Resistance Exercise In Adults Research Articles

584-P: Similar Variability in Pre- and Post-exercise Glucose Levels between Morning-Fasted and Afternoon-Fed Resistance Exercise in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes

Background: Exercise increases longevity and decreases the incidence/progression of diabetes-related complications for those with type 1 diabetes (T1D), but it complicates blood glucose management. Understanding variability in blood glucose response to exercise may help guide choices of exercise strategies for people with T1D. Our primary objective was to compare the variability in capillary glucose (CG) response to morning, fasted resistance exercise (AMre), to afternoon post-prandial exercise (PMre). We hypothesized that CG responses would be less variable during morning fasted RE. Methods: Seven participants [4F/3M; mean (SD): age = 29.1 (11.3) yrs; diabetes duration = 19.4 (6.7) yrs; HbA1c = 7.5 (0.7)%] completed a standardized resistance exercise protocol (3 sets of 8 repetitions of seven exercises involving all major muscle groups with 90 seconds between sets) three times in the morning (~7am) while in a fasted state and three times in the afternoon (~5pm) in a fed state. Sessions were performed in a random order with at least 48 hrs between sessions. Participants aimed for close consistency in the timing of the sessions, any associated meals (PMre only) and related insulin adjustments. To determine the intra-individual variability in CG response during AMre and PMre, as well as subsequent 30-minute recovery periods, we performed paired t-tests of the within-participant SD of the change in CG. Results: From the beginning to the end of RE, mean within-participant SD of CG change was 1.2 (0.5) and 1.9 (1.2) mmol/L during AMre and PMre respectively (p=0.08), and 1.2 (0.4) and 1.2 (1.2) mmol/L during subsequent 30-minute recovery periods (p=0.98). Conclusion: For adults with T1D the variability in CG response may be similar between AMre and PMre. More data are needed to clarify these effects. Disclosure R.Mcclure: None. C.J.Nitz: None. J.E.Yardley: Speaker's Bureau; Dexcom, Inc., Abbott. Funding LifeScan

Hemodynamic response to different contractile speeds of resistance exercise in adults with sarcopenic obesity

This study aimed to compare the effects of high-speed and low-speed resistance exercise on hemodynamics in adults with sarcopenic obesity. We hypothesized that high-speed resistance exercise induces greater/longer cardiovascular stress than low-speed resistance exercise. Forty-five individuals with sarcopenic obesity (64.0±6.0 years) were randomized to the low-speed resistance exercise group (LSRE; n=24) and the high-speed resistance exercise group (HSRE; n=21). All participants performed one-session of resistance exercises [squatting, chest press, and upright row; 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 60% of 1 repeated maximum]. Participants in the LSRE group performed the exercises with a 4:4 second concentric-eccentric contraction cycle controlled by a metronome while participants in the HSRE group performed the exercise with a 1:4 second concentric-eccentric contraction cycle. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), and arterial stiffness (brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; baPWV) were determined before exercise (resting), immediately after exercise (P0), 15-min after exercise (P15), and 30-min after exercise (P30). Two-way repeated measure analysis of variance was used to examine the effect of different contractile speeds of resistance exercise on outcome variables. The significant level was set at 0.05. We found that the HR at P0 was higher than the resting values for both groups, with 10.9 bpm and 14.0 bpm of increases for the LSRE group and HSRE group, respectively. HR was back to the resting level at P15 in the LSRE group; however, HR was back to the resting level until P30 in the HSRE group. For both groups, SBP was significantly higher at P0 compared to resting (12.5 mmHg of increase for the LSRE group and 11.9 mmHg of increase for the HSRE group) and back to the resting level at P15. PWV at P0 was higher than the resting and back to the resting level at P15 in the LSRE group. PWV levels did not change with exercise in the HSRE group (p>0.05). DBP did not change significantly with exercise in both groups (p>0.05). In conclusion, the influence of HSRE on HR is longer than that of LSRE. LSRE, but not HSRE, results in transient changes in arterial stiffness in adults with sarcopenic obesity. This study was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan [grant numbers: MOST-109-2314-B-010 -036 -MY3 (Chen, C.N.)]. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

A randomized controlled trial of a structured program combining aerobic and resistance exercise for adults with type 2 diabetes in Japan.

We assessed the effect of supervised, combined aerobic and resistance exercise on diabetic parameters in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This 12-week, multicenter (17 medical institutions), open-label, parallel-group study (clinicaltrials.jp; JapicCTI-184002), randomized (1:1) Japanese patients aged 20-75years with T2DM and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of 7.0-10.0% to supervised exercise (n = 113) or standard therapy (n = 115). The supervised exercise group undertook supervised aerobic (30min) and resistance exercise 3 times/week (20 designated gyms). Primary endpoint was change in HbA1c from baseline at week 13. Secondary endpoints were change in fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycoalbumin, fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and HOMA-β at week 13. Of 228 randomized patients, 97 (85.8%) in the supervised exercise group and 108 (93.9%) in the standard therapy group completed the study. Supervised exercise significantly lowered HbA1c at week 13 versus standard therapy (estimated difference in change from baseline [95% confidence interval]:- 0.44% [-0.61,-0.28], p < 0.001). Supervised exercise also significantly decreased FBG (estimated difference:-13.0 [-19.2,-6.7] mg/dL) and glycoalbumin (estimated difference: -1.52% [-2.10,-0.93]) compared with standard therapy. Fasting insulin (-0.5 µIU/mL) and HOMA-IR (-0.3) decreased with supervised exercise, but group differences were not significant. Treatment-emergent adverse events were more frequent in the supervised exercise group (42.5%) than in the standard therapy group (29.6%); however, no major safety concerns were identified. A structured, supervised, aerobic and resistance exercise program improved HbA1c and was well accepted among patients with T2DM. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13340-021-00506-5.

Sex-Related Differences in Blood Glucose Responses to Resistance Exercise in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Secondary Data Analysis

ObjectivesIn adults with type 1 diabetes, resistance exercise (RE) is associated with more stable blood glucose (BG) levels than aerobic exercise, both during and after exercise. In individuals without diabetes, growth hormone and epinephrine responses to RE differ between the sexes. These hormones are known to affect BG levels in individuals with type 1 diabetes. In this study, we explored whether sex-related differences may exist in BG responses to RE in individuals with type 1 diabetes. MethodsA secondary data analysis was conducted on pooled data from 2 studies with identical RE protocols for individuals with type 1 diabetes (13 males, age range 16 to 63 years; 10 females, age range 19 to 45 years). The RE session consisted of 7 resistance-based exercises performed at 5 pm. Plasma glucose samples were collected before, immediately after and 1 h after exercise. Interstitial glucose levels were recorded through blinded continuous glucose monitoring 24 h before, during and 24 h after exercise. ResultsThere was a significant sex-by-time interaction (p<0.001) in plasma glucose responses to RE. Plasma glucose decreased significantly in males from 8.6±2.5 to 6.3±2.1 mmol/L (p<0.001) during exercise, whereas females experienced no significant change (7.2±1.3 to 7.3±1.3 mmol/L, p=0.999). In the 6 h after RE, males developed significantly more hypoglycemia, as measured by continuous glucose monitoring (p=0.048). ConclusionsMales may have a greater risk of hypoglycemia with an acute bout of RE than females. Further research is needed to examine this phenomenon more closely, as sex-specific recommendations for preventing hypoglycemia around RE may be necessary in type 1 diabetes.

Brief Report: Exercise and Blood Pressure in Older Adults-An Updated Look.

Background/Objectives Raised blood pressure is a major problem in older adults. Using a random-effects model, a recent meta-analysis reported statistically significant reductions in both resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) as a result of aerobic, resistance, and combined aerobic and resistance exercise in adults ≥65 years. To provide more objective information regarding this nonpharmacologic approach, this study applied more robust methods to this data. Design Meta-analysis of 41 randomized controlled trials representing 96 groups (52 exercise; 44 control). Setting Any location where a randomized controlled trial could be conducted. Participants Adults ≥65 years. Intervention Trials ≥2 weeks that included aerobic, resistance, and/or combined aerobic and resistance exercise as the intervention. Measurements The recently developed inverse heterogeneity model (IVhet) was used to pool findings and the Doi plot was used to examine for small-study effects. Absolute and relative differences between the IVhet and random-effects model were also calculated. Data were reported using the mean difference (exercise minus control) with nonoverlapping 95% confidence intervals considered statistically significant. Results Statistically significant reductions in resting blood pressure were found as a result of aerobic exercise (SBP, -4.7 mmHg, 95% CI, -7.7 to -1.8; DBP, -2.0 mmHg, 95% CI -3.13 to -0.9), SBP but not DBP for resistance training (SBP, -7.0 mmHg, 95% CI, -10.5 to -3.4; DBP, -1.2 mmHg, 95% CI -2.7 to 0.3), and both SBP and DBP for combined aerobic and resistance training (SBP, -5.5 mmHg, 95% CI, -8.3 to -2.7; DBP, -3.7 mmHg, 95% CI -4.8 to -2.7). Conclusions Exclusive of changes in DBP congruent with resistance training, exercise (aerobic, resistance, and combined aerobic and resistance) reduces resting SBP and DBP in older adults. These findings have practical implications when considering exercise for the prevention and treatment of raised blood pressure in older adults.

The reinforcing value and liking of resistance training and aerobic exercise as predictors of adult's physical activity

ObjectiveReinforcing value (motivating value) is a stronger predictor than hedonic value (liking) for engaging in drug use, gambling, and eating. The associations of reinforcing value and liking with physical activity of adults have not yet been studied and may depend on the modes of exercise (e.g., aerobic/cardiovascular exercise, resistance training) under consideration. The purpose of this study was to test associations of the reinforcing value and liking of aerobic exercise training (AT) and resistance exercise training (RT) modes of exercise with usual participation in aerobic and resistance exercise in adults. MethodsMen (n=38) and women (n=50) were measured for their liking and relative reinforcing value (RRV) of AT and RT, for their usual vigorous physical activity (VPA) participation, and for usual resistance exercise behavior (Yale physical activity questionnaire). ResultsThe RRV of AT (RRVAT) and liking of AT were correlated, (r=0.22, p<0.04), as were the RRV of RT (RRVRT) and liking of RT (r=0.42, p˂0.01). The reinforcing value for, but not the liking of, a mode of exercise predicted how much an individual engaged in that mode of exercise. RRVAT (p˂0.01) was positively associated with usual VPA. RRVRT (p˂0.01) was positively associated with RT behavior. The hedonic value of AT and of RT were not associated (p>0.30) with VPA or RT behavior. ConclusionReinforcing value of a mode of exercise is a stronger predictor than the liking of that mode of exercise for usual amount of participation in the exercise.

Homeostasis Model Assessment Of Insulin Resistance Is Inversely Associated With The Adaptive Strength Response To Resistance Exercise In Adults

Homeostasis Model Assessment Of Insulin Resistance Is Inversely Associated With The Adaptive Strength Response To Resistance Exercise In Adults

No effect on gait function of progressive resistance exercise in adults with cerebral palsy - A single-blind randomized controlled trial

No effect on gait function of progressive resistance exercise in adults with cerebral palsy - A single-blind randomized controlled trial

No effect on gait function of progressive resistance exercise in adults with cerebral palsy – A single-blind randomized controlled trial

Muscular weakness has long been recognized as a problem in individuals with cerebral palsy (CP), but has been ignored therapeutically until recently. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a progressive resistance exercise (PRE) programme of seated leg press (SLP) on gait function in adults with spastic diplegic CP, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level II and III, who experience reduced walking ability, using a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Twelve individuals were included, 6 in the training and 6 in the control group. The training group completed a PRE programme consisting of a 10-min warm-up, followed by SLP 1215 repetitions maximum (RM) in 4 sets, 3 days a week, for the first 2 weeks, progressing to 6RM in 4 sets, 3 days a week, for the following 6 weeks. Six-RM tests in the SLP machine were performed to determine the training load. The control group continued individual treatment or training as usual. The primary outcome measure was the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT). Secondary outcome measures were the Ten-meter Walk Test (10 m), stair climbing, the Timed Stands Test (TST) and isokinetic muscle strength of the quadriceps. There was no significant change, or difference in change between the groups, in any of the outcome measures from baseline to 8 weeks. Adults with CP, participating in an 8-week PRE, did not improve their walking, functional lower limb strength or isokinetic strength. The training group did improve their performance in SLP.