Resin Paraffin Research Articles

Analysis of the Processes of Paraffin Deposition of Oil from the Kumkol Group of Fields in Kazakhstan

The oil pipeline transportation of highly waxy oils when it is cold is accompanied by the deposition of paraffins in the inner surface of the pipeline. This study of the initial properties of the oil; the composition, structure, and nature of the components of normal alkanes in oil; and their influence on the aggregative stability of the resulting system makes it possible to find the best solutions to optimize the conditions of oil transportation with the lowest energy costs. This study shows that, according to the content of solid paraffin (14.0–16.2%), the oils of the Kumkol group of fields in Kazakhstan are highly waxy. They are characterized by high yield loss temperature values (+9–+12 °C), which also correlate with the values of the rheological parameters (τ0 1.389 Pa, 3.564 Pa). The influence of the temperature and shear rate on the shear stress and effective viscosity of the initial oils was studied. At temperatures below 20 °C, depending on the shear rate, there is an increase in the effective viscosity values (0.020 Pa∙s, 0.351 Pa∙s). The influence of the nature of solid hydrocarbons on the parameters of the paraffinization process and of the intensity of the paraffinization of the metal surfaces was studied. Our study shows that the main share of n-alkanes in the Kumkol and Akshabulak oils falls on paraffins of the C15–C44 group. The greater the temperature difference between the oil and the cold steel surface (≤40 °C), the lesser the amount of asphalt–resin–paraffin deposits (ARPDs) that fall out on the surface of the rod, although the content of long-chain paraffins prevails in these ARPDs. At the same time, the consistency of the released asphalt–resin–paraffin deposits (ARPDs) becomes denser, which makes their mechanical removal more difficult. Furthermore, the results of this study of the cooling rate shows that the rapid cooling of oils leads to the formation of a large number of crystallization centers, which leads to an increase in the values of the yield loss temperature and kinematic viscosity of the oils.

Processes of vibroimpact treatment of wells

The article presents the results of statistical processing of patent and scientific and technical information published in Russia, Great Britain, China, USA, EU countries, Japan on the problem of vibration shock treatment of injection wells, which is used to clean the bottom-hole formation zone from mechanical impurities, corrosion products, asphalt resin paraffin oil components. It was revealed that about 90% of the information is presented in journal articles, conference materials and patents. To a lesser extent, information is presented in books and dissertation research. There are practically no educational and methodological publications. The publication activity is devoted to the oscillatory movement of rock particles in a productive formation, the effect on rheological properties, the reduction of hydraulic resistance, the destruction of oil-water emulsions, the effect on the deposition of salts and paraffins.

Resin–Paraffin Aggregation Processes in Waxy Oil Revealed by Vanadyl Porphyrin Spin Probe

Resin–Paraffin Aggregation Processes in Waxy Oil Revealed by Vanadyl Porphyrin Spin Probe

Formation of Asphalt–Resin–Paraffin Deposits in Crude Oils of Western Siberia

Formation of Asphalt–Resin–Paraffin Deposits in Crude Oils of Western Siberia

Selection of Solvents for the Removal of Asphaltene–Resin–Paraffin Deposits

In this study, we aimed to select the optimal solvents for the removal of asphaltene–resin–paraffin deposits. The effectiveness of various solvents was determined based on the asphaltene–resin–paraffin deposits (ARPDs) of the Zhanaozen (Ozen) crude oil field. These deposits affect the geological, physical, and technological conditions of the oil field, thus influencing its development. According to the results, we found that the most effective composite solvent is a composition comprising a 50% gasoline fraction and a 50% kerosene fraction. This composition showed mass loss of deposits of 97.7% and a dissolving power of 93.5 g/cm3 after 5 h. We confirmed the effectiveness of this composition by the paraffinic type of the deposits, which is explained by the high content of paraffin in the oil from the Zhanaozen field. Aromatic solvents showed a relatively low dissolving power compared with aliphatic solvents, which also confirms the low content of resins and asphaltenes in the ARPD.

Selection of solvents for removing asphalten resin paraffin deposits

The article is devoted to the selection of optimal solvents for the removal of asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits. The efficiency of various solvents in relation to asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits (ARPD) of the Ozen deposit is considered. According to the results of the experiments, it was revealed that the most effective composite solvent is a composition containing 50% of the gasoline fraction and 50% of the kerosene fraction. This compositional composition for 5 hours showed a loss of mass of deposits of 97.7%, a dissolving capacity of 93.5 g/cm3. The effectiveness of the compositional composition is confirmed by the paraffinic type of deposits, which is explained by the high content of paraffins in the oil composition of the Ozen field. Aromatic solvents showed a relatively low dissolving power compared to aliphatic solvents, which also confirms the low content of resins and asphaltenes in the ARPO composition.

ТЕРМИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ПРОДУКТОВ ОКИСЛЕНИЯ АКТИВИРОВАННОГО СПЛАВА АЛЮМИНИЯ RAU-85 В РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ОКИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ СРЕДАХ

By methods of differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis, the composition of the thermally active part of the studied multicomponent samples of the products of the interaction of the activated aluminum alloy with various oxidizers was determined, and their thermal behavior was revealed under conditions of dynamic temperature rise. Thermal analysis was carried out in air environment, in the temperature range from 20 to 1000°C. The heating mode of the furnace was linear (dT/dt = 10 grad/min), the reference substance was calcined Al2 O3 . Water, 3% aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide, 5% aqueous solution of sulfuric acid were used as oxidizing agents. Establishment of the material composition of the active part of powder samples was carried out according to the morphologies of thermal curves and numerical values of the intensities of endo- and exothermic effects using the thermogravimetric readings of TG-lines associated with them. A series of endo- and exothermic effects revealed during the decomposition of the test samples made it possible to follow the order of the stage of their thermal destruction and quantitatively determine the composition of volatile components. A number of features of sample decomposition were established depending on their composition and weight ratios of thermally active sample components. The obtained data on the thermal analysis of the oxidation products of the activated alloy RAU-85 in various oxidizing environments can be successfully applied to develop a technology for cleaning the bottomhole zone of the well from asphalt resin paraffin deposits, based on the thermal gas-chemical interaction of the activated aluminum alloy and formation water, which results in the formation of a large amount of heat and vapor-gas mixture.

REMOVAL OF HIGH-MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS UNDER ACTION OF BAF-1 REAGENT INCLUDED BY DEPOSITS DURING STORAGE OF TRANSPORTED OIL IN TANKS

Sedimentation occurs during storage and transportation of all produced oil, which leads to a reduction in the effective capacity of tanks, corrosion spills, difficulty in checking the condition of the tank, a large amount of oil loss and, most importantly, changes in the composition of oil. This, in turn, leads to a decrease in the volume of the fraction during oil refining. In order to effectively combat sediment formation, it is necessary to determine its essence, as well as the basic laws of this process. One of the most important problems in the operation of tanks is their cleaning. During long-term operation, sediment accumulates at the bottom of the tanks, which reduces their useful volume and complicates their operation. Sedimentation in tanks is due to the separation of solid phases in the oil and its subsequent deposition. This is a natural and necessary process that is directly related to the increase in the concentration of heavy components - asphaltene, resin, paraffn in the total volume of oil during the mixing of different oils. On the other hand, the separation of the solid phase depends on the physical and chemical properties of the oil, temperature and a number of other factors, and the intensity of accumulation depends on the design and maintenance characteristics of the tank. During long-term storage of oils of different densities and viscosities, depending on the constantly changing temperature regime of storage conditions, sediment accumulates at the bottom and walls of the tank and is unevenly distributed over the area. Its relative thickness is observed in areas far from the intake and distribution pipes, which does not allow to more accurately determine the actual amount of oil in the tank. Over time, the sediment thickens; washing is difficult in some areas, and sometimes not at all. To ensure efficient and reliable operation of the tanks it is important to regularly clean them of accumulated sediment. One of the most important problems in the operation of tanks is their cleaning. During long-term operation, sediment accumulates at the bottom of the tanks, which reduces their useful volume and complicates their operation. Sedimentation in tanks is due to the separation of solid phases in the oil and its subsequent deposition. Manual cleaning of tanks from oil sludge is a fairly common method of cleaning. First of all, this method is used to clean small tanks. When cleaning the tanks in this way, the tank is first steamed, then washed at a temperature of 30-50 ° C and a pressure of 0.2-0.3 MPa. The device used for pumping water consists of a pump and an ejector. The washing water is pumped along with the oil sludge. The solid sediment and sand are removed with a shovel, a shovel and a bucket. Cleaning of tanks from sediments is a dangerous labor-intensive work and requires considerable material costs. Even the most advanced chemical-mechanized treatment method does not eliminate human manual labor and requires preparation for the installation of additional equipment, as the main problem in technological and commercial tanks is the formation of high-molecular asphaltene and resin paraffin compounds in oils. The component composition of asphaltene-resin-paraffin sediments (ARPS) varies widely over a single oil recovery region, even within a single field. Knowing the composition of ARPS is of practical importance in determining the optimal methods of combating them, or more precisely in the selection of chemical reagents. A 1:1:1 mixture of all three sediments conventionally called BAF-1. the coordination polymer was injected and expelled until a dry residue was obtained (450-600 °C) and the sample was cooled and RFA analyzed. In order to prevent the formation of coagulants, it is important to pre-inject anticoagulant into the oil mass in the tank, which can successfully perform this task with the reagent we offer. As for the cleaning (washing) of the already formed sediments, the proposed reagent can break down large coagulants (associations) and ensure their re-dissolution in the oil mass. Keywords: asphaltene, resin, paraffin, associate, Balakhani, Bulla, Diogenes, BAF-1.

Investigation of the effect of crystallization conditions and "Difron-4201" depressant additive on the composition and properties of paraffin deposits

For the first time in the laboratory, the physical and chemical characteristics of the model oil sample, the composition, and relative amounts of normal alkanes with carbon atoms from C8 to C60 were determined by high-temperature liquid-gas chromatography. When Difron-4201 is added to the model oil, seven carbon atoms are displaced in the direction of the lower molecular weight distribution of paraffin hydrocarbons in the sediment. The effect of the Difron-4201 additive on the group composition of model oil and oil sediments obtained at different temperatures of the "cold finger" was studied. It was found that with the addition of the additive and with a decrease in the temperature of model oil and "cold pipe", the number of paraffin hydrocarbons in the group composition of sediment increases and the amount of resin and asphaltenes decreases. Microanalysis of the structure of asphaltene–resin–paraffin sediments obtained after the addition of the additive showed that the model oil sediments, separated at 30/1500C and containing large amounts of high-molecular paraffin hydrocarbons, resin, and asphaltene components, have the highest proportion of amorphous structures. An increase in the share of dendritic modification of the crystalline structure is characteristic for paraffin hydrocarbons in sediments obtained with the addition of 900 g/t "Difron-4201" additive.

Development of a Methodology and Software Package for Predicting the Formation of Organic Deposits Based on the Results of Laboratory Studies

One of the main problems in the oil industry is the fallout of asphaltene–resin–paraffin deposits (ARPDs) during oil production and transportation. The formation of organic deposits leads to reduced equipment life and reduced production. Currently, there is no single methodology for the numerical simulation of the ARPD dropout process. The aim of our work was to obtain a correlation dependence characterizing the rate of wax growth over time for oils in the Perm Krai, depending on temperature, pressure, and speed conditions. Experimental data for 20 oil samples were obtained using a Wax Flow Loop installation that simulates fluid movement in tubing. The developed correlation was tested in 154 wells. The results of numerical modeling of the paraffin precipitation process made it possible to correct the inter-treatment period of scraping for 109 wells (71%), indicating the high accuracy of the developed approach.

Improving the Efficiency of Oil and Gas Wells Complicated by the Formation of Asphalt–Resin–Paraffin Deposits

A number of difficulties may be encountered in the final stages of oil field exploitation, including the formation of asphalt–resin–paraffin deposits (ARPDs). It is expedient to use complex technologies to remove the already formed deposits and prevent the formation of ARPDs. This paper focuses on the complex technology of oil field exploitation. This technology combines both the removal of organic deposits and the prevention of the formation of these deposits in the well bottomhole formation zone (BHFZ) system. The calculations for determining the process parameters of selling the ARPD inhibitor solution into the BHFZ are presented in this article. This complex technology includes the process of ARPD removal by flushing the well and the subsequent injection of the developed ARPD solvent into the BHFZ. In addition, the technology is complemented by a method of preventing the formation of these deposits. This method consists of squeezing the ARPD inhibitor and then pumping it by the selling fluid from five to ten times of the volume. This article contains a detailed calculation of the methodology and provides the diagrams for the solvent and inhibitor injection.

Influences of the Water Cut of Pumping Oil and the Mineralization of the Associated Water on the Rate of Sludging

The problem of the formation of organic deposits on the inside surfaces of borehole equipment and oilfield pipelines, which is urgent for all active oil fields, was considered in the study. The formation of these deposits leads to decreased lifespans for oilfield equipment and accidents involving oil pipelines and wells. The aim of our work was to estimate the dependencies of the organic deposition’s formation-rate factor on the water cut of the investigated water–oil emulsion and the mineralization of the water phase. Examination via generation of asphaltene–resin–paraffin deposits on the surfaces of cold rods was carried out with a “Cold Finger” CF-4 unit. Coefficients of specific oil sludging, fluid sludging and rate sludging have been determined. It has been defined that in the definite oilfields, the rate of sludging does not increase as the water content in the emulsion increases. As water-phase mineralization increases, this value remains practically constant.

Определение минимальных мероприятий в скважине по предотвращению образования асфальтосмолопарафиновых отложений

An analysis of the formation of asphaltene resin paraffin deposits is presented, criteria for assigning wells to subgroups of the complications type are considered, and a classification of complications in oil production is proposed. Oil is a complex and varied mixture of various hydrocarbons, both light and heavy, in thermodynamic equilibrium under reservoir conditions. In some fields, oil production is not accompanied by the formation of asphaltene resin paraffin deposits on the downhole pumping equipment, while in others it is complicated by them. Methods of preventing the deposition of asphaltene resin paraffin deposits and methods of dealing with them are considered, the research work done to substantiate the use of chemical reagents to prevent the formation of complications in oilproducing wells is presented, the minimum measures for subgroups of the proposed classification, complicated by asphaltene resin paraffin deposits of the fund, are presented. The methods for determining the effectiveness of the asphaltene resin paraffin deposits inhibitors, developed in the PermNIPIneft branch of LLC LUKOIL-Engineering, were briefly presented, on the basis of which the studies were carried out. The results of studies on the selection of reagents and determination of their effectiveness for the production well stock complicated by asphaltene resin paraffin deposits were considered. It was found that during wells operation where the physicochemical properties changed, the effectiveness of the inhibitor significantly decreased and did not reach the efficiency criterion of 75%. So, in oil production it is necessary to periodically, at least once every three years, check the effectiveness of the selected reagents, as well as analyze changes in such parameters of the processed object as: change in the physicochemical properties of the fluid; geological and technical measures at the well; significant increase, decrease in production; involvement or isolation of interlayers, production facilities; changes in reservoir, bottomhole pressure during operation. Approaches for wells are proposed: where, as a result of research, the criterion of the effectiveness of chemical reagents has not been achieved, it is necessary to select other methods to avoid the complication.

The substantiation of the influence of asphalt resin paraffin oil residue on the asphalt concrete technology

Based on scientific research and experimental tests, it has been proved that solid waste from oil fields in the Kyzylorda region based on asphalt resin paraffin sediment (ARPS) is close and binding in its chemical composition to the main component of the asphalt-concrete mixture of the road surface. And the most effective method of disposal and neutralization of oil waste was chosen. In this article, it is proposed to develop an asphalt-concrete technology based on asphalt-resinous paraffin deposits. The issue of increasing the reserves of raw materials for the production of durable asphalt concrete and reducing the amount of oil-containing waste in the fields due to the sale of solid oil-containing waste will be considered. Based on the study, the composition of asphalt-resinous paraffin deposits was analyzed by IR spectroscopy. The infrared (IR) absorption spectrum was captured in the IR-Fourier spectrometer. The results of the study showed the suitability of asphalt-resinous paraffin deposits for use as organic binders to dense asphalt concrete of type «B» grade III for IV-V road climatic zones recommended for applying top layers of coating on roads of technical category IY.

Technical and economic analysis of the proposed method of utilization of asphalt resin paraffin deposits (ARPD) in the composition of organomineral waterproofing material

Currently, for many construction industries promising becomes the creation of waterproofing materials on the basis of integrated management natural oily raw material, as well as improvement of traditional materials. Choice of material depends on the working conditions of a hydraulic installation, categories of reliability construction, its structures, the availability of local building materials, method of work and of technical and economic indices of construction. In this paper described economic and technical efficiency of using asphalt resinous paraffin deposits as a main composition of organomineral material for antifiltration screen. In this paper described technology of preparing oil waste sludge pit, where asantifiltration screen is used polymerorganic screen based on asphalt resin paraffin deposits (ARPD) and polymer material. Processing of oil waste and reducing their formation is a significant problem from the ecological point of view and requires new ecological and technological solutions. In this research paper analyzes the results of world practical experiments on the application of waste and presents technical solutions for the use of waste that are suitable for future application. The feature of this work is obtaining waterproofing materials based on asphalt – resin -paraffin deposits and polymer, moreover the improvement of its physicochemical properties. The results of experimental laboratory testing of the effects of aggressive components of waste on the physical and mechanical properties of the material made from polymerorganic and cement mixture are presented.

THE INFLUENCE OF ASPHALT RESIN PARAFFIN OIL RESIDUE ON ASPHALT CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

Based on scientific research and experimental tests, it has been proved that solid waste from oil fields in the Kyzylorda region based on asphalt resin paraffin sediment (ARPS) is close and binding in its chemical composition to the main component of the asphalt-concrete mixture of the road surface. And the most effective method of disposal and neutralization of oil waste was chosen. The ARPS formed from the use of oil at the Kumkol field was studied, which includes asphaltenes 3 ... 8%; resins-13 ... 20%; fats-34...65%; mechanical impurities-20...49%; water-1...5%. In this article, it is proposed to develop an asphalt-concrete technology based on asphalt-resinous paraffin deposits. The issue of increasing the reserves of raw materials for the production of durable asphalt concrete and reducing the amount of oil-containing waste in the fields due to the sale of solid oil-containing waste will be considered. Based on the study, the composition of asphalt-resinous paraffin deposits was analyzed by IR spectroscopy. The infrared (IR) absorption spectrum was captured in the IR-Fourier spectrometer IR Prestige-21. The absorption spectra of asphalt-tar-paraffin deposits recorded by the IR spectrometer show the structure of hydrocarbons in the methyl (2954-2852 cm-1), methylene (1463-1377 cm-1), and methine (721 cm-1) groups. The analysis shows that the composition of solid oil waste generated at the fields consists mainly of paraffin hydrocarbons.The results of the study showed the suitability of asphalt-resinous paraffin deposits for use as organic binders to dense asphalt concrete of type" B " grade III for IV-V road climatic zones recommended for applying top layers of coating on roads of technical category IY. Replacing scarce commercial bitumen with oil waste will significantly reduce the cost of commercial products, as well as simplify the process of preparing the mixture and prevent environmental pollution with harmful substances released from oil.

Evaluation of the effect of asphalt resin paraffin deposits on oil well performance

The article deals with the problems of field development. The causes of low well performance were identified. Examples and causes of paraffin deposit formation were given. Methods aimed at solving problems of well operation were developed. An innovative method for dealing with asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits was suggested. It involves application of a submersible container with a complex action inhibitor. The formula of the inhibitor is presented. The technological layout of the container with the inhibitor is presented. Technological efficiency of the inhibitor as a method for ASPD prevention was proved.

Application of novel hydrophobically modified polybetaines based on alkylaminocrotonates and methacrylic acid as pour point depressants and ASP flooding agent

A series of hydrophobically modified polymeric betaines (HMPB) were synthesized from alkylaminocrotonates and methacrylic acid, analyzed by methods of GPC, potentiometric titration and DSC and applied as pour point depressants (PPD) to high paraffinic crude oils of Western Kazakhstan. The efficiency of paraffin inhibition with the help of HMPB was evaluated in static and dynamic conditions. The physicochemical properties of the Mangyshlak oil and the Buzachi–Mangyshlak oil mixture (67:33 vol%) were determined. Paraffins were found to form gelled networks in the Mangyshlak oil and Buzachi–Mangyshlak oil mixture within the fractions of hydrocarbons with lengths of C12–C17 and C13–C16. The results of testing the HMPB as PPD in the model tank and oil pipeline showed that, at a concentration of polymeric additives of 500 ppm and at an injection temperature of 60 °C, the quantity of precipitated asphaltene–resin–paraffin depositions was significantly reduced. The efficiency of HMPB bearing C16H33 groups was tested as a prototype alkaline–surfactant–polymer flooding agent on the heavy oil of the Karazhanbas oilfield.

Risk of Wax Precipitation in Oil Well

The objective of this research is to simulate the impact of well operation conditions on wax precipitation in an oil sample, and to predict the wax-free well flowrate. Laboratory studies help producers to protect oil wells from potential problems. The maximum rise of simulated well operation conditions to in situ oil recovery leads to oilfield practice. The methods used for testing of oil sample were microscopy under high pressure with grain size analysis and light-scattering technique, which were conducted using laboratory equipment suited for investigations of reservoir fluids in conditions close to oilfield conditions. Experiments with modeling of temperature and pressure drop rates, flow velocity, and flow through time from downhole to wellhead were carried out. These experiments resulted in modeling of the relationship between functional pressure and wax appearance temperature (WAT), which is properly consistent with the Clapeyron–Clausius equation in a range of well operation conditions. Experimental simulation of well thermobaric operation conditions also resulted in definition of potential wax formation area in the tubing. Research data showed that WAT declines with increase in flow velocity and temperature, and pressure drop rates. Calculations demonstrated that an increase in flow velocity by 0.04 m/sec (equivalent to a well flowrate of 20 m3 per day) leads to a decrease in wax formation depth of up to approximately 200 meters. Guidelines for slowdown of asphaltene–resin–paraffin particles formation in the well by chemical treatment are made.

Investigation of natural gas hydrates formation/decomposition processes in systems consisting of “commercial asphaltene–resin–paraffin deposits and water”

Results obtained in a study of the natural gas hydrate formation in model systems consisting of various proportions from commercial paraffinic type Asphaltene–Resin–Paraffin Deposits (ARPDs) and distilled water were considered. The synthesis and decomposition of hydrates in the systems under study were performed in a DSC calorimetric cell and in high-pressure chambers-reactors. The thermobaric conditions of phase transitions and the kinetics of formation and decomposition of natural gas hydrates in paraffin deposits and water were determined. It was found that specific features of the hydrate formation process in the systems under study reflect upon the shapes of crystallization isotherm signals. The hydrate formation process favors coalescence of dispersed water drops in the samples under study and leads to formation of coarse water fragments. In the presence of the ARPD, the curve of equilibrium hydrate formation conditions shifts to high pressures.