by rapid emergence of resistant microbes. Common environmental pathogens have been reported to be manifesting resistance to several antibiotics to which they were once sensitive. In hospital setting, close contact between patients and caregivers allow resistant strains to easily spread in hospital wards. Evidence of antibiotic resistance is needed to inform rational selection of drugs for infectious diseases.&#x0D; Aim: The aims of this study were to determine common pathogenic bacterial isolates among patients and their antibiotic sensitivity profiles.&#x0D; Methods: This was a cross sectional retrospective study using laboratory records of antibiotic resistance profiles of bacterial isolates obtained from patient medical samples. Antibiogram records for one year period were obtained and relevant data extracted for analysis&#x0D; Results and Discussion: The most commonly isolated bacteria included Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae which together accounted for over two thirds of all isolates. Most of the isolates were resistant to at least four antibiotics; Penicillins, Sulphonamides and Tetracyclines exhibited the highest level of resistance. Resistance to these antibiotics is well reported in literature and their empirical prescription threatens their efficacy in the management of infectious diseases.&#x0D; Conclusion: Antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria was high, there is need to emphasize evidence based prescriptions to not only improve clinical outcomes but also to preserve the efficacy of current antibiotic stock.

An Examination of Flying Insects in Seven Hospitals in the United Kingdom and Carriage of Bacteria by True Flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae, Dolichopodidae, Fanniidae, Muscidae, Phoridae, Psychodidae, Sphaeroceridae).

Insects are efficient vectors of bacteria and in the hospital environment may have a role in spreading nosocomial infections. This study sampled the flying insect populations of seven hospitals in the United Kingdom and characterized the associated culturome of Diptera, including the antibiotic resistance profile of bacterial isolates. Flying insects were collected in seven U.K. hospitals between the period March 2010 to August 2011. The bacteria carried by Diptera were isolated using culture-based techniques, identified and characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing. A total of 19,937 individual insects were collected with Diptera being the most abundant (73.6% of the total), followed by Hemiptera (13.9%), Hymenoptera (4.7%), Lepidoptera (2.9%), and Coleoptera (2%). From Diptera, 82 bacterial strains were identified. The majority of bacteria belonged to the Enterobacteriaceae (42%), followed by Bacillus spp. (24%) and Staphylococcus spp. (19%). Less abundant were bacteria of the genus Clostridium (6%), Streptococcus (5%), and Micrococcus (2%). A total of 68 bacterial strains were characterized for their antibiotic resistance profile; 52.9% demonstrated a resistant phenotype to at least one class of antibiotic. Staphylococcus spp. represented the highest proportion of resistant strains (83.3%), followed by Bacillus spp. (60%) and Enterobacteriaceae (31.3%). Diptera were the predominant flying insects present in the U.K. hospital environments sampled and found to harbor a variety of opportunistic human pathogens with associated antimicrobial resistance profiles. Given the ability of flies to act as mechanical vectors of bacteria, they present a potential to contribute to persistence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant pathogenic bacteria in the hospital environment.

Drug resistance in bacteria isolated from patients presenting with wounds at a non-profit Surgical Center in Phnom Penh, Cambodia from 2011-2013.

BackgroundEmerging antibiotic resistance amongst clinically significant bacteria is a public health issue of increasing significance worldwide, but it is relatively uncharacterized in Cambodia. In this study we performed standard bacterial cultures on samples from wounds at a Non-Governmental-Organization (NGO) Hospital in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Testing was performed to elucidate pathogenic bacteria causing wound infections and the antibiotic resistance profiles of bacterial isolates. All testing was performed at the Naval Medical Research Unit, No.2 (NAMRU-2) main laboratory in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.MethodsBetween 2011–2013, a total of 251 specimens were collected from patients at the NGO hospital and analyzed for bacterial infection by standard bacterial cultures techniques. Specimens were all from wounds and anonymous. No specific clinical information accompanied the submitted specimens. Antibiotic susceptibility testing, and phenotypic testing for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) were performed and reported based on CLSI guidelines. Further genetic testing for CTX-M, TEM and SHV ESBLs was accomplished using PCR.ResultsOne-hundred and seventy-six specimens were positive following bacterial culture (70 %). Staphlycoccus aureus was the most frequently isolated bacteria. Antibiotic drug resistance testing revealed that 52.5 % of Staphlycoccus aureus isolates were oxacillin resistant. For Escherichia coli isolates, 63.9 % were ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin resistant and 96 % were ESBL producers. Resistance to meropenem and imipenem was observed in one of three Acinetobacter spp isolates.ConclusionsThis study is the first of its kind detailing the antibiotic resistance profiles of pathogenic bacteria causing wound infections at a single surgical hospital in Cambodia. The reported findings of this study demonstrate significant antibiotic resistance in bacteria from injured patients and should serve to guide treatment modalities in Cambodia.

Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Bacterial Isolates in Patients of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media in a Tertiary Care Hospital in India

Introduction: CSOM is a massive public health problem with incidence higher in developing countries like India, especially among low socio-economic society because of malnutrition, overcrowding, poor hygiene, inadequate health care, and recurrent upper respiratory tract infections. It is associated with various complications like persistent otorrhoea, hearing impairment, mastoiditis, labyrinthitis, facial nerve paralysis to more serious intracranial abscesses etc. The knowledge of microbiological profile is essential to enable efficacious treatment of this disease & thereby reducing the potential risk of complications. Methodology: This study was aimed to determine the microbial profile & their antimicrobial resistance pattern using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method among the patients suffering from CSOM between April 2013 to March 2014. Results: Out of 216 samples processed, isolates were Original Research Article Mahajan et al.; IJTDH, 5(2): 165-169, 2015; Article no.IJTDH.2015.017 166 seen in 145 (67.1%) cases with male to female ratio of 1.5: 1 and age group affected was 10-20 years. Most common organism isolated was Pseudomonas spp. (49%) followed by S. aureus (35.9%). Pseudomonas spp. showed high degree of resistance to gentamicin (57.7%) and ciprofloxacin (53.5%). Also, S. aureus was found resistant to ciprofloxacin (61.5%) and cotrimoxazole (40.4%). Conclusion: Management of CSOM consists mainly of eradicating infection and closure of tympanic membrane. Periodical monitoring of bacterial isolates and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern is necessary for administering appropriate antibiotics for empirical treatment and also helps in reducing the potentially disabling and fatal complications of CSOM.

Antibiotic resistance profile of bacterial isolates from animal farming aquatic environments and meats in a peri-urban community in Daejeon, Korea

The increasing usage of antibiotics in the animal farming industry is an emerging worldwide problem contributing to the development of antibiotic resistance. The purpose of this work was to investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance profile of bacterial isolates collected from animal farming aquatic environments and meats in a peri-urban community in Daejeon, Korea. In an antibacterial susceptibility test, the bacterial isolates showed a high incidence of resistance (∼26.04%) to cefazolin, tetracycline, gentamycin, norfloxacin, erythromycin and vancomycin. The results from a test for multiple antibiotic resistance indicated that the isolates were displaying an approximately 5-fold increase in the incidence of multiple antibiotic resistance to combinations of two different antibiotics compared to combinations of three or more antibiotics. Most of the isolates showed multi-antibiotic resistance, and the resistance patterns were similar among the sampling groups. Sequencing data analysis of 16S rRNA showed that most of the resistant isolates appeared to be dominated by the classes Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria, including the genera Delftia, Burkholderia, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Shigella and Pseudomonas.