Resin Varnish Research Articles

The Next Generation of MS2A Resin: MS3

ABSTRACT MS2A was a reduced ketone resin and a preferred varnish for many painting conservators but ceased production in 2014. To remedy this, a new, more consistent manufacturing process has recently been developed and the next generation of resin designed with replicated chemistry is called MS3. Direct comparison between MS3 and MS2A is limited as no fresh samples of MS2A exist, so work presented here focuses primarily on the performance and characteristics of MS3 compared to literature reports of MS2A, and comparisons to older reference samples of MS2A. Refractive index, gloss, glass transition temperature, and molecular weight are presented. MS3 and comparative low molecular weight varnish resins were artificially aged and examined using FTIR and color measurements. Practical handling and performance were evaluated by varnishing two oil paintings. This study has shown that new MS3 resin demonstrates consistency with older samples of MS2A alongside improvements in keto-reduction, color, flow, and batch to batch consistency.

Poly(dimethyl siloxane) anti-corrosion coating with wide pH-responsive and self-healing performance based on core−shell nanofiber containers

• Hydrophobic core-shell fibers were prepared and added them to the poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) coating. • The maximum self-healing efficiencies of the fiber-PDMS coating in alkaline and acidic solution are 95.96% and 97.04%, respectively. • The hydrophobic effect of fiber-PDMS coating remains above 88.2% before and after abrasion. • The nanofiber network structure ensures the effective release of the healing agent and repeats self-healing. • The C 17 H 33 COO − absorbed on the scratch and AVR cured film reach a double repair function. In this research, core−shell electrospun fibers loaded with the shell of cellulose acetate and the core of oleic acid and alkyd varnish resin were synthesized and used within poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) to prepare self-healing and pH-responsive coatings for a steel substrate. The morphology of the electrospun fibers was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy. Thermo gravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the self-healing agents were loaded successfully with a loading rate of 2.9%. The properties of the fiber-PDMS composite coating were characterized by water contact angle measurements, mechanical tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning Kelvin probe. Results show that the maximum self-healing efficiencies of the fiber-PDMS coating in alkaline and acidic solution are 95.96% and 97.04%, respectively. The composition of the self-healing agents at the damaged part of the coating was verified by an infrared mapping test and using an energy dispersive spectrometer. In addition, the sandpaper abrasion test shows the hydrophobic effect of fiber-PDMS coating remains above 88.2% and decreases slightly through the addition of abrasion cycles. This research can pave the way for the industrial applications of pH-responsive self-healing coatings.

New Insights on the Stradivari “Coristo” Mandolin: A Combined Non-Invasive Spectroscopic Approach

In this work, one of the two existing mandolins made by Antonio Stradivari has been investigated for the first time, as a rare exemplar of the lesser-known class of plucked string instruments. The mandolin was studied by non-invasive reflection Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) on different areas previously selected by UV-induced fluorescence imaging. The analytical campaign was aimed at (i) identifying the materials used by Stradivari in the finishing of the mandolin, (ii) comparing these materials with those traditionally used in violin making, and (iii) increasing the knowledge of materials and techniques applied by Stradivari in the rare production of plucked string instruments. The combined spectroscopic approach allowed us to hypothesize original materials and finishing procedures similar to those used in violin making: a possible sizing treatment of the wood with protein-based materials and silicates, externally coated with an oil–resin varnish. XRF results were essential to support FT-IR findings and to detect possible iron-based pigments in the finishing layers. Moreover, it permitted us to distinguish original areas from the restored areas, including the purflings on the top plate and the varnished area on the treble side of the mandolin for which the originality was assumed.

The effect of layered double hydroxide on fluoride release and recharge from a commercial and an experimental resin varnish

ObjectivesLayered Double Hydroxide (LDH) is capable of fluoride anion exchange and release. This study investigated the effects of incorporating ZnAl-LDH in commercial and experimental dental varnishes, on fluoride release and re-release after charging in NaF. MethodsFive discs of each material (commercial ClinproXT varnish and experimental light cured resin varnish), with and without 9%ZnAl-LDH were immersed and agitated in deionised water (DW) at 37 °C. A fluoride ion selective electrode measured fluoride release in DW daily over two-weeks. At 3, 6, 9 and 12 days the discs were recharged in 15 ml 0.05 M NaF solution (37 °C) for five minutes followed by immersion in DW. Energy dispersive X-ray spectra (EDS), weight changes and SEMs were performed on discs, before and after each cycle. ResultsEvidence of ZnAl-LDH was confirmed by the presence of peaks for zinc and aluminium in EDS spectra. Cumulative fluoride and mean fluoride released between Clinpro, Clinpro + LDH and resin were significantly different (ANOVA, Tukey’s HSD post-hoc test, p < 0.001) except between the resin and resin + LDH. Mean fluoride concentrations differed significantly after every recharge between Clinpro, Clinpro + LDH and resin, but not between the resin and resin + LDH (p < 0.01). The weights and SEMs of the experimental resins +/-LDH, appeared to be stable whilst the weights of Clinpro samples +/−LDH, fluctuated and fragmented. SignificanceClinproXT and experimental resin containing ZnAl-LDH recharged with fluoride did not significantly increase fluoride release compared to the unmodified materials. However, all LDH-F incorporated materials demonstrated fluoride recharging properties which appear beneficial to dentistry and thus further work is required to improve these properties.

Diagnosis and Management Approaches for Non-cavitated Carious Dental Lesions- A Narrative Review

Background: Dental caries is one of the most prevalent diseases. Its detection and management should start with a comprehensive treatment plan, with the goals of the elimination of cariogenic bacteria, the reduction of plaque acidogenicity, the encouragement of tooth remineralization, and the repair of damaged teeth. Objectives: The aim of this paper was to review the literature regarding the latest updates on the diagnosis and management approaches of non-cavitated carious dental lesions. Methods: Studies regarding the diagnosis and management of non-cavitated carious dental lesions were included. Results: The subclinical non-cavitated carious lesion might progress to an early enamel lesion, develop into an established dentin lesion, or sometimes end up with a lesion reaching the pulp. The detection and management of caries should be patient-centered, risk-based, and evidence-supported, and should consider the dentists’ expertise and the patients’ needs and preferences. The visual-tactile and radiographic detection of non-cavitated carious lesions are greatly helped by the advances of non-invasive detection tools such as DIAGNOdent, fiber-optic transillumination, quantitative light-induced fluorescence, and DIAGNOcam. Conclusion: Accordingly, non-cavitated carious lesions can be arrested by several non-invasive techniques, which are preferred over the invasive options. The clinicians can use sealants plus fluoride varnish on occlusal surfaces, fluoride varnish or resin infiltration on proximal surfaces, and resin infiltration,fluoride gel, or varnish alone on facial or lingual surfaces to manage non-cavitated carious lesions.

An analytical evaluation of Er:YAG laser cleaning tests on a nineteenth century varnished painting

This paper aims to evaluate the Er:YAG laser efficacy to safely thin a varnish on a modern 19th century oil painting. Tests were carried out under single and multiple laser scans directly on the surface (dry) or after pre-wetting with deionised water (DIW) and a non-ionic surfactant (Tween 20), fluence ranges of 0.56–2.40 J/cm2 and 100 μsec pulse duration. Microscope glass coverslips were placed on the painting surface during irradiation to collect the condensed resin fragments that were extracted from the varnished surfaces. Spectral clusterisation maps of Multispectral Imaging (MSI) data of the irradiated surface supported the evaluation of the procedure. Further evaluation was performed by stereomicroscopy and colourimetry. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analysis indicated that the varnish resin was dammar. The collected resin fragments were analysed by FT-IR. The results showed that the resin did not degrade even at the highest level of fluence employed, thereby allowing a subsequent analytical evaluation.

Ni-Fe-MoO42- LDHs/epoxy resin varnish: A composite coating on carbon steel for long-time and active corrosion protection

Ni-Fe layered double hydroxides (LDHs) thin film was in situ synthesized and intercalated with carbonate (Ni-Fe−CO32− LDHs) on the surface of carbon steels through wet/dry cycle immersion methods. The effect of different treatments on the Ni-Fe LDHs thin film morphology were systemically investigated. Ni-Fe-MoO42− LDHs/epoxy composite coating was prepared via anion-exchange method using Ni-Fe LDHs loaded with MoO42− (Ni-Fe-MoO42− LDHs) as a conversion film. X-ray diffraction (XRD) proved that the d-spacing of Ni-Fe LDHs value increased from 7.4 Å to 8.0 Å. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results show that the presence of Ni-Fe-MoO42− LDHs can efficiently improve the corrosion resistance of Q235 substrate. The corrosion resistance of Ni-Fe-MoO42− LDHs/epoxy composite coating was evaluated by EIS, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and neutral salt spray tests. The results demonstrate that the presence of Ni-Fe-MoO42− LDHs thin film significantly improves the corrosion resistance of epoxy topcoat, and the composite coating exhibit a long-time and active protection for carbon steels. In addition, the presence of Ni-Fe LDHs thin film can significantly improve the adhesion of the epoxy coating.

Clinical evaluation of a fluoride gel, a low-level laser, and a resin varnish at the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity

This clinical trial aims to evaluate in vivo the efficacy of a fluoride gel, a low-level laser (LLL), and a resin varnish at the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity (DH). Treatments assessed for their effectiveness, immediate analgesia, and duration of desensitization. A total of 78 patients (one tooth per patient) with a clinical diagnosis of dentin hypersensitivity were included in this clinical trial. Dentin sensitivity in response to an air blast stimulus was assessed, and a Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for pain from 0 to 10 was chosen to quantify pain at baseline and 15 min, 1 month, and 3 months after the first application. Patients were randomly divided into three groups. In the first group (treatment A, 26 patients), a fluoride gel (Calmodent Professional, Intermed, Greece) was applied. In the second group (treatment B, 26 patients), teeth were irradiated by a 670-nm InGaAlP continuous wave, red diode laser (MED-701, Lasotronic, Switzerland) with an output power of 180 mW, energy of 5.4 J, and irradiation time of 30 s. In the third group (treatment C, 26 patients), a resin varnish with giomer technology (PRG Barrier Coat, Shofu, Japan) was applied. The main analysis of the results was done with a linear mixed model (algorithm MIXED, IBM Statistics SPSS 21.0), while pairwise comparisons were conducted with the Bonferroni method. The statistical significance for all tests was set at p < 0.05. The main effects of time and group were found to be statistically significant. The time × group interaction effect was also statistically significant, and finally, a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of DH was recorded in all groups, compared with baseline. All three treatments offered satisfactory and prolonged results.

Effect of Bacillus flexus on the Degradation of Epoxy Resin Varnish Coating in Seawater

Effect of Bacillus flexus on the Degradation of Epoxy Resin Varnish Coating in Seawater

적외선분광분석과 Py-GC/MS를 이용한 옻칠 및 캐슈칠도막 분석

Nowadays, synthetic resin varnish such as cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is being used as well as traditional lacquer. The code of ethics states that material must be identical to the original when preserving cultural heritage. Therefore, lacquer should be used. However, problem is that even experts have difficulties differentiating lacquer and CNSL as they have similar components. Therefore, this study was carried out to identify the difference between lacquer and CNSL using IR and Py-GC/MS. As a result of IR, in lacquer, 720 cm-1 peak was detected and in CNSL, 750 cm-1, 720 cm-1 and 700 cm-1 peaks were detected. The results of Py-GC/MS detect benzene compounds and alkyl chains for both varnishes. However, hexanoic acid was detected from CNSL but not lacquer. Using these analytical methods, the differences between lacquer and CNSL can be identified on the scene. This is expected to be applied to the authentic conservation and restoration of lacquerware.

Effect of Heat Treatment (ThermoWood) on Some Surface Properties of Parquet Beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) with Different Layers of UV System Applied

Heat treatment is known to improve the stability and durability of various woods. However, in the process some surface properties are changed. This paper reports the changes in surface properties such as color, glossiness, pendulum hardness, and surface adhesion on coated heat-treated and untreated beech wood. The wood was coated with an epoxy acrylic resin sealer followed by a polyacrylic-based resin varnish that is normally applied on parquet with single and double layers according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. The results showed that in relation to color parameters, the lightness decreased while a* increased in response to heat treatment. This was followed by a decrease in the redness (a*) and a decrease in yellow (b*) with the intensity of the treatment. There was an initial increase in the glossiness but it decreased later on with the severity of the treatment. The hardness and adhesion also decreased with the severity of the treatment for beech coated with single and double layers. The wood surface properties depended on the treating time and the temperature of the treatment.

Poe in Richmond: Revealing Rufus Griswold

Poe in Richmond: Revealing Rufus Griswold

Effect of Pseudomonas putida on the degradation of epoxy resin varnish coating in seawater

It is known that microorganisms degrade many materials. However, very little is known about the biodegradation of marine coatings. In this study, we explored the degradation of epoxy resin varnish coating in sterile seawater and seawater inoculated with Pseudomonas putida by the coating permeability analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, contact angle test, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The decrease in the corrosion resistance of the coating was significantly higher in seawater inoculated with Pseudomonas putida than in sterile seawater between 48 h and 25 days of coating immersion. The extensive under-coating corrosion appeared on the substrates in both seawater systems, but the corrosion in seawater inoculated with Pseudomonas putida was much more serious. These results suggested that Pseudomonas putida significantly decreased the corrosion resistance of the coating and might decompose the coating. Some pulverization and tiny holes were found on the coating in seawater inoculated with Pseudomonas putida. Moreover, the absorbance of the COH peak for the unimmersed coating and the coating immersed in sterile seawater was significantly higher than that for the coating immersed in seawater inoculated with Pseudomonas putida. The results proved that Pseudomonas putida degraded the coating. The degradation could involve the hydroxyl oxidation.

Atmospheric corrosion evaluation of electrogalvanized, hot-dip galvanized and galvannealed interstitial free steels using accelerated field and cyclic tests

Abstract Three years of outdoor corrosion tests, accelerated with a saline solution spray, and SAE J2334 and GM 9540P accelerated corrosion tests of industrially coated electrogalvanized (GE), hot-dip galvanized (GI), galvanneal (GA) interstitial free steels were performed. The samples were industrially phosphatized and painted with a modified epoxy resin, polyester resin as a primer and a base coat, and a high solid acrylic resin varnish as a clear coat. The effect of the deposition process and zinc mass on atmospheric corrosion of galvanized interstitial free low-alloyed carbon steels was analyzed. The SAE J2334 test was more effective than the GM 9540P test in differentiating the lowest corrosion resistance of the hot dip galvanized steel among the galvanized steels studied. The duration of the accelerated field test played an important role in the steel performance rating. The parameter of maximum corrosion penetration was more efficient to distinguish the effect of the zinc mass on corrosion resistance of the galvanized steel samples evaluated using accelerated field tests.

Effectiveness of commonly available surface protecting agents in maintaining microhardness of two cements.

To estimate the microhardness of glass ionomer cement (vitrofil) and resin modified glass ionomer cement (vitremere) in the presence and absence of different surface protections. An in-vitro experimental study. The Department of Operative Dentistry, Dr. Ishrat-ul-Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences and the Department of Material Sciences, NED University, Karachi, from August 2011 to January 2012. Seventy-two discs of each material were made in polytetrafluoroethylene mold which was 10 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness. Four groups were made for each material containing 18 discs; G1/G5 (control group), G2/G6 (solid petroleum jelly), G3/G7 vernal (resin varnish), G4/G8 (nail varnish). After initial setting reaction surface protection was applied to discs. Once the surface protection was dried, discs were stored in deionized water at 37°C for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the discs were polished. Microhardness test were performed in digital microhardness tester. The results were statistically analyzed with the help of two-way ANOVA. For glass ionomer cement the only G4 (nail varnish) differed from the G1 (control group) [p < 0.05], No significant difference was seen with other surface protection agents. For resin modified glass ionomer cement, the G7 (resin varnish) and G8 (nail varnish) gave better result from the G5 (control group). Nail varnish and resin varnish showed better surface protection for GIC and RMGIC. The presence of toluene in nail varnish have harmful effects so should not be preferred if resin varnish is available.

Phototherapy and the Peripheral Nervous System

Photomedicine and Laser SurgeryVol. 29, No. 9 EditorialPhototherapy and the Peripheral Nervous SystemRoberta ChowRoberta ChowSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:6 Sep 2011https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2011.9904AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail View article"Phototherapy and the Peripheral Nervous System." , 29(9), pp. 591–592FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byClinical evaluation of a fluoride gel, a low-level laser, and a resin varnish at the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity23 May 2019 | Lasers in Dental Science, Vol. 3, No. 2Comparative study among three different phototherapy protocols to treat chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in hamsters23 April 2016 | Journal of Biophotonics, Vol. 9, No. 11-12The effects of narrow-band middle infrared radiation in enhancing the antitumor activity of paclitaxel26 June 2015 | Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, Vol. 35, No. 2A Comparative Study of the Effectiveness of Immediate Versus Delayed Photobiomodulation Therapy in Reducing the Severity of Postoperative Inflammatory Complications Hala M. Abdel-Alim, Hassan Abdel-Dayem, Zeinab A. Mustafa, Amr Bayoumi, Ahmed Jan, and Fatima Jadu2 September 2015 | Photomedicine and Laser Surgery, Vol. 33, No. 9Laser Therapy in Canine Rehabilitation Volume 29Issue 9Sep 2011 InformationCopyright 2011, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.To cite this article:Roberta Chow.Phototherapy and the Peripheral Nervous System.Photomedicine and Laser Surgery.Sep 2011.591-592.http://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2011.9904Published in Volume: 29 Issue 9: September 6, 2011PDF download

Evaluation and Reliability Improvement Investigation of Electrical Characteristics of Ba0.9Sr0.1TiO3 Dielectric Films Prepared by Electrophoretic Deposition Method

Ba0.9Sr0.1TiO3 (BST) thin films were deposited by the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method for an embedded capacitor for printed circuit boards (PCBs). When the dielectric properties were evaluated in air, the leakage current densities were large, from 1×10-2 to 1×10-5 A/cm2 applied at 40 V. On the other hand, when the condition was dry Ar, they greatly decreased to be 5×10-8 A/cm2 at an applied voltage of 40 V. From Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) evaluation, the change in dielectric properties caused by changing the measuring atmosphere was attributed to the absorption of moisture in the air. These leakage currents were decreased by coating resin onto the EPD films, even when the measurement was carried out in air. When a resin varnish with 2 wt % concentration was coated onto the film with 1.91 µm thickness annealed at 900 °C for 30 min in N2, the dielectric constant remained almost the same as that of without coating, 221, and the leakage current was 4×10-8 A/cm2 or less at 50 V. The resistance of the resin-coated sample was 10.2 MΩ/cm2 after 1000 h under 85 °C and 85% humidity with a 3.5 V bias.

Natural weathering of oak (Quercus petrae) and chestnut (Castanea sativa) coated with various finishes

Weathering performance of Oak (Quercus petrae) and Chestnut (Castanea sativa) as well as various exterior coatings were investigated. Alkyd primer + alkyd paint and alkyd primer + alkyd resin varnish increased the glossiness in chestnut and oak, respectively. Besides, alkyd primer and acrylic stain had little effect on the change of the glossiness for both species. However, alkyd stain significantly decreased the glossiness not only for chestnut but also oak after weathering. Acrylic stain receded the total color change (ΔE*) compared with the alkyd paint or stain. Alkyd-based stain showed much better performance against atmospheric conditions compared with other coatings. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2011

Application of nonisothermal cure kinetics to the interaction of poly(ethylene terephthalate) with alkyd resin varnish

AbstractSamples of varnish (V), poly(ethylene terephthalate) from recycled soft drink bottles (PET‐R), and varnish/poly(ethylene terephthalate) from recycled soft drink bottles mixtures (VPET‐Rs) were evaluated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to verify their physicochemical properties and thermal behavior. Films from V and VPET‐R were visually similar. The maximum amount of PET‐R that we could add to V without significantly altering its filming properties, such adherence and color in glass sheets, was 2%. The cure process (80–203°C) was identified through the DSC curves. The kinetic parameters, activation energy (E), and Arrhenius parameter (A) for the samples containing 0.5–2% PET‐R were calculated with the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa isoconversional method. With greater amounts of PET‐R added, there was a small change in E for the curing process. A kinetic compensation effect, represented by the equation ln A = −10.5 + 0.29E, was observed for all of the samples. The most suitable kinetic model to describe this curing process was the autocatalytic Sestak–Berggren model, which is applied to heterogeneous systems governed by nucleation and growth. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011

Bond strength of different bonding systems to the lingual surface enamel of mandibular incisors

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether different types of adhesive systems and enamel- protective agents will affect the tensile bond strength of lingual brackets. Methods: A total of 75 extracted mandibular incisors were randomly divided into 5 groups and lingual brackets were bonded. Group 1 specimens received Transbond XT (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA), Group 2 required the application of a fluoride- releasing resin (Ortho-coat, Pulpdent, Watertown, MA, USA) with Transbond XT, Group 3 specimens received a chlorhexidine varnish (Cervitec Plus, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Lichtenstein) with Transbond XT. In Group 4, a light-cured orthodontic adhesive (Aegis Ortho, Bosworth, Skokie, USA) was applied and in Group 5, an antimicrobial self-etching primer (Clearfil Protect Bond, Kuraray, Osaka, Japan) was used. Results: There were no significant differences in bond strength whether fluoride-releasing resin or chlorhexidine varnish were used or not. Group 5 had significantly higher bond strength and adhesive remnant index (ARI) values than other groups (p ＜ 0.001). The application of enamel-protective products did not have an adverse affect on the bond strength of lingual brackets. Conclusions: These products might provide benefits both for the patient and the clinician, by supporting the oral hygiene during lingual orthodontic treatment. The higher ARI score may be beneficial for Clearfil Protect Bond but its excessive bond strength should be considered in clinical practice, especially where the enamel is thin. (Korean J Orthod 2010;40(4):260-266)