Resistant Rice Cultivars Research Articles

Genome Resources of Three West African Strains of Pantoea ananatis Causing Bacterial Blight and Grain Discoloration of Rice.

Members of the genus Pantoea have been reported as pathogens for many economically important crops, including rice. Little is known about their host-pathogen interactions at the molecular level and the lack of comprehensive genome data impedes targeted breeding strategies toward resistant rice cultivars. Here, we describe the structural and functional annotation of the draft genome sequences of three rice-pathogenic Pantoea ananatis strains, ARC272, ARC310, and ARC311, which were isolated in Burkina Faso, Togo, and Benin, respectively. The genome sequences of these strains will help in developing molecular diagnostic tools and provide new insight into common traits that may enable P. ananatis to infect rice.

Complementation of ROS scavenging secondary metabolites with enzymatic antioxidant defense system augments redox-regulation property under salinity stress in rice.

The RP-HPLC based comparative quantification of some important redox sensitive phenolic acids and flavonoids revealed overall greater elicitation of chalcone synthase related flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, concomitant with the greater utilization of cinnamic acid for the seedlings of the salinity resistant rice cultivar Patnai as compared to susceptible cultivar IR29 grown under post imbibitional salinity stress (PISS). When compared, the cultivar Patnai further exhibited significantly better antioxidant-coupled redox-regulation by up regulating ascorbate-glutathione pathway and reducing the expression of oxidative deterioration under PISS as compared to its counterpart, the cultivar IR29. A model for redox homeostasis in which complementation of action of ROS scavenging secondary metabolites with enzymatic antioxidant defense at metabolic interface necessary for maintenance of the redox homeostasis to combat salinity stress has been proposed.

Assessment of eight rice cultivars flour for feeding resistance to Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is an important pest of processed stored grains worldwide. Study of life history, feeding efficiency and digestive function of an insect on different host cultivars can indicate their resistance for the insect's population increase. Due to the economic importance of T. castaneum on stored rice flour, this research was aimed to investigate the life history, feeding indices and digestive enzymatic activity of T. castaneum on flour of eight rice cultivars (Ali-Kazemi, Dom-Siah, Fajr, Gilaneh, Gohar, Hashemi, Khazar, and Neda). A delay in the developmental time of T. castaneum was detected on cultivar Gohar. The lowest fecundity and egg fertility were observed on cultivar Gohar. Feeding indices of fourth instar larvae were the lowest on cultivars Gohar and Neda. The amylolytic activity of fourth instar larvae was the highest on cultivars Hashemi, Dom-Siah, Ali-Kazemi and Gilaneh, and the lowest on cultivar Gohar. Also, the highest and lowest proteolytic activities of fourth instar larvae were on cultivars Khazar and Hashemi, respectively. Significant correlations were detected between tested parameters of T. castaneum with starch and protein value of examined cultivars flour. The results of cluster analysis indicate that Dom-Siah, Hashemi and Ali-Kazemi are relatively susceptible cultivars, and other tested cultivars, especially Gohar, are relatively resistant cultivars for feeding of T. castaneum. The resistant rice cultivars could be further evaluated to identify secondary biochemicals that contribute to T. castaneum resistance.

Response of acetyl-CoA carboxylase-resistant rice cultivars and advanced lines to florpyrauxifen-benzyl

AbstractFlorpyrauxifen-benzyl and quizalofop were available for POST applications in 2018; however, little is known about the response of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)–resistant rice cultivars and advanced lines to POST herbicides. A field study was conducted in 2017 and 2018 at Stoneville, MS, to characterize the response of ACCase-resistant rice cultivars and advanced lines to POST applications of florpyrauxifen-benzyl. The imidazolinone-resistant (IR) rice cultivars ‘CL163’ and ‘CLXL 745’, and ACCase-resistant rice cultivars ‘PVL01’, ‘PVL013’, ‘PVL024-B’, ‘PVL038’, ‘PVL080’, and ‘PVL081’were treated with florpyrauxifen-benzyl at 0 (nontreated control for each cultivar) and 58 g ai ha–1 at the four-leaf to one-tiller (LPOST) growth stage. At 14 d after treatment (DAT), PVL01 was injured 5% to 6% greater than CLXL 745, PVL013, and PVL081; however, injury was ≤10% at that evaluation for all cultivars. Similarly, injury was ≤13% for all cultivars 28 DAT. Mature heights were reduced for all cultivars except PVL013 and PVL081. Rough rice yield was ≥100% of the control for all cultivars except PVL081, PVL013, and CL163. Results suggest that florpyrauxifen-benzyl can safely be applied POST to rice cultivars grown in Mississippi as well as ACCase-resistant cultivars that are currently under development.

Physiological and biochemical changes in susceptible and resistant rice cultivars induced by root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola

Screening of 50 rice varieties along with LALAT as local check, which showed evidence of damaging potential of Meloidogyne graminicola in terms of plant growth parameters and disease incidence. Disease intensity grade was classified on the basis of root knot index. Out of fifty varieties, 45 were moderately resistant to Meloidogyne graminicola while three varieties Ciherang Sub 1, IR 64 Sub 1and PSBRC 18 were susceptible with maximum number of egg mass per galls (6) while the rest 2 varieties, IRIOF 571 and IRIOF 602 showed resistant reactions. Observations were recorded in the biochemical modifications relating to various parameters like total chlorophyll, total sugar and starch contents, protein, phenol, nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe) and proline content during post infection periods. The variation in total chlorophyll, total protein, proline and total sugar content in five cultivars i.e. IRIOF 571 and IRIOF 602 (Resistant), Ciherang Sub 1, IR 64 Sub 1and PSBRC 18 (susceptible) were studied 45 days after inoculation. Reduced percentage of total chlorophyll contents were observed in inoculated samples than the healthy counterparts. However, an increase in amount of total protein, phenol, proline and total sugar contents was observed in the diseased tissues.

Comparison of leaf transcriptome in response to Rhizoctonia solani infection between resistant and susceptible rice cultivars

BackgroundSheath blight (SB), caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is a common rice disease worldwide. Currently, rice cultivars with robust resistance to R. solani are still lacking. To provide theoretic basis for molecular breeding of R. solani-resistant rice cultivars, the changes of transcriptome profiles in response to R. solani infection were compared between a moderate resistant cultivar (Yanhui-888, YH) and a susceptible cultivar (Jingang-30, JG).ResultsIn the present study, 3085 differentially express genes (DEGs) were detected between the infected leaves and the control in JG, with 2853 DEGs in YH. A total of 4091 unigenes were significantly upregulated in YH than in JG before infection, while 3192 were significantly upregulated after infection. Further analysis revealed that YH and JG showed similar molecular responses to R. solani infection, but the responses were earlier in JG than in YH. Expression levels of trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase (C4H), ethylene-insensitive protein 2 (EIN2), transcriptome factor WRKY33 and the KEGG pathway plant-pathogen interaction were significantly affected by R. solani infection. More importantly, these components were all over-represented in YH cultivar than in JG cultivar before and/or after infection.ConclusionsThese genes possibly contribute to the higher resistance of YH to R. solani than JG and were potential target genes to molecularly breed R. solani-resistant rice cultivar.

Evaluation of Ugandan Rice Cultivars for Resistance Against Rice yellow mottle virus

Evaluation of Ugandan Rice Cultivars for Resistance Against Rice yellow mottle virus

Comprehensive Characteristics of MicroRNA Expression Profile Conferring to Rhizoctonia solani in Rice

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are about 22 nucleotides regulatory non-coding RNAs that play versatile roles in reprogramming plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, it remains unknown whether miRNAs confer the resistance to necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia solani in rice. To investigate whether miRNAs regulate the resistance to R. solani, we constructed 12 small RNA libraries from susceptible and resistant rice cultivars treated with water/pathogen at 5h post inoculation (hpi), 10 hpi and 20 hpi, respectively. By taking the advantage of next-generation sequencing, we totally collected 400–450 known miRNAs and 450–620 novel miRNAs from the libraries. Expression analysis of miRNAs demonstrated different patterns for known and novel miRNAs upon R. solani challenge. Thirty-four miRNA families were identified to be expressed specifically in rice, and most of them were involved in plant disease resistance. A particular Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis result revealed that a great majority of target genes of regulated miRNAs belonged to the pathway of plant-pathogen interaction. Moreover, miR444b.2, miR531a, mir1861i, novel_miR1956 and novel_miR135 conferred response to R. solani infection confirmed by Northern blot. Our global understanding of miRNA profiling revealed that the regulation of miRNAs may be implicated in the control of rice immunity to R. solani. Analysis of the expression of miRNAs will offer the community with a direction to generate appropriate strategies for controlling rice sheath blight disease.

Evaluation of major rice cultivars for resistance to bacterial seedling rot caused by Burkholderia glumae and identification of Japanese standard cultivars for resistance assessments.

Burkholderia glumae causes bacterial seedling rot (BSR) and bacterial grain rot (BGR) in rice (Oryza sativa), both of which are important diseases in Japan. We previously evaluated major Japanese cultivars for BGR resistance and selected standard cultivars for resistance assessments. Here, we assessed the BSR occurrence rate in cultivars from the World Rice Collection (WRC) and other sources and found wide variation in resistance. Next, we evaluated major Japanese cultivars for BSR resistance and found that two Japanese landraces, ‘Kujuu’ and ‘Aikoku’, showed “strong” resistance; most others were categorized as “medium” or “medium to weak”. We previously developed a near-isogenic line (RBG1-NIL) by introducing the genomic region containing RBG1, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for BSR resistance, from ‘Nona Bokra’ (indica) into ‘Koshihikari’ (temperate japonica). The resistance level of RBG1-NIL was “strong”, indicating the effectiveness of RBG1 against BSR. The correlation between BSR and BGR resistance scores was low, indicating that it is necessary to introduce QTLs for resistance from different sources to develop cultivars resistant to both BSR and BGR. On the basis of the screening results, we selected standard cultivars for BSR resistance to cover a range of resistance levels.

Genome-wide association study identifies an NLR gene that confers partial resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae in rice.

SummaryBecause of the frequent breakdown of major resistance (R) genes, identification of new partial R genes against rice blast disease is an important goal of rice breeding. In this study, we used a core collection of the Rice Diversity Panel II (C‐RDP‐II), which contains 584 rice accessions and are genotyped with 700 000 single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. The C‐RDP‐II accessions were inoculated with three blast strains collected from different rice‐growing regions in China. Genome‐wide association study identified 27 loci associated with rice blast resistance (LABRs). Among them, 22 LABRs were not associated with any known blast R genes or QTLs. Interestingly, a nucleotide‐binding site leucine‐rich repeat (NLR) gene cluster exists in the LABR12 region on chromosome 4. One of the NLR genes is highly conserved in multiple partially resistant rice cultivars, and its expression is significantly up‐regulated at the early stages of rice blast infection. Knockout of this gene via CRISPR‐Cas9 in transgenic plants partially reduced blast resistance to four blast strains. The identification of this new non‐strain specific partial R gene, tentatively named rice blast Partial Resistance gene 1 (PiPR1), provides genetic material that will be useful for understanding the partial resistance mechanism and for breeding durably resistant cultivars against blast disease of rice.

Systematic Characterization of Long Non-Coding RNAs and Their Responses to Drought Stress in Dongxiang Wild Rice

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in response to various biotic and abiotic stresses. So far, systematic identification and characterization of lncRNAs have been reported in a few model plant species and major crops, but their roles in abiotic stress response have not yet been reported in common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon). Dongxiang wild rice (DXWR) possesses a high degree of drought resistance and has been well recognized as a precious genetic resource for drought resistant rice breeding. We presented the reference catalog of 1 655 novel lncRNA transcripts in DXWR using strand-specific RNA sequencing and bioinformatics approaches. Meanwhile, a total of 1 092 lncRNAs were determined as differentially expressed lncRNAs under drought stress. Quantitative real-time PCR results exhibited a high concordance with RNA sequencing data, which confirmed that the expression patterns of lncRNAs based on RNA sequencing were highly reliable. Furthermore, 8 711 transcripts were predicted as target genes of the differentially expressed lncRNAs. Functional annotation analysis based on Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases showed that the target genes were significantly enriched in cellular and metabolic processes, cell part, binding and plant hormone signal transduction, as well as many other terms related to abiotic stress resistance. These results expanded our understanding of lncRNA biology and provided candidate regulators for genetic improvement of drought resistance in rice cultivars.

Validation of suitable reference genes for normalization of quantitative reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction in rice infected by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

Bacterial blight (BB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is a costly disease in rice that threatens global rice production. Gene expression analysis by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) allows the study of the underlying mechanisms of both BB pathogenesis and resistance. In relative quantification, reference genes are often used to normalize the results to remove technical variations allowing the determination of true biological changes in a pilot experiment. However, variations in the expression of these reference genes can lead to erroneous and unreliable results. Thus, choosing the most stable reference genes for any specific experimental condition is of utmost importance in qRT-PCR experiments. Here, we used geNorm, NormFinder, Bestkeeper, Delta-Ct and RefFinder programs and/or methods to analyze the stability of the expression of eleven candidate reference genes namely: 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA), Actin-1 (ACT1), ADP-Ribosylation Factor (ARF), Endothelial differentiation factor (Edf), eukaryotic Elongation Factor-1α (eEF-1α), eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4a (eIF-4a), Profilin 2 (Prof2), Nucleic Acid Binding Protein (NABP), Triosephosphate Isomerase (TI), Ubiquitin 5 (UBQ5) and Ubiquitin 10 (UBQ10) in cDNA samples from BB-susceptible and Xa21-mediated resistant rice cultivars collected at various times after Xoo inoculation. Under our experimental conditions, Edf and TI were the most stable reference genes while the common housekeeping genes 18S rRNA, and UBQ5 were among the least stable genes. Though using either Edf or TI as internal control is adequate for gene expression analysis, we suggest using both genes to normalize the data of qRT-PCR assays for rice subjected to Xoo inoculation.

Comparative phosphoproteomic analysis of blast resistant and susceptible rice cultivars in response to salicylic acid

BackgroundSalicylic acid (SA) is a significant signaling molecule that induces rice resistance against pathogen invasion. Protein phosphorylation carries out an important regulatory function in plant defense responses, while the global phosphoproteome changes in rice response to SA-mediated defense response has not been reported. In this study, a comparative phosphoproteomic profiling was conducted by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, with two near-isogenic rice cultivars after SA treatment.ResultsThirty-seven phosphoprotein spots were differentially expressed after SA treatment, twenty-nine of which were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS, belonging to nine functional categories. Phosphoproteins involved in photosynthesis, antioxidative enzymes, molecular chaperones were similarly expressed in the two cultivars, suggesting SA might alleviate decreases in plant photosynthesis, regulate the antioxidant defense activities, thus improving basal resistance response in both cultivars. Meanwhile, phosphoproteins related to defense, carbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis and degradation were differentially expressed, suggesting phosphorylation regulation mediated by SA may coordinate complex cellular activities in the two cultivars. Furthermore, the phosphorylation sites of four identified phosphoproteins were verified by NanoLC-MS/MS, and phosphorylated regulation of three enzymes (cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, phosphoglycerate mutase and ascorbate peroxidase) was validated by activity determination.ConclusionsOur study suggested that phosphorylation regulation mediated by SA may contribute to the different resistance response of the two cultivars. To our knowledge, this is the first report to measure rice phosphoproteomic changes in response to SA, which provides new insights into molecular mechanisms of SA-induced rice defense.

Development of rice conidiation media for Ustilaginoidea virens.

Rice false smut, caused by the ascomycete Ustilaginoidea virens, is a serious disease of rice worldwide. Conidia are very important infectious propagules of U. virens, but the ability of pathogenic isolates to produce conidia frequently decreases in culture, which influences pathogenicity testing. Here, we developed tissue media with rice leaves or panicles that stimulate conidiation of U. virens. Among the tested media, 0.10 g/ml panicle medium was most efficient for conidiation. Whereas, some rice leaf media more effectively increased conidiation than panicle media except 0.10 g/ml panicle medium, and certain non-filtered tissue media were better than their filtered counterparts. Although the conidia induced in rice tissue media were smaller, they were able to germinate on potato sucrose agar medium and infect rice normally. The rice tissue medium is also workable in inducing conidia for conidiation-defective isolates. This method provides a foundation for the production of conidia by U. virens that will be widely applicable in pathogenicity testing as well as in genetic analyses for false smut resistance in rice cultivars.

A comparative proteomic approach to identify defence-related proteins between resistant and susceptible rice cultivars challenged with the fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani

Rice sheath blight, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is a major worldwide rice disease for which little is known about the molecular mechanisms of host immunity to infection. In the present study, a comparative proteomic analysis of two rice cultivars, Teqing (resistant) and Lemont (susceptible), inoculated with R. solani was conducted using an eight-plex iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation) technique, resulting in the identification and quantification of 6560 proteins. A total of 755 proteins showed significant changes in abundance between plants infected with R. solani and control plants, based on an error factor < 2 and a more than 1.5-fold or less than 0.67-fold quantitative difference. The differentially abundant proteins were mainly involved in glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism; glycine, serine and threonine metabolism; unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis; and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis regulation pathways (p < 0.01). In addition, the expression levels of the genes encoding selected proteins were tested by qRT-PCR, and their functions were tested in Nicotiana benthamiana via agroinfiltration. Based on these proteomic and experimental data, a putative model of the regulation of rice immunity under R. solani infection is proposed. The proteins identified in the present study provide a basis for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying rice immunity to infection by R. solani.

A double-edged rice paddy herbicide

Plant Science A useful herbicide kills weeds but spares the crop of interest. For many rice paddies, the herbicide benzobicyclon (BBC) serves this purpose. But some rice strains are susceptible to BBC, which diminishes its value in weed control. Maeda et al. uncovered the genetic cause controlling the response to the herbicide: resistant rice cultivars have an oxidase that detoxifies BBC herbicides. Susceptible rice varieties carried genetic mutations that disabled the oxidase. The gene HPPD INHIBITOR SENSITIVE 1 , which encodes the oxidase, may be useful for developing BBC-resistant crops. Science , this issue p. [393][1] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aax0379

Expression of osa-miR7695 against the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae in Vietnamese rice cultivars

Magnaporthe oryzae causes rice blast disease, which leads to devastating yield losses in Vietnam and other rice-growing countries. Recent studies indicated that 30% of rice- growing areas are affected by rice blast disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that are related to plant development and biotic stress tolerance. Osa-miR7695 as one of the common miRNAs, and its target the OsNramp6 gene were evaluated as factors that contribute to the pathogenic activity of different rice cultivars. The expression profile of microRNA osa-miR7695 was evaluated to identify blast resistance or susceptibility in rice cultivars. Results of RT-PCR and real-time qPCR indicated the presence of osa-miR7695 in most Oryzae sativa Indica group cultivars in Vietnam. Upregulation of osa-miR7695 observed in blast resistant rice cultivars at different infection time intervals was higher than in blast non-resistant rice cultivars. Expression of the OsNramp6 gene increased in blast non-resistant cultivars, particularly at 72 h post inoculation. Average ΔCt values of osa-miR7695 in blast resistant rice cultivars were higher by approximately 4-fold than in blast non-resistant rice cultivars. Results suggested osa-miR7695 as a potential biomarker for microRNA based detection of blast resistance and non-resistance in Vietnamese rice cultivars to improve understanding of the biological role of microRNA in rice immunity.

Genome-wide association study and linkage analysis on resistance to rice black-streaked dwarf virus disease

Rice black-streaked dwarf virus disease (RBSDVD) transmitted by small brown planthopper (SBPH, Laodelphax striatellus) is one of the most destructive viral diseases in rice (Oryza sativa L.). It is urgent to explore resistance resources and genes to breed resistant cultivars for controlling this disease. In the present study, linkage analysis was performed using an RIL (recombinant inbred line) population including 181 lines and two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying resistance to RBSDVD, qRBSDVD5 and qRBSDVD6 were detected on chromosomes 5 and 6. Furthermore, 1070 sequenced diverse rice accessions collected from 72 countries or regions were evaluated for resistance to RBSDVD. Moreover, a significantly associated locus was also detected in the same interval of qRBSDVD6 by genome-wide association study (GWAS). Candidate genes were predicted in the significantly association interval with RBSDVD resistance. Among the five haplotypes of LOC_Os06g03120, encoding an aspartyl protease precursor, haplotype 1 showed higher resistance than the other four. The study provides a powerful resource for elucidating the mechanism underlying RBSDVD resistance and breeding resistance rice cultivars by molecular-assisted selection (MAS).

Herbal Extracts in Combination with Nanosilver Inhibit Blight Disease Caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Rice

Bacterial rice leaf blight (BLB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), has a massive impact on the quality and productivity of rice. Besides BLB resistant rice cultivars, herbal extracts and nanosilver have increasingly demonstrated their important roles in controlling the disease as alternatives to synthetic chemical pesticides. Therefore, this research aimed to examine the Xoo antibacterial effects of several herbal extracts and nanosilver in vitro and in vivo. In the study, Wedelia chinensis Osbeck Merr., Clerodendrum fragrans Vent., Excoecaria cochinchinensis Lour., Polyathia longifolia var. Pendula, and Caesalpinia sappan L. were extracted by maceration with six types of solvents (distilled water, 70% ethanol, chloroform, n-hexane, and 100% acetonitrile), then used in an agar diffusion test to evaluate their Xoo antibacterial effects. The results showed that 70% ethanol was the best extracting solvent for the targeted plants. C. fragrans, E. Cochinchinensis, and C. sappan showed significant antibacterial effects with inhibition zone diameters of 28.50 cm, 21.00 cm, and 25.70 cm, respectively. Finally, the individual extract from C. fragrans, E. Cochinchinensis, and C. sappan were combined with nanosilver particles and used to access BLB inhibition capacity in vivo, using the rice cultivar IR24 as the target for Xoo infection. Application of the C. fragrans extract resulted in resistance of IR24 rice to BLB. Similar results were also observed in the infected rice when products combining nanosilver and E. cochinchinensis or C. sappan were applied to infected rice leaves.

Proteomic analysis of the rice (Oryza officinalis) provides clues on molecular tagging of proteins for brown planthopper resistance

BackgroundAmong various pests, the brown planthopper (BPH) that damages rice is the major destructive pests. Understanding resistance mechanisms is a critical step toward effective control of BPH. This study investigates the proteomics of BPH interactions with three rice cultivars: the first resistant (PR) to BPH, the second susceptible (PS), and the third hybrid (HR) between the two, in order to understand mechanisms of BPH resistance in rice.ResultsOver 4900 proteins were identified from these three rice cultivars using iTRAQ proteomics study. A total of 414, 425 and 470 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were detected from PR, PS and HR, respectively, after BPH infestation. Identified DEPs are mainly enriched in categories related with biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, carbon metabolism, and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. A two-component response regulator protein (ORR22) may participate in the early signal transduction after BPH infestation. In the case of the resistant rice cultivar (PR), 6 DEPs, i.e. two lipoxygenases (LOXs), a lipase, two dirigent proteins (DIRs) and an Ent-cassa-12,15-diene synthase (OsDTC1) are related to inheritable BPH resistance. A heat shock protein (HSP20) may take part in the physiological response to BPH infestation, making it a potential target for marker-assisted selection (MAS) of rice. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed eight genes encoding various metabolic proteins involved in BPH resistance. During grain development the expressions of these genes varied at the transcriptional and translational levels.ConclusionsThis study provides comprehensive details of key proteins under compatible and incompatible interactions during BPH infestation, which will be useful for further investigation of the molecular basis of rice resistance to BPH and for breeding BPH-resistant rice cultivars.