Wood Resin Research Articles

Resin defect detection in appearance lumber using 2D NIR spectroscopy

Resinous defects incorporated into exterior, treated, appearance products, such as barge boards and weatherboards, can cause unsightly resin bleed and resin show-through, which is a discolouration of the paint layer above the resin feature. Manufacturers, therefore, go to great lengths to eliminate resinous wood via manual grading operations and also as part of automated grading systems. Images from resinous and non-resinous wood were acquired using a near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral camera which produced spectral data for each pixel (0.94 × 1.00 mm). NIR data from these images in the range from 977 to 1565 nm were used to generate a partial least squares (PLS) model that was able to detect resin features reliably. Wavelength regions with peaks at 1180 and 1370 nm showed a distinct difference between non-resinous and resinous wood. Using a multi-step classification process, it was possible to filter out other wood features, such as sapstain or knots that might interfere with the correct identification of resinous areas. It was possible to average the spectral information of the PLS model to 18 wavelengths and the spatial information to 10 mm/data point without significant loss of resin-prediction ability. The optimised, reduced-information model predicted resin features in 24 out of 30 shooks correctly (80%). Solely shooks with small or narrow resin features or minor show-through were predicted incorrectly, i.e. they were typically predicted as rejects even though no resin show-through feature was apparent in the painted shook.

APLICAÇÃO DE AEROGÉIS PARA REMOÇÃO DE PITCH NA INDÚSTRIA DE CELULOSE E PAPEL

O licor negro formado na polpação da indústria de celulose e papel contém pitchs, materiais resinosos em estado coloidal, derivados da madeira, que se acumulam nos maquinários da indústria, danificando-os ou o produto final. O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar o uso de aerogéis à base de celulose na remoção dos pitchs, função exercida pelo talco na maioria das indústrias. Os aerogéis são sólidos porosos, produzidos a partir de liofilização de uma suspensão coloidal de celulose nanofibrilada e xilanas, em diferentes proporções, e resina PAE - poliamina-epiclorohidrina. A contagem dos pitchs foi feita com uma câmara de Neubauer. Todos os aerogéis apresentaram poder de adsorção, de modo que quanto maior o teor de CNF-Celulose Nanofibrilada, melhor o adsorvente. De modo geral, os aerogéis 100:0 (CNF:Xilana) são melhores adsorventes que os aerogéis 30:70. Não foi observada uma proporção entre massa e capacidade de adsorção, sugerindo a existência de quantidades específicas para cada aerogel.

Domestic and ritual use of plants and fuels in the neolithic cave of Alepotrypa, southern Peloponnese, Greece: The wood charcoal and phytolith evidence

The study presents the combined results of wood charcoal and phytolith analysis at Alepotrypa Cave, southern Peloponnese, Greece. The cave preserves rich cultural remains (hearth and floor constructions, pits and platforms, human bone scatters, massive quantities of fine pottery, lithic artefacts and ornaments) spanning the late Early to the Final Neolithic. The studied macro and micro-remains come from two distinct areas of the cave, the anterior chamber (close to the entrance of the cave) and the interior chambers (including a small fresh water lake), which, as has been suggested by several lines of evidence (analyses of cultural remains, human bones and micromorphology), were used for domestic and ritualistic purposes respectively. The aim of this study is two-fold: a) to investigate the local vegetation, and woodland management, b) to understand the use of plants and use of space along the habitation history of the cave exploring the possibility of a domestic setting for the anterior chamber and a ritualistic one for the interior. Wood charcoal and phytolith analyses support the two modes of usage; different fuel types in the hearths of the interior and anterior chambers of the cave along with different activities are documented. The anterior preserves well prepared clay floors and platforms with some cereal remains indicating light processing or consumption. The hearths in this area were fed with leafy branches from the open vegetation of the surrounding rocky slopes that included various scrub plants and scattered drought-resistant trees. Τhrough time and probably as a response to increased demand due to more frequent and longer-lasting use of the cave, neolithic people expanded their fuel-procurement activities to nearby evergreen woodland and deciduous oak thickets. By contrast the interior preserves evidence of ritualistic activities supported by the use of selected types of fuel, i.e. composted sheep dung along with firewood from scrub vegetation and small diameter wood of Fabaceae, Cistus sp. and Phillyrea/Rhamnus alaternus. The excellent burning qualities of composted dung and the ease of transportation of such material as well as of the small size firewood would explain their preferential use in the interior chambers where access was exceptionally difficult. Nevertheless, the slow-burning glow and smell of dung under the light of Pinus nigra resinous wood torches may have enhanced the powerfully evocative atmosphere of the interior chambers serving ritual purposes.

Mechanical characterization of composite materials based on pine needle residues processed by thermocompression

The use of bio-composites based on pine needle and natural resins has industrial interest. In this work have been carried out thermocompression plates, based on pine needles (powder and fiber format) and natural resins (ELO and GREENPOXY).Once characterized mechanically, the optimum combination has been chosen and sandwich panels based on balsa wood and cork have been carried out for subsequent characterization.The use of GREENPOXY resin and boat wood gives the best results, choosing micronized pine or fiber according to the industrial interest.

Influence of microwave heating in wood preservation on traditional surface coatings

Microwaves are very effective at wood pest eradication. However, elevated temperatures may pose a risk of damaging surface coatings used on cultural and historical artefacts. Therefore, we monitored changes in patterns of the original paint taken from such objects along with newly prepared coatings. We evaluated visual, mechanical, and chemical modifications of coatings when exposed to microwaves (750W, 2.4GHz), at 60°C or 80°C for 10 min. Whether old or new, only water-based coatings have proven to be resistant to elevated temperatures and no damage was observed at 80°C. Blisters have formed on layers of new oil paints and natural resins due to insufficiently cured film. Temperatures above 80°C may cause melting of coniferous wood resin and thus transport of resin to the surface; on the other hand, temperatures up to 60°C are completely harmless. Mechanical and chemical changes of coatings exposed to microwaves were not observed, but the studies showed that colour and gloss exhibited minor changes.

Rapid prediction of surface characteristics of European and Siberian larch wood by FT-NIRS

Application of coatings on larch wood surfaces with high concentrations of arabinogalactan and wood resins and/or low pH-values can pose problems regarding film formation and service life of coatings. In the present feasibility study, FT-NIR spectroscopy as a method for the quantification of the abovementioned wood characteristics on the surface of heartwood of European and Siberian larch (Larix decidua, Larix sibirica) was investigated. Predictions by FT-NIRS were accurate and reliable for the actual arabinogalactan content on the wood surface with R2 (CV) of 0.75–0.89 and RMSEP of 18.82–29.14 mg g−1. Prediction of the pH-value of the larch wood surface was also possible, although less reliable than for the arabinogalactan content (R2 CV: 0.60–0.70; RMSE: 0.34–0.37). The prediction of the wood resin content allowed only a rough estimation of the actual resin concentration, which might be due to the uneven distribution of the wood resin across the wood surface. It was concluded that the quantification and finding of extreme values of arabinogalactan content and surface pH-value can be predicted accurately, while the prediction of the wood resin content gives only indicative values.

Importancia, manejo y control de extraíbles e incrustaciones (pitch) en la fabricación de papel

Se hace una descripción de los principales problemas relacionados con los extraíbles contenidos en las maderas destinadas a la producción de pulpa y papel. Estos compuestos de naturaleza orgánica son responsables de las incrustaciones en los equipos de pulpeo y blanqueo, incrementan la demanda de químicos, se dispersan en la pasta formando manchas o huecos en el papel y se encuentran presentes en el circuito de aguas blancas. Estos efectos pueden minimizarse evitando la cantidad de resinas que entran al proceso, instalando puntos de remoción o empleando especies no resinosas. Este trabajo hace una revisión de estos problemas y presenta algunas posibles soluciones para minimizar las incrustaciones al emplear la madera en la producción de pulpa y papel.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ШЛИФОВАНИЯ ПОВЕРХНОСТЕЙ ДЕТАЛЕЙ МАШИН

The problem of grinding process increase for machine parts surfaces can be solved by means of abrasive disks design updating, their composition and impregnation technologies. The structures of multiple grinding wheels containing rods in a basic abrasive mass including conducting elements are offered. Such disks allow increasing quality in surfaces machined of parts made of tough hardtomachine steel and alloys on the basis of nonferrous metals on indices of roughness, technological residual stresses and burns. High efficiency show multi-sector abrasive disks of different grain allowing the increase considerably the intensity of material removal at machining parts made of chro-mium-nickel steel and alloys. The effective composi-tions of abrasive masses are developed for tool manufacturing including the introduction in them highstrength ferritic iron, chromium diiodide and wood resin. Polishing tools made of abrasive mass have 1.5 –twice higher durability between stropping operations and ensure the decrease of burn areas quantity on ma-chined surfaces of parts 2-2.5 times. The promising direction of the efficiency increase in parts surface grinding is the impregnation of abrasive disks by an aqueous solution of chromium diiodide which possesses high anticeptic properties and at the iodine emission forms iron iodides with a low constant of friction. As a result of this the temperature drops in the grinding area by more than 30%.

Resinous Wood of Pinus pinaster Ait.: Physico-mechanical Properties

Pinus pinaster Aiton is the pine with the largest natural area of distribution in Spain and the species that sustains the country’s resin industry, with an annual average production of 3.2 to 3.5 kg per tree. After trees have been tapped, their wood has a high resin content and is of little use because of machining difficulties. For the first time, resinous wood of this species was characterized to compare its physico-mechanical properties with those of non-resinous wood. Significant differences were found in all the properties studied except modulus of elasticity. The resin produced by tapping decreased swelling, probably by reducing accessibility to the –OH groups and decreasing the available spaces during the capillary condensation phase. Similarly, tapping caused an increase in wood density and therefore in hardness, at the same time improving the mechanical properties.

Numerical analysis of the interaction between high-pressure resin spray and wood chips in a vapour stream

This article investigates the interaction between the resin spray and the wood chips in a vapour stream using a multi-phase multi-component computational fluid dynamics approach. The interaction between the spray and the chips is one of the main issues in the industrial process for manufacturing medium density fibre boards. Thus, the optimization of this process can lead to important benefits, such as the reduction in the emission of formaldehyde-based toxic chemicals, the reduction in energy consumption in the blending process and energy saving in the fibreboard drying process. First step of the study is the numerical analysis of the resin injector in order to extend the experimental measurements carried out with water to the resin spray. The effects of the injector’s geometrical features on the spray formation are highlighted under different injection pressure values and needle displacements. Afterwards, the results obtained in the analysis of the single injector are used for the complete simulation of multi-injector rail where the mixing of the resin spray and wood chips takes place. The influence of the main operating conditions, such as the vapour and the wood chip flow rates, on the resin distribution is addressed in order to optimize the resination process.

Transcriptome reveals senescing callus tissue of Aquilaria malaccensis, an endangered tropical tree, triggers similar response as wounding with respect to terpenoid biosynthesis

Aquilaria malaccensis is an endangered tree species listed in the Appendix II of CITES. It is a main source of highly valuable resinous wood known as agarwood, which is rich in secondary metabolites. De novo assembly of sequences produced by transcriptome sequencing using next-generation sequencing technologies offers a rapid approach to obtain expressed gene sequences for non-model organisms such as Aquilaria. To investigate the genes and pathways that might control molecular mechanism of A. malaccensis under controlled environment, we sequenced two transcriptome libraries constructed from mRNAs of healthy and senescing callus tissues using Illumina sequencing. We obtained 200,062,275 and 166,544,202 reads for healthy and senescing callus libraries, respectively. We compiled 231,594 transcripts and identified 107,593 transcripts by similarity analysis against the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) public database. A total of 96,743 transcripts were functionally annotated using the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. We assigned 46,076 of the transcripts to a total of 144 KEGG pathways. We focused on genes identified as contributing to fragrant compound synthesis and defense response pathways, which are important pathways leading to agarwood compound formation. This study provides abundant transcriptomic data and valuable sequence resources for future genomic studies on A. malaccensis. This is the first report of callus transcriptome from A. malaccensis.

Chaenothecopsis oreganaNew to Canada

Abstract. During field surveys in the Lower Foothills region of Lesser Slave Lake, Alberta, we collected the first Canadian record of the resinicolous calicioid fungus Chaenothecopsis oregana Rikkinen. The specimen was collected from balsam fir (Abies balsamifera) resin and resin-impregnated wood in an old growth forest. We present the first scanning electron micrographs of this species. As currently documented, the species has a disjunct distribution (Europe and western North America), but it was hypothesized to be circumboreal, at least historically. As this was the sole resinicolous specimen found during 20 hours of searching by four lichenologists, it is clear more field surveys are required to document the range of calicioid species. Finally, based on public engagement through social media and a public lecture, with the purpose of arousing interest in these overlooked species, we propose the common name “Resin Whiskers” for this species.

Direct chemical characterization of natural wood resins by temperature-resolved and space-resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Wood resins are valuable natural products with wide utilizations. Either in the form of resin exudates or in the form of resin-containing woods, natural wood resins are usually complex mixtures consisting of various compounds. Therefore, effective chemical characterization methods are necessary for the research and quality control of natural wood resins. No need for separation or labeling, wood resin samples can be measured directly by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, which reduces the testing costs and avoids the possible distortions caused by the pretreatments. However, the absorption bands of various compositions in the resin sample are assembled in a single spectrum by the separation-free measurement, which makes it difficult to identify the compounds of interest and decreases the limits of detection. In this research, the temperature-resolved and space-resolved FT-IR techniques are proposed to resolve the overlapped signals for the direct, selective, and sensitive characterization of natural wood resins. For resin exudates, the temperature-resolved FT-IR spectroscopy and two-dimensional correlation analysis can resolve the absorption bands of different compounds according to their responses to the thermal perturbations. For resin-containing woods, the FT-IR microspectroscopic imaging and principal component analysis can resolve the absorption bands of different compounds according to their positions. The study of six kinds of wood resins proves the feasibility of temperature-resolved and space-resolved FT-IR techniques for the direct, selective, and sensitive chemical characterization of natural wood resins.

Исследование влияния фракционного состава и обработки древесного наполнителя на водопоглощение композита

The result of this study is to reduce the water uptake of wood at 35% by the proposed process and the thickness of the protective layer of water uptake of wood resin and sand composite (DPPK) can be reduced to 1 %, and the polymer-sand composite may be called a water-resistant, as well as wood-based composition it is based on the wood species and does not affect the water absorption DPPK.

Synthesis of Tertiary and Quaternary Amine Derivatives from Wood Resin as Chiral NMR Solvating Agents.

Chiral tertiary and quaternary amine solvating agents for NMR spectroscopy were synthesized from the wood resin derivative (+)-dehydroabietylamine (2). The resolution of enantiomers of model compounds [Mosher’s acid (3) and its n-Bu4N salt (4)] (guests) by (+)-dehydroabietyl-N,N-dimethylmethanamine (5) and its ten different ammonium salts (hosts) was studied. The best results with 3 were obtained using 5 while with 4 the best enantiomeric resolution was obtained using (+)-dehydroabietyl-N,N-dimethylmethanaminium bis(trifluoromethane-sulfonimide) (6). The compounds 5 and 6 showed a 1:1 complexation behaviour between the host and guest. The capability of 5 and 6 to recognize the enantiomers of various α-substituted carboxylic acids and their n-Bu4N salts in enantiomeric excess (ee) determinations was demonstrated. A modification of the RES-TOCSY NMR pulse sequence is described, allowing the enhancement of enantiomeric discrimination when the resolution of multiplets is insufficient.

POTENSI POHON PENGHASIL GAHARU BUDIDAYA DI KABUPATEN KAMPAR PROVINSI RIAU

Scarcity of agarwood trees in natural forests cause agarwood trade of all species be included Aquilaria malacensis into CITIES (Convention on International trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) and limited exsport quota. Agarwood is a resinous wood and has the benefit of such ingredients as perfumes and medicines. High economic value of Eaglewood cause increased community interest for cultivation of Gaharu plants. This research was done in January to March 2015 in Pangkalan Baru, Siak Hulu subdistrict and Kuapan, Tambang subdistrict, Kampar district, Riau Province. The materials used were map, related research, camera , GPS, compass, altimeter, measuring tape, hagameter, talysheet, etc. Field of observations with searching information about cropping in cultivation of agarwood, identification of farmers and cropping patterns. Survey of agarwood tree conducted by purposive sampling method. Data obtained by making a plot with measuring 20 x 20 m plated on transect with sampling intensity by 20%. The results of research on cropping pattern was monoculture and multiculture. Multiculture was in the rubber plants. The age of agarwood trees in monokultur was 19 years old., whereas multiculture between 2-5 year. Potential agarwood trees in monocultural was 19 m³ but multicultue can not be due to plant cause age>5 years.

Stabilization of Potentially Sticky Substances in Pulp Mill Process Water with Polysaccharides

Characterization of the dissolved and colloidal substances (DCS) in the process water of a bleached chemithermomechanical pulp (BCTMP) production line showed that the major lipophilic substances (wood resins) were dehydroabietic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid. Model compound experiments indicated that polysaccharides contained in DCS had significant effects on the stability of the system. Effects of neutral and acidic polysaccharides on the stability of wood resins (model resin acid R and fatty acid O) in the presence of metal ions were then investigated. No calcium-induced aggregation occurred when the concentration ratio of added neutral polysaccharide to R and O exceeded 0.2 and 1.0, respectively. Acidic polysaccharide could further degrade the stability of resin dispersions in the presence of calcium ions and yet have a positive effect in the presence of only sodium ions.

Occupational dermatoses from colophony exposure

Colophony is a resin, obtained from pine trees. It has many applications in industry as well as in products for everyday life and exposure is virtually impossible to avoid. In article, we concentrate on occupational exposure, which is frequent in workers in electronics, furniture and paper industry, production of adhesives, plastics, printing ink and synthetic rubber as well as in everyone, daily in contact with products, which contain colophony, or pine wood, like carpenters and woodworkers. Main allergens are oxidation products of abietic-type acids, but cross-reactivity with fragrances, wood resins, Balsam of Peru, wood tar and oil of turpentine is also possible. Exposure to colophony manifests itself on skin in allergic patients mainly as allergic contact dermatitis. The diagnosis is based on history of exposure, clinical presentation and epicutaneous testing. Although the only effective treatment is complete avoidance of exposure, it is difficult to avoid colophony. Consequently, prophylaxis is essential and concentrates on safe working practices, personal hygiene and protection.

Poklicne dermatoze pri izpostavljenosti kolofoniji

Colophony is a resin, obtained from pine trees. It has many applications in industry as well as in products for everyday life and exposure is virtually impossible to avoid. In article, we concentrate on occupational exposure, which is frequent in workers in electronics, furniture and paper industry, production of adhesives, plastics, printing ink and synthetic rubber as well as in everyone, daily in contact with products, which contain colophony, or pine wood, like carpenters and woodworkers. Main allergens are oxidation products of abietic-type acids, but cross-reactivity with fragrances, wood resins, Balsam of Peru, wood tar and oil of turpentine is also possible. Exposure to colophony manifests itself on skin in allergic patients mainly as allergic contact dermatitis. The diagnosis is based on history of exposure, clinical presentation and epicutaneous testing. Although the only effective treatment is complete avoidance of exposure, it is difficult to avoid colophony. Consequently, prophylaxis is essential and concentrates on safe working practices, personal hygiene and protection.

English

The “ronier” or Borassus aethiopum Mart is a wood material which is used as an element for construction and public works in Togo. The goal of this study was to determine its mechanical characteristics and its reaction to fire which are the fundamental parameters of works dimensioning. The analyses and tests of B. aethiopum samples enabled to realize that the B. aethiopum possesses mechanical features much superior to those of resinous and leafy wood (1.08 times for the pruning to 2.5 times for the axial drive). The resistance to the axial compression is 3.5 times the transversal one. With a strong content in cellulose, the use of the B. aethiopum should be avoided at temperature exceeding 180°C. For a temperature of 676°C for 2 min, with a humidity of 8.17%, the sample of B. aethiopum lost 78.54% of its weight. Key words: Togo, Borassus aethiopum, mechanical characteristics, reaction to fire.