Resin Sorption Research Articles

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ СОРБЕНТЫ ДЛЯ ИЗВЛЕЧЕНИЯ НИКЕЛЯ И КОБАЛЬТА В ГИДРОМЕТАЛЛУРГИЧЕСКОЙ ПЕРЕРАБОТКЕ НИКЕЛЕВЫХ РУД

The paper provides a critical analysis of the sources, a generalization of the factual and theoretical material on the properties, the use of natural and synthetic sorbents for the extraction of nickel and cobalt from productive solutions after the leaching of nickel ores. Comparison of promising sorbents in terms of efficiency of their use with sorbents used in industry has been carried out. Sorption processes using natural substances or synthetic resins contribute to the selective extraction of nickel and cobalt from aqueous solutions. Zeolites modified with various functional groups are very promising materials for selective recovery. The ability to selectively extract metal cations and the possibility of regeneration makes ion-exchange polymer resins one of the leading sorbents in the modern world. The polymer resin sorption process avoids wastage of reagents, costly filtration, and poor selectivity for nickel and cobalt over other metal ions associated with solvent extraction processes. A comparison of the values of the sorption capacities of natural sorbents shows the promise of using silicate minerals - montmorillonite and palygorskite in industry, as well as the development of technological processes using them. Analysis of the recovery rates of synthetic polymer resins proves the frequent use of Amberlite, Dowex and Ionac in the industry. However, Dowex M4195 has the highest nickel selectivity due to the presence of a bis-picolylamine functional group, unlike other resins with an iminodiacetate group. In addition, the disadvantage of foreign-made chelate resins is their high cost, which cannot be said about the cation exchanger grade KU 2-8 of a Russian manufacturer.

Разработка укрупнённого адсорбера для переработки продуктивных растворов

Productive solutions obtained after leaching of ores have a complex composition, including a variety of non-ferrous and heavy metal cations. The method of extracting nickel from productive solutions after leaching of sulfide and lateritic ores is the most important process in hydrometallurgical processing. Sorption by ion-exchange resins is an alternative to existing technologies for nickel recovery from productive solutions. The ability to selectively extract nickel and regenerate makes polymeric ion-exchange resins one of the most popular sorbents in the modern world. The polymer resin sorption process avoids wastage of reagents, costly filtration, and poor nickel selectivity compared to other metal ions associated with solvent extraction processes. In order to conduct experimental studies of sorption using Amberlite IRC 748 polymer resin, it is necessary to calculate and design an adsorber. The objectives of the study include the determination of the geometric parameters of the adsorber, the parameters of the sorption/desorption process and the development of a process flow diagram. As a result of the research, an enlarged adsorber has been designed to extract nickel from the productive solution after bacterial-chemical oxidation of cobalt-copper-nickel sulfide ore, and a process flow diagram for the process of obtaining nickel salts from the productive solution has been developed. The volume of the adsorber, its height, diameter, diameter of the inlet fitting, the height of the sorbent layer, the required resin flow rate, and the duration of the process before regeneration are determined. To ensure the continuity of the process, taking into account the duration of bacterial-chemical oxidation, periodic regeneration of the sorbent, the number of adsorbers in a common installation is taken to be two. When the adsorption stage occurs in one of the apparatuses, the stage of regeneration and drying of the polymer resin proceeds in the other. The estimated sorption capacity of Amberlite IRC 748 resin was taken as 21.6 g of nickel per 0.1 kg of adsorbent. Resin desorption has been supposed to be carried out with a 10 % sulfuric acid solution, at a flow rate of 5 l/h.

A new rapid protocol for 226Ra separation and preconcentration in natural water samples using molecular recognition technology for ICP-MS analysis

A new rapid protocol for 226Ra separation and preconcentration in natural water samples was developed before its determination by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). For this purpose, the commercially available Ra specific resin AnaLig® Ra-01 was used. This resin shows a high selectivity for radium in a large range of acid concentrations and no affinity or possible elution of 226Ra interfering elements. The distribution coefficients of Ra and other elements over a wide range of acid (HCl and HNO3) concentrations were obtained. Due to the high radium selectivity, the new developed protocol uses only 50 mg of dry resin and its performance was evaluated using 100 mL of three natural waters with different ionic strengths, spiked with a known quantity of 226Ra. Radium was successfully separated and preconcentrated yielding recoveries ranging between 72% and 86%. In parallel with the characterisation of the resin sorption properties, a detailed study of polyatomic interferences was performed on our ICP-MS allowing to identify the prominent elements favouring interferences at m/z = 226. Furthermore, a 226Ra sensitivity comparison between different ICP-MS instruments and configurations was done in order to determine high sensitivity conditions for radium analysis.

Resin Flow in Porous-Fibrous Media: An Application to Polymer Composite Manufacturing

This chapter aims to present a theoretical study of the fluid flow in porous media, with particular reference to manufacturing of polymer composites reinforced with fibers via resin transfer molding process. The mass and momentum conservation equations, including the effect of resin sorption by the fibers, and Darcy's law, are presented, and the analytical solution of the governing equation is obtained via method of separation of variables. Predicted results of the flow front, velocity, volumetric flow rate and pressure fields of the resin inside the model, during the injection process, are presented, and the effects of the injection pressure, resin viscosity and sorption term, are also analyzed.

Application of integrated MBR in a centralized WTP for a chemical industrial park: A case study in China

Abstract Wastewaters from chemical industries usually contain pollutants which are toxic and non-biodegradable. Treatment of chemical wastewaters is always a challenging topic in view of the stringent environmental regulations that have to be adhered to. Since 2014, the Chinese government has been continuously tightening the industrial wastewater (IWW) discharge standards, which requires improved quality of IWW effluent. This poses great challenges to the chemical industries in China, especially to many of the chemical industry clusters where the wastewaters usually contain more toxic and non-biodegradable contaminants. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology has been proved to be a reliable and cost-effective solution for the treatment of IWW. However, MBR alone could not effectively remove non-biodegradable organics, it needs to be integrated with advanced oxidization process and/or other physical-chemical treatment processes to improve the overall treatment efficiency. In this paper, studies on the performance of different integrated MBR processes in Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant-A (IWTP-A) will be discussed, including Fenton + MBR, MBR + ozonation + biological aerated filter, and MBR + porous resin sorption.

Intensification of ion exchange desorption of thiamine diphosphate by low-powered ultrasound

The process of ultrasound-assisted ion-exchange desorption of cocarboxylase (thiamine diphosphate (TDP)) from a strong acidic cation resin was studied. Kinetics studies revealed that ultrasound accelerates TDP desorption by 3 times. The optimal desorption parameters, viz. US power input, sonication time, eluent/resin ratio and the eluent (ammonium acetate buffer) concentration were established which were 15mW/cm3, 20min, 1:1 and 1M, respectively. The resin stability studies showed that the optimal ultrasonic power was less by the order than the resin degradation threshold which ensures durable and efficient resin exploitation during production. The resin sorption capacity remained unchanged even after 20 cycles of TDP sorption, ultrasonic desorption and resin regeneration. The recovery ratio of TDP was shown to increase non-linearly with decreasing the resin saturation factor, which can be attributed to diffusion limitations occurring during desorption. The optimal resin loading corresponding to more than 90 per cent of TDP recovery was found to be at the level of 10 per cent of the maximal sorption capacity.The study revealed 4-5-fold increase in concentrations of the recovered solutions, which together with process times shortening should result in considerable energy saving in downstream operations on production scale.

Cleaning the Ion Exchange Resin Sorption of Uranium from Silicic Acid Solution “Ayanat”

Cleaning the Ion Exchange Resin Sorption of Uranium from Silicic Acid Solution “Ayanat”

Kinetic study on the catalytic esterification of acetic acid with isoamyl alcohol over Amberlite IR-120

A kinetic model was fitted for the liquid phase esterification of acetic acid with isoamyl alcohol in the presence of the heterogeneous catalyst Amberlite IR-120. The experiments were performed in the temperature range of 322–362K in a batch reactor. Sequential experimental design, based on the divergence criterion and tools from computational statistics such as the deviance information criterion estimated by a Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique, were used to discriminate among 12 possible kinetic models. Adsorption experiments using pure substances and binary mixtures were also performed. In statistical terms, two kinetic models appear as the most appropriate for this esterification reaction: a simple, easy-to-handle model that uses molar fractions and a second model based on the NRTL activity model, which is physically more realistic due to its congruence with the resin sorption phenomena.

Determining Minimum Ion Exchange Resin Usage for NOM Removal

For the design and analysis of an ion exchange (IEX) process, it is necessary to know the minimum IEX resin usage defined thermodynamically. Anion exchange resin sorption of dissolved natural organic matter (NOM) may follow an isotherm of either Type I or Type II, which are noticeably different at high surface coverage. The charge density of NOM, which monotonically increases with the pH, appears to play a critical role. Basic pH (high charge density) favors a Type I isotherm and acidic pH (low charge density) may change the isotherm to Type II. The Langmuir equation and the Wiegner-Jenny-Summers-Roberts (WJSR) equation can be used to quantify the Type I and Type II isotherms, respectively. Explicit relationships between minimum resin usage and desired level of removal are subsequently developed and the isotherm constants, along with the non-removable NOM fraction, are simultaneously estimated by an innovative least-squares regression (LSR) approach. The Langmuir isotherm-based model accurately describes the sorption removal of Type I isotherm, and the WJSR isotherm-based model accurately describes the sorption removal of Type II isotherm. At removals >30%, however, the two sorption models offer comparable minimum IEX resin usages. The sorption models and LSR methods developed herein are applicable to resin slurry contactors, including batch reactors, plug flow reactors, or continuous-flow stirred tank reactors.

A novel approach to determine a resin's sorption characteristics for the removal of natural organic matter and arsenic from groundwater

The objective of this work was to study the sorption behavior of the strongly basic and macroporous commercial resin IRA 958-Cl for the removal of natural organic matter (NOM) from groundwater in the Melenci settlement located near Zrenjanin (Northern Serbia). The investigation was performed in a pilot plant using native groundwater and the same water after chlorination with sodium hypochlorite. More efficient removal of NOM and arsenic was achieved without the addition of an oxidant under a wide range of working conditions. NOM removal was more efficient with the addition of the oxidizing agent compared with the overall efficiency for 2,900 bed volumes (BV) of treated water only during the initial phase of operation. Arsenic removal from chlorinated water was more efficient up to approximately 700 BV. At higher BV values, arsenic removal was up to two times more efficient with non-chlorinated water. The results obtained for the NOM sorption affinity to the resin indicated that it is possible to achieve a sorption capacity that exceeds the performance quoted by the resin manufacturer on several occasions.

ORAL CONTROLLED RELEASE METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE ION EXCHANGE RESINATE BEADS

Treating with ion exchange resin has chemically modified metformin hydrochloride to form an oral controlled release beads using ion-exchange resin sorption method. A strong cation exchange resin Amberlite IR 120 was utilized for the sorption of the drug and the drug resinates was evaluated for various physical and chemical parameters. The drug content and percentage drug release were determined spectrophotometrically at 233 nm. About 43% of drug was loaded in 4.5 h and in-vitro dissolution study showed 84% of drug release in 8 h. The drug-resinate complex was microencapsulated with a polymer Eudragit RS 100 to further retard the release characteristics. Further, the drug-resinate complex and microencapsulated drug resinate were suspended in a palatable aqueous suspension base and were evaluated for controlled release characteristic.

Wet/Dry Cycling Effects on Soil Contaminant Stabilization with Apatite and Fe(0)

Efficacy of stabilizing Ce, Co, and Pb by adding apatite and zero-valent FeFe0 to contaminated wetland sediments was quantified under oxidizing and reducing conditions. The redox status and the general water chemistry of the oxidized and reduced treatments differed greatly, yet the influences of the amendments on contaminant stabilization were quite similar; both amendments significantly p0.05 reduced aqueous contaminant concentrations. Based on resin sorption studies and thermodynamic calculations, Ce is believed to exist primarily as cationic species and Co as cationic, neutral, and organically complexed species. Based on a series of selective extractions, almost 50% by weight of the Co and Pb were already strongly bound to the sediment, thereby limiting the potential and need of affecting additional immobilization through the use of amendments. Fe0 and combined Fe0 and apatite additions tended to increase the in situ desorption Kd values more than apatite-only additions.

Selective nickel and cobalt uptake from pressure sulfuric acid leach solutions using column resin sorption

Selective removal of Ni and Co, from a high pressure acid leach (HPAL) solution of a Brazilian laterite nickel ore that contains relatively high concentration of impurities, was carried out with an ion exchange chelating resin possessing iminodiacetic acid group (Amberlite IRC 748®). The resin was tested in column experiments. The experimental results showed that higher pH values improved the ion exchanger performance and higher nickel load capacities were achieved. Besides, increasing nickel concentration in solution, nickel uptake and selectivity were substantially improved. The breakthrough experimental curves also showed that many metals were immediately brokenthrough just after the initiation of the feed, while the breakthrough of Ni began later. These results suggested that it is feasible to purify HPAL solution recovering nickel selectively using the chelating resin Amberlite IRC748® if some specific conditions related to pH, flow rate and nickel concentration are applied. Removal of metals from the resin was successfully performed with HCl and H 2SO 4 solutions. Nickel was eluted concentrated more than 20 times its initial concentration in the feed solution, while only a trace amount of impurities was eluted.

Evaluating the Effects of Tributyl Phosphate (TBP) and Normal Paraffin Hydrocarbon (NPH) in Simulated Low-Activity Waste Solution on Ion Exchange

:Ultrafiltration and ion exchange are among the pretreatment processes selected for the Waste Treatment Plant at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Hanford Site. Envelope B AZ-101 waste may contain tributyl phosphate (TBP) and normal paraffin hydrocarbon (NPH)-dodecane, as dissolved species and also as a separate phase.This study is the second part of a two-part study on Evaluating the Effects of TBP and NPH (dodecane) in Simulated Low-Activity Waste Solution on Ultrafiltration and Ion Exchange. The first study dealt with ultrafiltration. The second part involved using filtrates from the ultrafiltration work to perform resin sorption experiments using SuperLig® 644 and SuperLig® 639 resins. SuperLig® 644 resin has a high selectivity for cesium, while SuperLig® 639 resin is highly selective for rhenium as perrhenate (the surrogate for pertechnetate). What is unknown is the effect the organics may have on these resins’ high-sorption capacities for cesium and rhenium.The goal of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the resins to remove cesium and rhenium from AZ-101 simulant containing organics by comparing to the baseline case (i.e., AZ-101 simulant containing no organics) using both batch contact and small-scale column tests.The batch contact work demonstrated there is no statistically significant effect of organics (TBP, dodecane, and their degradation products) on cesium and rhenium sorption by SuperLig® 644 and SuperLig® 639 resins, respectively, from AZ-101 simulant solution. Both the cesium and rhenium column breakthrough/elution profile curves for simulants with and without organics were virtually identical, which is an indication of a no-organics effect.

Chelating resin sorption followed by supercritical fluid extraction and liquid chromatographic determination of aluminum in liquid samples

To determine aluminum content in liquid samples, a method combining the techniques of chelating resin sorption and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was described. The chelating resin highly selective for aluminum at pH <3 was prepared by impregnating Chromazural S (CAS) on Amberlite IRA-400. The sorbed aluminum was extracted with supercritical CO 2 containing trifluoroacetylacetone (TFA). A 4 5 factorial design was conducted for the simultaneous determination of various analytical SFE parameters including temperature, pressure, CO 2 density, extraction time, and fluid flow rate. After removing excess TFA with NaOH (0.1 M), the extract was analyzed by HPLC with UV detection at 296 nm. We also demonstrated that the interference from iron complex in the applied liquid sample was negligible in this procedure. The aluminum content in Oolong tea determined by our method, 1.46 and 1.10 ppm in the first and second infusion, respectively, was successfully verified by spectrophotometry. The established method was also applied to determine the aluminum content in beer, Coca Cola, and orange juice.

COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR NUTRIENT MEASUREMENT IN CALCAREOUS SOILS: ION-EXCHANGE RESIN BAG, CAPSULE, MEMBRANE, AND CHEMICAL EXTRACTIONS

Four methods for measuring quantities of 12 plant-available nutrients were compared using three sandy soils in a series of three experiments. Three of the methods use different ion-exchange resin forms—bags, capsules, and membranes—and the fourth was conventional chemical extraction. The first experiment compared nutrient extraction data from a medium of sand saturated with a nutrient solution. The second and third experiments used Nakai and Sheppard series soils from Canyonlands National Park, which are relatively high in soil carbonates. The second experiment compared nutrient extraction data provided by the four methods from soils equilibrated at two temperatures, “warm” and “cold.” The third experiment extracted nutrients from the same soils in a field equilibration. Our results show that the four extraction techniques are not comparable. This conclusion is due to differences among the methods in the net quantities of nutrients extracted from equivalent soil volumes, in the proportional representation of nutrients within similar soils and treatments, in the measurement of nutrients that were added in known quantities, and even in the order of nutrients ranked by net abundance. We attribute the disparities in nutrient measurement among the different resin forms to interacting effects of the inherent differences in resin exchange capacity, differences among nutrients in their resin affinities, and possibly the relatively short equilibration time for laboratory trials. One constraint for measuring carbonate-related nutrients in high-carbonate soils is the conventional ammonium acetate extraction method, which we suspect of dissolving fine CaCO3 particles that are more abundant in Nakai series soils, resulting in erroneously high Ca2+ estimates. For study of plant-available nutrients, it is important to identify the nutrients of foremost interest and understand differences in their resin sorption dynamics to determine the most appropriate extraction method.

A Model Predicting Equilibrium for Plutonium Sorption by Anion Exchange Resin

ABSTRACTA mathematical model is derived for prediction of equilibrium between plutonium in aqueous solution and plutonium sorbed on anion exchange resin. The model is analogous to the Langmuir (BET Type I) model for adsorption. Sorption kinetics are modeled as a first order reaction with respect to the plutonium and the resin sorption site concentrations. The model predictions are correlated to previously reported experimental equilibrium data over a range of plutonium concentration from 0.0029 to 300 g Pu/L. Plutonium content of the resin pores is shown to be a significant portion of the total resin phase plutonium. Two methods are described for calculating resin porosity from experimental equilibrium data. The porosity of Dowex-1x4 resin in 7M nitric acid is calculated to be 5 to 8 vol% at high plutonium sorption. Maximum sorption capacity of the resin for plutonium is calculated to be from 87 to 93% of the stoichiometric capacity for a divalent anion.

IN SITU NUTRIENT EXTRACTION BY RESIN FROM FORESTED, CLEAR-CUT AND SITE-PREPARED SOIL

Anion and cation resins were tested as sinks for nutrient ions under variable forest soil conditions. The resins, contained in nylon bags, were placed for periods of 4 wk below the forest floor of a softwood stand, and at approximately 7.5 cm depth on an adjacent clearcut with two different types of site preparation for tree planting. The soil was an Orthic Humo-ferric Podzol. Ion sorption below the forest floor, especially the sorption of ammonium, nitrate and phosphate, was strongly increased after clear-cutting of the forest. Sorption rates were generally lower in the mineral soil than immediately below the forest floor, except for nitrate and sulphate. Mixing of forest floor materials and fine logging debris into the mineral surface horizons generally increased resin sorption if compared to sorption in soil from which the forest floor had been removed. Resin sorption also revealed strong seasonal effects which may have been caused by changes in soil temperature and moisture. Key words: Ion exchange resin, forest soil fertility, seasonal nutrient fluctuation, site preparation

2,6-diacetylpyridine bis(arylhydrazone) derivatives as analytical reagents for uranium

The analytical properties of two compounds from a class of new complexing reagents for uranium have been investigated. The compounds, diacetylpyridine bis(furoylhydrazone) (H 2dapf) and diacetylpyridine bis(pyridylhydrazone) (H 2dapp), were synthesized and the extraction, resin sorption, and colorimetric properties of their metal complexes examined. The uranium—H 2dapf complex forms in solutions at pH ⩾3 and can be used to determine uranium colorimetrically. The system obeys the Lambert—Beer law between 0.72 and 10.8 ppm uranium with a molar absorptivity of 1.5 × 10 4 1.mole −1.cm −1 at 400 nm and 3.5 × 10 4 1.mole −1.cm −1 at 350 nm between pH 3 and 8. Interferences are masked with EDTA.

Volatile Odorous Excretion Products of Different Strains of Synechococcus (Cyanobacteria)

Volatile compounds excreted by different strains of Synechococcus have been studied. The lipophilic components were extracted from the cell-free culture medium by resin sorption techniques. XAD-20 and Tenax GC were used to concentrate less volatile excretion products for GC/MS identification. Major compounds released were 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one, dihydroactinidiolide and tetrahydrogeranyl acetone suggesting that the formation of excretion products in Synechococcus is closely connected to the metabolism of lipids and carotenoids.