Resistance Exercise Intervention Research Articles

Effect of Aerobic and Resistant Exercise Intervention on Inflammaging of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

To examine the effect of aerobic and resistant exercise intervention on inflammaging in middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1 β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) as biomarkers. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Middle-aged and older adults with T2DM in the community. Articles were searched from 8 electronic databases. Randomized control trials (RCTs) published in English, from inception to October 31, 2021, were included in this review. Two authors conducted data extraction and quality appraisal independently following guidelines in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager. Heterogeneity was investigated using subgroup and sensitivity analysis. This review included 14 RCTs. The meta-analysis showed significant improvement in IL-6 [Z= 3.05; 95% confidence interval (CI):-3.60 to-0.79; P= .002], CRP (Z= 2.44; 95% CI:-0.55 to-0.06; P= .01) and TNF-α levels (Z= 2.96; 95% CI:-2.21 to-0.45; P= .003) post-exercise programs. Subgroup analysis revealed that combined aerobic and resistance exercises and long-term exercises have more significant improvement to the outcomes than usual care. Based on the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation system, considerable risk of bias and low level of certainty were revealed in all biomarker outcomes. Exercise intervention is effective in improving inflammatory, metabolic, and lipid markers in middle-aged and older adults with T2DM. By modifying the levels of these markers with exercise, inflammation and insulin resistance can be improved. Long-term, combined aerobic and resistance exercise interventions have more significant effect on biomarkers. The small sample size of this meta-analysis limited the generalizability of the results. Future studies can consider adopting a more optimized exercise regimen to achieve effective T2DM management in middle-aged and older adults. Similar studies should expand to other populations and larger sample sizes to explore replicability of these effects.

Correction to: Comparison Study of the Effects of Resistance and Endurance Exercise Interventions for the Treatment of Depression: A Meta-Analytical Review

Correction to: Comparison Study of the Effects of Resistance and Endurance Exercise Interventions for the Treatment of Depression: A Meta-Analytical Review

The feasibility and efficacy of the home-based exercise programs in patients with cognitive impairment: A pilot study

ObjectiveTo examine the feasibility and efficacy of home-based aerobic and resistance exercise interventions for geriatric individuals with cognitive impairment. MethodsFourteen participants with cognitive impairment were allocated to either the aerobic group (n = 8) or the resistance group (n = 6), after which they implemented a two-month home-based training program. Feasibility and efficacy outcomes were evaluated. A semi-structured interview was performed after the intervention. ResultsAll fourteen participants completed the two-month training program. The adherence rate was 0.94 for the aerobic group and 0.96 for the resistance group. No adverse events occurred. The results revealed a trend of group×time interaction effect on delayed recall. Significant group×time interaction effects were revealed on simple physical performance and body composition. Semi-structured interviews identified four motivators for participating in this program, four facilitators for and three barriers to keeping exercising, and some perceived benefits. ConclusionHome-based aerobic and resistance exercise programs are feasible for geriatric individuals with cognitive impairment. The efficacy needs to be further examined.

Effects of resistance exercise on blood glucose level and pregnancy outcome in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial

IntroductionTo date, the effects of resistance exercise on diabetes-related parameters (blood glucose level and insulin use) and pregnancy outcome in participants with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have not been compared...

The Impact of Web-Based Physical Activity Interventions on Depression and Anxiety Among College Students: Randomized Experimental Trial.

BackgroundDepression and anxiety are growing issues for college students, with both aerobic resistance training and mindfulness yoga exercises known to be effective in reducing symptoms and severity. However, no known research is available comparing these 2 depression and anxiety interventions simultaneously and in a web-based environment.ObjectiveThis study aims to determine the effects of a web-based aerobic resistance exercise intervention (WeActive) and a web-based yoga mindfulness exercise intervention (WeMindful) on depression and anxiety symptoms in college students.MethodsThe participants were 77 college students who anonymously completed a Qualtrics survey, including the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale and the Major Depression Inventory at baseline and after the intervention. Participants were randomly assigned to either the WeActive or WeMindful group and underwent two 30-minute web-based aerobic resistance exercise lessons or yoga mindfulness lessons per week for 8 weeks.ResultsThe results of analysis of covariance with repeated measures indicated that although not statistically significant, both groups showed a notable decrease in anxiety with a marginally significant main effect of time (F1=3.485; P=.07; η2=0.047) but no significant main effect of group and no significant interaction effect of time with group. The 2 intervention groups experienced a significant decrease in depression with the main effect of time (F=3.892; P=.05; η2=0.052). There was no significant main effect of group or interaction effect of time with group for depression.ConclusionsCollege students in both WeActive and WeMindful groups experienced a significant decrease in depression symptoms and a decrease, although not significant, in anxiety as well. The study suggests that web-based WeActive and WeMindful interventions are effective approaches to managing US college students’ depression and anxiety during a pandemic.

Comparison Study of the Effects of Resistance and Endurance Exercise Interventions for the Treatment of Depression: A Meta-Analytical Review

Comparison Study of the Effects of Resistance and Endurance Exercise Interventions for the Treatment of Depression: A Meta-Analytical Review

Effects and contextual factors of a diet and resistance exercise intervention vary across settings: an overview of three successive ProMuscle interventions

BackgroundAlthough many effective interventions have been developed, limited interventions have successfully been implemented. An intervention that was translated across settings is ProMuscle: a diet and resistance exercise intervention for older adults. However, varying contexts often lead to varying effects due to contextual factors (characteristics of individuals, organizations, communities or society). The current study aimed to gain insights into effects and contextual factors of ProMuscle in the controlled setting (ProMuscle: PM), real-life setting (ProMuscle in Practice: PiP), and real-life setting of the implementation pilots (ProMuscle Implementation Pilots: IP).MethodsData from the intervention arms of PM (N = 31) and PiP (N = 82), and from IP (N = 35) were used. Physical functioning (chair-rise test) and leg strength (1-10 repetition maximum) were measured at baseline and after 12-weeks intervention. Paired t-tests and General Linear Models were used to study changes after 12 weeks and differences between interventions. To explore contextual factors, researchers of PM and physiotherapists and dietitians of PiP and IP were interviewed. Factors were categorized according to the five domains and its underlying constructs of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR).ResultsImprovements on chair-rise performance were found in PM (-2.0 ± 7.0 s, p = 0.186), PiP (-0.8 ± 2.9 s, p = 0.019) and IP (-3.3 ± 4.2 s, p = 0.001). Similar results were found for leg strength in PM (32.6 ± 24.8 kg, p < 0.001), PiP (17.0 ± 23.2 kg, p < 0.001), and IP (47.8 ± 46.8 kg, p < 0.001). Contextual factors that contribute to explaining the relatively high effects in IP included room for adapting and tailoring the intervention, involvement of experienced professionals, availability of and access to facilities, and participants characteristics.ConclusionsEffects of the intervention appeared to be strongest in the real-life setting of the implementation pilots. Specific contextual factors contributed to explaining the different findings across settings. Future studies should investigate crucial factors that determine successful implementation of interventions in the real-life setting, to ensure that effective interventions are put into action and reach a broad population.Trial registrationThe ProMuscle intervention was registered in the Trial Registration (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01110369) on February 12th, 2010. The ProMuscle in Practice intervention was registered in the Netherlands Trial Register (NTR6038) on August 30th, 2016. Trial registration was not needed for the ProMuscle Implementation Pilots as this research did not fall within the remit of the Dutch ‘Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act’.

The lasting effects of resistance and endurance exercise interventions on breast cancer patient mental wellbeing and physical fitness

Breast cancer is a persisting global burden for health services with cases and deaths projected to rise in future years. Surgery complemented by adjuvant therapy is commonly used to treat breast cancer, however comes with detrimental side effects to physical fitness and mental wellbeing. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to determine whether resistance and endurance interventions performed during adjuvant treatment can lastingly ameliorate these side effects. A systematic literature search was performed in various electronic databases. Papers were assessed for bias and grouped based on intervention design. RStudio was used to perform the meta-analyses for each group using the ‘meta’ package. Publication bias and power analyses were also conducted. These methods conform to PRISMA guidelines. Combined resistance and endurance interventions elicited significant long-lasting improvements in global fatigue and were beneficial to the remaining side effects. Individually, resistance and endurance interventions non-significantly improved these side effects. Resistance interventions elicited higher benefits overall. Exercise interventions have lasting clinical benefits in ameliorating adjuvant therapy side effects, which negatively impact physical fitness and mental wellbeing. These interventions are of clinical value to enhance adherence rates and avoid comorbidities such as sarcopenia, thus improving disease prognosis.

Protein interventions augment the effect of resistance exercise on appendicular lean mass and handgrip strength in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Increased protein intake is suggested as a strategy to slow or reverse the loss of muscle mass and strength observed in sarcopenia, but results from studies that directly tested this possibility have been inconsistent. We assessed the evidence on the effects of whole protein supplementation or higher-protein diets, without the use of amino acids or supplements known to stimulate hypertrophy, alone or in combination with resistance exercise (RE) interventions, on lean body mass (LBM) and strength in older adults. A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases from January 1990 to July 2021. Randomized controlled trials that assessed the effects of protein supplementation and/or higher-protein dietary interventions in older adults (mean age≥50 y) on total LBM, appendicular lean mass (ALM), and handgrip (HG) and knee extension (KE) strength were included. Twenty-eight studies were identified. In pooled analysis, compared with lower protein controls, protein supplementation did not have a significant positive effect on total LBM [weighted mean difference in change (WMD): 0.34; 95% CI: -0.21, 0.89; I2 = 90.01%], ALM (WMD: 0.4; 95% CI: -0.01, 0.81; I2 = 90.38%), HG strength (WMD: 0.69; 95% CI: -0.69, 2.06; I2 = 94.52%), or KE strength (WMD: 1.88; 95% CI: -0.6, 4.35; I2 = 95.35%). However, in interventions that used also RE, statistically significant positive effects of protein were observed for ALM (WMD: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.03, 1.05; I2 = 89.76%) and HG (WMD: 1.71; 95% CI: 0.12, 3.30; I2 = 88.71%). Meta-regression revealed no significant association between age, per-meal protein dose, duration, and baseline protein intake with change in any outcome. Subgroup analysis revealed the statistically significant effects on ALM occurred only in sarcopenic/frail populations (WMD: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.51, 1.25; I2 = 79.0%). Most studies (n=22) had some risk of bias. In older adults performing RE, increased protein intake leads to greater ALM and HG strength compared with lower protein controls. Without RE, protein has no additional benefit on changes in total LBM, ALM, or HG strength.

The Effects of Resistance Exercise in End Stage Renal Disease Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Systematic Meta-Analysis

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a global public health problem as same as in Thailand the number of patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment is getting higher every year. In frequently cases has many impacts and affect the reduction of functional conditions. The objective of this study is to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of research into the effects of resistance exercise on end stage renal disease patients undergoing hemodialysis and to analyze the effect size of resistance exercise on patients. A systematic literature search was conducted using the database of Science direct, Wiley Online Library, Scopus, PubMed, EBSSCO host and the Thai-Journal Citation Index Center, looking for randomized controlled trials between 2009 and 2020. Combined effect sizes were calculated using Review Manager Version 5.3. Eight articles met the inclusion criteria and in the effect size analysis. Results showed that resistance exercise improved the ability to function and increased muscle strength, improved body composition and quality of life in chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment.&#x0D; HIGHLIGHTS&#x0D; &#x0D; The effectiveness of resistance exercise interventions improves physical performance, quality of life (QOL), muscle strength and body composition&#x0D; The characteristic of exercise has shown to be high beneficial for many health aspects and easily modifiable lifestyle factor with virtually no negative side effects&#x0D; This meta-analysis might help to develop early intervention strategies for physical and psychological outcome both of patients with chronic diseases&#x0D; &#x0D; GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Combined training improves the diagnostic measures of sarcopenia and decreases the inflammation in HIV-infected individuals.

BackgroundHIV‐related sarcopenia is an emerging health issue that often remains undiagnosed and can lead to reduced quality of life, independence, and premature death if untreated. This study investigated the effects of a 6 month combined training (resistance plus aerobic exercise) (CT) intervention on diagnostic measures of sarcopenia, including grip strength, appendicular lean mass index (ALMI), and gait speed.MethodsForty participants were randomized into either a CT group (n = 20; age = 38.3 ± 4.9 years) or a control group (CON; n = 20; age = 37.9 ± 5.1 years). Participants in the CT group performed three supervised sessions per week for 6 months, consisting of weekly reverse linear periodized resistance training followed by 20 min aerobic training. Participants in the CON group were instructed to continue with their current lifestyle habits. Assessments were completed at baseline and after 6 months. Statistical analyses were performed using a two‐way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted for sex and preintervention values. Primary outcomes included grip strength, ALMI, and gait speed. Secondary outcomes were changes in levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐6 and TNF‐α), IGF‐1, and myostatin. Associations were explored between changes in inflammatory markers (IL‐6 and TNF‐α), gait speed, and ALMI with grip strength.ResultsA significant increase in ALMI was found for CT compared with CON (0.29 ± 0.13 kg/m2 vs. −0.11 ± 0.14 kg/m2, respectively; P < 0.001). Significant improvements in grip strength (7.86 ± 8.50 kg for CT vs. −1.58 ± 2.47 kg for CON) and gait speed (0.16 ± 0.07 m/s2 for CT vs. −0.06 ± 0.52 m/s2 for CON; both P < 0.001) were also observed in CT compared with CON. Reduction in inflammatory biomarkers was found in CT compared with CON (IL‐6; TNF‐α, both P < 0.001). An increase in IGF‐1 (74.36 ± 56.64 pg/mm3 for CT vs. 7.19 ± 99 pg/mm3 for CON; P < 0.001) and a decrease in myostatin (−158.90 ± 62.03 pg/mm3 for CT vs. −43.33 ± 146.60 pg/mm3 for CON; P < 0.001) was found following CT compared with the CON group. Change in grip strength was correlated with changes in IL‐6 (r = −0.65, P < 0.001), TNF‐α (r = −0.63, P < 0.001), gait speed (r = 0.63, P < 0.001), and ALMI (r = 0.54, P = 0.001), but not IGF‐1 and myostatin. No adverse events were recorded, and compliance with the CT exercise sessions was high (>85%).ConclusionsCombined training appears to be an effective means to counteract sarcopenia and improve various inflammatory markers and growth hormones in people living with HIV.

The Effect of Exercise on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), a common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, increases the risk for cardiometabolic morbidity. While regular exercise is effective in reducing cardiometabolic risk, women with PCOS may experience condition-specific barriers to exercise thereby limiting its efficacy. Aim: To determine the effect of exercise on cardiometabolic risk factors in women with PCOS. Methods: Five databases (Cochrane, EMBASE, Medline, Scopus and SPORTDiscus) were searched up to December of 2021. Eligible studies included: a randomised controlled design; participants with a diagnosis of PCOS; aerobic and/or resistance exercise intervention lasting ≥4 weeks; cardiometabolic outcomes. Meta-analyses were performed to determine the effect of exercise versus non-exercising control on cardiometabolic outcomes. Results: Of the 4517 studies screened, 18 studies were analysed involving 593 participants. When compared with control, exercise significantly improved cardiorespiratory fitness (weighted mean difference {WMD} = 4.00 mL/kg/min, 95% CI: 2.61 to 5.40, p < 0.001) and waist circumference (WMD = −1.48 cm, 95% CI: −2.35 to −0.62, p = 0.001). Systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance, and lipid profiles remained unchanged. Conclusions: Regular exercise may improve cardiorespiratory fitness and waist circumference in women with PCOS. Further large-scale studies are required to determine whether exercise interventions improve various biochemical and anthropometric parameters in women with PCOS and more severe cardiometabolic abnormalities.

Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis.

Dialysis treatments weigh heavily on patients' physical and psychosocial health. Multiple studies have assessed the potential for exercise training to improve outcomes in adults undergoing dialysis. However, uncertainties exist in its relevance and sustainable benefits for patient-important outcomes. This is an update of a review first published in 2011. To assess the benefits and safety of regular structured exercise training in adults undergoing dialysis on patient-important outcomes including death, cardiovascular events, fatigue, functional capacity, pain, and depression. We also aimed to define the optimal prescription of exercise in adults undergoing dialysis. In this update, we conducted a systematic search of the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Register of Studies up to 23 December 2020. The Register includes studies identified from CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, the International Clinical Trials Register (ICTRP) Search Portal and ClinicalTrials.gov as well as kidney-related journals and the proceedings of major kidney conferences. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs of any structured exercise programs of eight weeks or more in adults undergoing maintenance dialysis compared to no exercise or sham exercise. Two authors independently assessed the search results for eligibility, extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Whenever appropriate, we performed random-effects meta-analyses of the mean difference in outcomes. The primary outcomes were death (any cause), cardiovascular events and fatigue. Secondary outcomes were health-related quality of life (HRQoL), depression, pain, functional capacity, blood pressure, adherence to the exercise program, and intervention-related adverse events. We identified 89 studies involving 4291 randomised participants, of which 77 studies (3846 participants) contributed to the meta-analyses. Seven studies included adults undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Fifty-six studies reported aerobic exercise interventions, 21 resistance exercise interventions and 19 combined aerobic and resistance training within the same study arm. The interventions lasted from eight weeks to two years and most often took place thrice weekly during dialysis treatments. A single study reported death and no study reported long-term cardiovascular events. Five studies directly assessed fatigue, 46 reported HRQoL and 16 reported fatigue or pain through their assessment of HRQoL. Thirty-five studies assessed functional capacity, and 21 reported resting peripheral blood pressure. Twelve studies reported adherence to exercise sessions, and nine reported exercise-related adverse events. Overall, the quality of the included studies was low and blinding of the participants was generally not feasible due to the nature of the intervention. Exercise had uncertain effects on death, cardiovascular events, and the mental component of HRQoL due to the very low certainty of evidence. Compared with sham or no exercise, exercise training for two to 12 months may improve fatigue in adults undergoing dialysis, however, a meta-analysis could not be conducted. Any exercise training for two to 12 months may improve the physical component of HRQoL (17 studies, 656 participants: MD 4.12, 95% CI 1.88 to 6.37 points on 100 points-scale; I² = 49%; low certainty evidence). Any exercise training for two to 12 months probably improves depressive symptoms (10 studies, 441 participants: SMD -0.65, 95% CI -1.07 to -0.22; I² = 77%; moderate certainty evidence) and the magnitude of the effect may be greater when maintaining the exercise beyond four months (6 studies, 311 participants: SMD -0.30, 95% CI 0.14 to -0.74; I² = 71%). Any exercise training for three to 12 months may improve pain (15 studies, 872 participants: MD 5.28 95% CI -0.12 to 10.69 points on 100 points-scale; I² = 63%: low certainty evidence) however, the 95% CI indicates that exercise training may make little or no difference in the level of pain. Any exercise training for two to six months probably improves functional capacity as it increased the distance reached during six minutes of walking (19 studies, 827 participants: MD 49.91 metres, 95% CI 37.22 to 62.59; I² = 34%; moderate certainty evidence) and the number of sit-to-stand cycles performed in 30 seconds (MD 2.33 cycles, 95% CI 1.71 to 2.96; moderate certainty evidence). There was insufficient evidence to assess the safety of exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis. The results were similar for aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and a combination of both aerobic and resistance exercise. It is uncertain whether exercise training improves death, cardiovascular events, or the mental component of HRQoL in adults undergoing maintenance dialysis. Exercise training probably improves depressive symptoms, particularly when the intervention is maintained beyond four months. Exercise training is also likely to improve functional capacity. Low certainty evidence suggested that exercise training may improve fatigue, the physical component of quality of life, and pain. The safety of exercise training for adults undergoing dialysis remains uncertain.

Effect Of Exercise on Muscle Mass, Fat Mass, Bone Mass, Muscular Strength and Physical Performance in Community Dwelling Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The demographic transition makes it necessary to establish new recommendations about the components that are most affected by aging, such as: muscle mass, fat mass, bone mass, muscle strength, and physical performance. Exercise has been identified as a factor that improves those conditions. The aim of this review is to synthetize and analyze the results of exercise interventions on muscle mass, fat mass, bone mass, strength and physical performance in community dwelling older adults (OA). A systematic search was carried out in eleven databases, using validated terms as “aged”, “exercise” and others. For the meta-analysis, we differentiated by type of exercise and outcome. Twenty-nine randomized clinical trials were obtained for the review and 24 clinical trials for meta-analysis. This study identified an increase of 1.0 kg (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.3 -1.7) in total muscle mass (TMM) and 0.4 kg (95%CI 0.0,0.7) in appendicular muscle mass (AMM); a decrease of -3.7 kg (95% CI -5.8, -1.5) in total fat mass and -3.7% (95%CI -5.8, -1.5) in fat percentage after the resistance exercise intervention by 2-3 times per week. A -3.0% (95%CI -4.6, -1.3) decrease was observed in fat percentage after the aerobic exercise intervention. The quality of the evidence was ranked from high to very low; the risk of bias most common was performance bias and other bias. This study suggests that resistance exercise is the intervention that shows a positive effect on muscle fat mass, and bone mass. More research is needed for other exercise interventions.

Remote delivery of a resistance exercise and protein intervention to improve muscle parameters in 40–65-year-olds: a feasibility study. The REMEND trial

Remote delivery of a resistance exercise and protein intervention to improve muscle parameters in 40–65-year-olds: a feasibility study. The REMEND trial

Effect of combined aerobic and resistance exercise on blood pressure in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of combined aerobic and resistance exercise on blood pressure (BP) in postmenopausal women. The results of this study will provide an effective means for postmenopausal women to control BP and reduce the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Eligible studies were searched in five electronic databases until November 2020, and 11 randomized controlled trials that met the inclusion criteria were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The random-effects model was used to calculate overall effect sizes of weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). This study was registered in PROSPERO with the registration number: CRD42021225546. Compared with the control group, the aerobic combined resistance exercise significantly decreased the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by 0.81mmHg (95% CI, -1.34 to -0.28) and 0.62mmHg (95% CI, -1.11 to -0.14), respectively. The results of the meta-analysis also indicated that a significant reduction in brachial-to-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) of - 1.18m/s (95% CI, -1.81 to -0.56) and heart rate (HR) of -0.22 beats/min (95% CI: -0.42 to -0.02) after combined aerobic and resistance exercise intervention. Subgroup analysis showed that postmenopausal women ≥60years of age who were overweight or had a normal baseline BP were more sensitive to the combined aerobic and resistance exercise. When combined aerobic and resistance exercise frequency<3 times/week, weekly exercise time≥150min, or the duration of exercise lasted for 12weeks, the SBP and DBP of postmenopausal women could be reduced more effectively. The present study indicates that combined aerobic and resistance exercise can significantly reduce BP in postmenopausal women. Accordingly, combined aerobic and resistance exercise may be an effective way to prevent and manage hypertension in postmenopausal women.

Effect of a Resistance Exercise Intervention on Frailty Outcomes in Adults With Diabetes Mellitus

Frailty is prevalent in adults with diabetes mellitus (DM). The study purpose was to assess the impact of a 6-month home-based resistance exercise (RE) intervention on muscle function (MF), body composition (BC) and health related quality of life (HRQOL) in frail adults with DM. We hypothesized that a home-based RE would improve MF, BC and HRQOL in frail adults with DM.

Exercise effects on muscle quality in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

To systematically review and analyse the effects of exercise on morphological and neuromuscular muscle quality (MQ) outcomes in older adults and assess a range of possible moderators that may affect the impact of exercise on MQ outcomes. Using PRISMA guidelines, randomised controlled trials were searched in CINAHL, EMBASE, LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, Web of Science, MedNar, OpenGrey and OpenThesis databases. Eligible trials examined the effects of exercise interventions on morphological and neuromuscular MQ in older adults (≥ 60 years). Twenty-one trials (n = 973 participants) were included. Exercise significantly improved morphological MQ (effect size (ES) = 0.32, 95% CI 0.13–0.51, P < 0.001) with significant results maintained for studies assessing muscle density and intermuscular adipose tissue (ES = 0.45–0.52, P < 0.05). For neuromuscular MQ, exercise provided significant positive effects (ES = 0.49, 95% CI 0.29–0.69, P < 0.001) but only maintained for physically healthy participants (ES = 0.43, P < 0.001), resistance exercise interventions (ES = 0.64, P < 0.001), or studies assessing 1-RM or knee extensor isokinetic muscle strength relative to leg lean mass (ES = 0.48–0.62, P = 0.001). Associations between exercise duration and changes in MQ measures were not observed (P > 0.05). Supervised exercise interventions significantly improved different measures of MQ regardless of exercise duration, although these effects were small-to-moderate and not supported across all population-, exercise-, and methods-related features.

The cerebral changes induced by exercise interventions in people with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review

ObjectivesThis study aimed to summarize the effects of exercise on the brain structure and function measured by imaging and electroencephalography methods in people with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. MethodsWe systematically searched different electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of controlled trials, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO up to September 2021. Randomized controlled trials with exercise interventions in people with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease were included. The outcomes included all the structural and functional brain changes measured by neuroimaging and electroencephalography approaches. All the outcomes were summarized and tabulated. The protocol has been registered on the PROSPERO (CDR42020192579). ResultsNineteen articles from 12 trials were included. Most studies focused on people with mild cognitive impairment and revealed positive effects on the volumes of hippocampus and cingulate cortex, the resting state functional connectivity between the hippocampus and other brain regions, the brain activity in several regions, the cerebral blood flow, electroencephalogram, and P300 latency and amplitude. Different types of exercise could produce distinct effects and intensity was a factor affecting the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise interventions. Meanwhile, limited studies paid attention to people with Alzheimer's disease and showed insignificant results. ConclusionsExercise has positive effects on the brain structures and functions in people with mild cognitive impairment, while for people with Alzheimer's disease, limited studies revealed insignificant effects.

Resistance and aerobic exercise intervention during chemotherapy in patients with metastatic cancer: a pilot study in South Korea.

We investigated the feasibility and safety of an exercise intervention in patients with metastatic solid cancer. Patients scheduled to receive first-line chemotherapy for metastatic cancer with a life expectancy of ≥4 months, no brain metastases, and no high risk of fracture were recruited to participate in a 12-week, combined resistance and aerobic exercise program consisting of supervised, hospital-based (2×/week) and home-based training (3×/week) during palliative chemotherapy. Feasibility and safety of the exercise intervention were the primary outcomes. The secondary outcomes were skeletal muscle mass and strength, functional capacity, quality of life (QoL), and fatigue. Nineteen patients were enrolled in this pilot study. Five patients withdrew consent before the exercise intervention due to fear of exacerbating cancer-related symptoms (n=2), transportation issues (n=2), and unknown reasons (n=1). Ten patients (71.4%) completed the 12-week exercise program. Mean attendance rate of the supervised exercise sessions was 64.9% (range, 16.7-95.8%). No adverse events or skeletal complications occurred during the supervised exercise sessions. Among participants, there were no significant changes in muscle area at the third lumbar level (mean change =-0.7 cm2, P=0.869) or appendicular skeletal muscle mass (mean change =0.1 kg, P=0.661). The overall QoL assessed using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General significantly improved post-exercise interventions (P=0.037). There were significant improvements in the QoL subdomains of emotional well-being and physical, social, and cognitive functions. Exercise interventions are feasible and safe in patients with metastatic cancer. Exercise interventions can improve QoL and prevent skeletal muscle loss during palliative chemotherapy.