Resin-modified Glass Ionomer Cement Research Articles

Influence of Glass Ionomer-based Luting Cements on the Clinical Success of Zirconia Crowns: Randomized Clinical Trial.

This study evaluated the influence of two types of glass ionomer-based luting agent on the clinical performance of metal-free zirconia crowns. Thirty participants received two full crown restorations in either anterior or posterior teeth, in a split-mouth design. After tooth preparation, impressions with addition-cured silicone were made and casts were obtained. The casts were scanned and 3Y-TZP zirconia copings (Ceramill ZI - Amann Girrbach) were milled using a CAD/CAM system. Glass ceramic (IPS E.max Ceram, Ivoclar Vivadent) was used to create the crown shape. For each participant, one crown was cemented using a conventional glass ionomer (GIC - Meron, Voco), while the other received a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC - Meron Plus QM, Voco). The restorations were evaluated by two calibrated examiners after seven days, one year, and two years. The parameters at each evaluated time were analyzed by the Fisher exact test (α=0.05). At two years postoperatively, 24 participants attended the recall, and 46 (76.67%) restorations were evaluated. No fractures or secondary caries were diagnosed. Minimal marginal staining was verified in both cements. During the follow-up period, only two anterior crowns cemented with conventional glass ionomer showed loss of retention. No loss of retention was detected in posterior crowns. After two years of intraoral service, the crowns cemented with either conventional glass ionomer cement or resin-modified glass ionomer presented acceptable and similar clinical performance for all parameters analyzed in both anterior and posterior teeth.

Ion-releasing resin composites prevent demineralization around restorations in an in-vitro biofilm model.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of two ion-releasing, resin-based composites (RBCs), ACTIVA BioACTIVE-Restorative (BIO1) and ACTIVA Presto (BIO2), in preventing demineralization around restorations. Class I and II cavities were prepared on bovine (n = 4) and human teeth (n = 8) and restored with BIO1, BIO2, a conventional composite (RBC, Filtek Supreme XTE), and a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC, Ionolux). Following restorations (class I, n= 16/material; class II, n= 8/material), the specimens were exposed to Streptococcus mutans biofilm in a continuous-flow bioreactor over two weeks. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) assessed demineralization depths at restoration margins, and supernatant pH changes were measured after a 24-h acidic challenge. Statistical analyses included one and two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). On enamel surfaces, RMGIC showed no demineralization, followed by BIO1 (≈50 μm), BIO2 (≈125 μm), and RBC (≈150 μm). No difference between human or bovine enamel was observed. In dentin, RMGIC showed the least demineralization (≈190 μm), followed by BIO1 (≈230 μm), BIO2 (≈280 μm), and RBC (≈400 μm). pH buffering was highest in RMGIC (+ 0.24 pH), while BIO1, BIO2, and RBC showed similar buffering capacities (∼ +0.1 pH). Gaps were found at several interfaces for BIO1 and RMGIC. Ion-releasing RBCs varied in effectiveness for reducing demineralization of surrounding tissues, with limited pH buffering capacity. RMGIC exhibited better performance. Gaps between cavity walls and BIO1/RMGIC raised concerns about long-term adhesion. ACTIVA BioACTIVE Restorative (BIO1) and ACTIVA Presto (BIO2) resin-based composites promoted slight inhibition of demineralization in an in-vitro biofilm model, suggesting that further modifications in their chemical composition are necessary.

Orifice barrier preferences for coronal restoration of root filled teeth by endodontists and other dental practitioners in Australia: A questionnaire survey.

To compare the use of orifice barriers (OB) in root-filled teeth (RFT) between specialist endodontic practitioners (SEP) and general and other specialist practitioners (GDP+), and identify common materials, reasons for selection, and techniques. An online survey was distributed to SEP and GDP+ practising in Australia. Demographic and multiple-choice questions relating to material selection and technique choices were asked to evaluate and relate usage patterns to practising and training backgrounds. Fisher's exact tests were undertaken to compare categorical variables across practitioner groups. Significance level was set at p<.05. There were 457 eligible responses: 393(86%) GDP+ and 64(14%) SEP. Of 429 reporting endodontically treating or restoring teeth, 317(73.9%) placed OB; preferred depth of root filling removal by most (91.8%) was ≤ 2 mm, with more SEP preferring 2 mm than GDP+(p=.02). Preferred materials for OB were conventional and resin-modified GIC (GIC), resin composite materials (RC), Cavit™ and zinc polycarboxylate cement (ZPC). 'Ease of use' was a common reason among all practitioners for GIC and RC. Significantly more SEP(p<.001) chose ZPC in all teeth and more commonly because of 'Ease of use' for both posterior (p<.001) and anterior (p=.002) teeth. All ZPC-using SEP preferred using a paste-filler/lentulo spiral, significantly more than GDP+ for posterior (p<.001) and anterior (p=.002) teeth. Cavit™ was often chosen for 'Sealing ability'. OB were widely placed by dental practitioners in Australia, with a small group of materials selected, most commonly for ease of use or sealing ability. The findings of this study suggest that further research should be undertaken to investigate the relative performance of these materials as OB and to inform the clinician's choices when restoring RFT.

Trends in pH-triggered strategies for dental resins aiming to assist in preventing demineralization: A scoping review.

To identify and map the literature on the current state of pH-triggered strategies for resin-based materials used in direct restorative dentistry, focusing on innovative compounds, their incorporation and evaluation methods, and the main outcomes. Through a search across PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, LILACS, Cochrane Library databases, and Google Scholar, this review identified studies pertinent to pH-responsive dental materials, excluding resin-modified glass ionomer cements. From the 981 records identified, 19 in vitro studies were included, concentrating on resin-based composite resins (50 %), dentin adhesives (25 %), and sealants (25 %). The review identified diverse pH-triggered strategies based on ion release, antibacterial release, antibacterial no release, association of contact-antibacterial compounds with acid neutralizer, and combined ion and antibacterial releasing systems for the development of pH-responsive dental materials. Despite the incorporation of innovative compounds such as nanoparticulated amorphous calcium phosphate (20 %), tetracalcium phosphate (40 %), chlorhexidine-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (10 %), tertiary amine dodecylmethylaminoethyl methacrylate (5 %), and bioactive glass with 4 % nano-POSS (20 %), the mechanical integrity of the materials remained satisfactory, displaying flexural strength and elastic modulus that were similar to or better than control. Materials showcased pH-dependent release of calcium and phosphate ions, especially in acidic conditions, and potential for prevention of tooth demineralization, indicating decreased mineral loss and lesion depth. In general, ion releasing and antibacterial-based strategies alone or associated, comprising the incorporation of amorphous calcium phosphate, tetracalcium phosphate, chlorhexidine-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles, tertiary amine dodecylmethylaminoethyl methacrylate, and bioactive glass with 4 % nano-POSS were used to provide pH-responsiveness for composite resins, adhesive systems, or sealants, without compromise of the mechanical properties, and with promising potential for enhancing caries prevention. Advancements on smart pH-responsive dental resins based on ion-releasing and antibacterial associated strategies may contribute to prevent or reduce bacterial acid formation and demineralization of tooth structure at the interface between tooth tissues and restoration, possibly favoring the success of restorative treatment in the future.

Colour changes and topography of resin modified glass ionomer cements with the addition of zinc oxide nanoparticles

Background: Resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) is one of the restorative materials for cavity restoration in the anterior and cervical areas where aesthetics are crucial, especially for class III (anterior) cavity restorations. Adding zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONP) may enhance its mechanical and physical properties. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the color change of RMGIC after the addition of ZnONP as much as 5%, 10% and 15% of the total mixture of RMGIC and ZnONP powder also to examines the topography of ZnONP distribution within RMGIC’s interstitial space using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Methods: Four groups of RMGIC were studied, a control group without ZnONP powder, 3 treatment groups with ZnONP powder as much as 5%, 10%, and 15%. Each group consists of 4 cylindrical samples (diameter of 10 mm, height of 2 mm). Color change was measured using VITA Easyshade V spectrophotometer and SEM was used for topography analysis. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA test and Tukey HSD post hoc test. Results: One-way ANOVA test showed significant color differences (p&lt;0.05) among all groups. Tukey HSD test showed significant color differences (p&lt;0.05) in color change between control group and treatment groups also between group 2 and group 4. SEM observations confirmed ZnONP distribution in RMGIC’s interstitial space in treatment groups. Conclusion: Addition of 5%, 10%, and 15% ZnONP powder of the total mixture of RMGIC and ZnONP powders changed RMGIC’s color to be brighter (lightness) and more saturated (chroma) also ZnONP distributed within RMGIC’s interstitial space.

Micro-CT Assessment of Heat and Vibration Effect on Sealant Penetration in Different Fissure Types.

To make micro-CT comparison and evaluation of sealant penetration depth in different types of fissures after heating of the material or application of vibrations. One hundred sound third molars have been sealed as follows: group 1 (n = 20), light-cured resin sealant at room temperature, group 2 (n = 20), light-cured resin sealant, preheated to 41.0°C, group 3 (n = 20), light-cured resin sealant, preheated to 51.0°C, group 4 (n = 20), resin sealant with application of vibrations before light-curing at room temperature, group 5 (n = 20), resin-modified glass-ionomer cement. The samples were analysed using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). The profile of each fissure was classified, and the penetration depth of the sealant into the fissure and the fissure depth were measured. The ratio of filled area and total depth of the fissure was calculated in percentages. Pre-heating of the sealants and the usage of a vibrating tool improved the penetration depth compared to the application of the material at room temperature. U- and V-type fissures exhibited better penetration capability than others. For IK-type fissures, the best penetration was observed with resin sealant heated at 51.0°C. I-shaped fissures exhibited lower penetration rates despite the heating process. Glass-ionomer cement showed the least depth penetration. Pre-heating of the resin sealant or application of vibrations improve statistically significantly penetration in the different fissure types.

Primary Dentin Conditioning with Methylene Blue Activated Photodynamic Therapy, Phytic Acid, and Er,Cr:YSGG to Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement in Comparison to Conventional Polyacrylic Acid.

Aim: Impact of surface conditioner phytic acid (IP6) Er,Cr:YSGG laser (ECYL) methylene blue photodynamic therapy (MB-PDT) on the microleakage and shear bond strength (SBS) of resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) to primary sound dentin. Material and method: Overall, 80 extracted sound primary molars were collected followed by their submergence in self-cure acrylic resin. The dentin surface was exposed and made flat and was assigned into four groups based on the surface conditioning. Group 1: polyacrylic acid (PAA), Group 2: 1% IP6, Group 3: ECYL, and Group 4: MB-PDT. RMGIC restorative material was bonded to primary dentin. Marginal leakage assessment was performed using silver nitrate. SBS and failure mode assessment were performed using a universal testing machine and stereomicroscope. Mean and standard deviations of SBS and marginal leakage were compared using analysis of variance and multiple comparisons of Tukey's post-hoc test (p < 0.05). Results: MB-PDT treated specimens displayed the highest values of marginal leakage (37.56 ± 1.25 nm) and lowest SBS (7.93 ± 1.03 MPa). However, samples in Group 2 conditioned with IP6 presented the lowest dye penetration score (11.23 ± 1.22 nm) and highest bond strength scores (11.12 ± 0.82 MPa). Conclusions: IP6 and ECYL have proved to be better alternatives in terms of low microleakage and improved SBS scores to PAA as a primary dentin surface conditioner for bonding RMGIC restoration. Conversely, MB-PDT, when employed as a dentin surface conditioner for RMGIC restorations, exhibited suboptimal results, characterized by elevated microleakage and compromised bond strength.

Effect of cementation technique and cement type on the amount of excess cement in implant-supported cement-retained crown restorations: An in vitro study.

Excess cement in implant-supported restorations can lead to peri-implant diseases, and its removal remains a clinical challenge. The optimum method of minimizing excess cement is unclear. The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare 3 cementation techniques and 3 cement types and measure excess cement. A total of 63 metal crowns and universal straight abutments were divided into 3 groups according to cementation techniques: direct (DT), polytetrafluoroethylene tape (PTT), and extraoral replica (ERT). (n=21) In all groups, 3 different cement types were used: glass ionomer cement (Meron; Voco), polycarboxylate cement (Adhesor Carbofine; Pentron), and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (GC FujiCEM Evolve; GC Corp) (n=7). The cemented crown-abutment combination was examined under a ×10 magnification stereomicroscope, and the cement remaining on the surface was calculated by using a computer program (ImageJ and NIH Image Software; National Institutes of Health). The relationship between cementation techniques and cement type and residual cement was examined with a 2-way ANOVA test. A post hoc test was used for intragroup comparisons (α=.05). Regardless of the cement type, the residual cement amount was found to be the lowest in the ERT group (P<.001). Regardless of the technique, the lowest residual cement was found in glass ionomer cement (1.55 ±1.05 mm², 95% CI: 1.07 to 2.02). The extraoral replica technique was the most effective in reducing excess cement, and cement type influenced its amount, with the highest residual cement amounts observed with resin-modified glass ionomer cement among all techniques.

An In Vitro Assessment of the Shear Bond Strength of Alkasite Restorative Material in Primary Molars Compared with Glass Ionomer and Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Restorations.

(1) Background: Alkasite is a novel restorative material that has attracted interest in recent years because of its distinctive characteristics, including its high translucency and excellent biocompatibility. It is comparable to glass ionomer cement (GIC) and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) due to its fluoride-release ability and usage in esthetically concerned areas. This study aimed to assess the shear bond strength (SBS) of Alkasite restorative material in comparison with GIC and RMGIC (2) Methods: The study sample included 120 extracted sound primary molars and was randomly split into three groups, including group 1: RMGIC; group 2: Alkasite; and group 3: GIC. Each group was then sub-grouped into immediate and delayed loading. SBS was measured for each group using a universal testing machine. One-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test and an independent t-test were used for statistical analyses (3) Results: The immediate SBS was higher in Alkasite, followed by RMGIC and GIC, with means of 10.84 ± 1.96, 10.64 ± 1.74, and 6.09 ± 1.75, respectively. However, there was no significant difference between Alkasite and RMGIC (p = 0.94), whereas RMGIC and Alkasite showed significantly higher values than GIC, with p < 0.0001. Regarding delayed SBS, no significant difference was noted between Alkasite and RMGIC (p = 0.14), whereas both showed significantly higher values than GIC, with mean values of 6.30 ± 1.44, 5.556 ± 1.38, and 3.29 ± 0.61, respectively (p < 0.0001). (4) Conclusions: Our findings show that RMGIC and Alkasite have comparable outcomes to each other and better outcomes when compared with conventional GIC.

Immediate and delayed micro shear bond strength evaluation of two glass ionomer cements to composite resin by using different bonding techniques—an in vitro study

ObjectiveEvaluating immediate and delayed micro shear bond strength (µSBS) between composite resin and glass ionomer cements using different adhesive systems and mechanical surface treatment.Materials and methodsA total of 240 specimens of glass ionomer restorative materials were divided into two groups: Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement (RMGIC) namely Riva Light Cure and Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement (CGIC) namely Riva Self Cure. These were subdivided into immediate (24 h) and delayed (3 months) storage and further divided into smooth, medium, and rough surface treatment with either total etch (TE) or self-etch (SE) adhesive strategies. Composite resin was applied and µSBS of the sample was determined and failure modes were examined.ResultsImmediate µSBS of RMGIC was superior than CGIC and TE was better than SE. Within RMGIC, smooth surface has significantly higher bond strength than medium and rough stone surface treatment. Delayed µSBS of RMGIC was superior than CGIC. Within RMGIC specimens, TE and smooth and medium grit had significantly better bond strength than SE and rough grit. Within CGIC, statistically higher bond strength values were found with medium grit compared to smooth while no difference was found between TE and SE.ConclusionBonding composite resin to smooth RMGIC using TE yielded higher bond strength values than CGIC regardless of the time. Bonding composite resin immediately to CGIC is best done using a TE technique. However, delayed bonding to CGIC requires roughening of the CGIC surface prior to placement of the composite resin to obtain improved bonding.

Effect of herbal toothpaste on the colour stability, surface roughness, and microhardness of aesthetic restorative materials—an in vitro study

Abstract Objective To evaluate the in vitro effects of two commonly used commercial herbal toothpastes (Dabur Meswak and Patanjali Dant Kanti) on the colour stability, surface texture, and microhardness of two commonly used aesthetic restorative materials, i.e., nanofilled composite and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (NFC and RMGIC). Materials and methods The samples were brushed twice daily using two herbal toothpastes, Dabur Meswak (Dabur India Ltd) and Patanjali Dant Kanti (Patanjali Ayurved Ltd, India) and powered toothbrush. Atomic force microscopy, spectroscopy, and digital micro hardness testing were used to estimate the changes in the surface roughness, colour change, and hardness of the samples, respectively, at baseline and after six months. Results Regarding colour change, a statistically significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) was observed between baseline and six months in both the RMGIC and NFC for both herbal toothpastes. Both RMGIC and NFC had higher Ra values when brushed with either toothpaste, indicating a rough surface. The greatest increase in the mean difference in microhardness was observed for the Patanjali Dant Kanti toothpaste samples brushed on both NFC and RMGIC. Conclusion In our work, herbal toothpaste increased surface roughness and microhardness and caused colour changes in the two most commonly used aesthetic restorative materials. Clinical relevance Herbal toothpastes affect the surface texture of aesthetic dental restorative materials. Dental professionals may need to educate their patients to be cautious regarding the prolonged use of herbal toothpaste.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SOLUBILITY OF MODIFIED CONVENTIONAL GLASS IONOMER CEMENT AND RESIN-MODIFIED GLASS IONOMER CEMENT IN ARTIFICIAL SALIVA WITH VARYING PH LEVELS

Objectives: To determine the solubility of modifi ed conventional glass ionomer cement and resin-modified glass ionomer cement in artificial saliva at varying pH levels.Materials and Methods: Two luting cements were used to fabricate 120 specimens, following ISO standard 4049/2000. The specimens were divided into two groups, Group A (conventional glass ionomer luting cement) and Group B (resin-modifi ed glass ionomer luting cement), each containing 60 specimens, and further sub divided into three subgroups A3,A7,A9,B3,B7 and B9. Solubility was assessed by measuring weight changes after immersion in artifi cial saliva with varying pH levels for 28 days. A one-way ANOVA was conducted to statistically assess the differences in mean solubility among the groups, with post hoc Tukey's test applied for multiple comparisons. Additionally, paired t-tests were used to compare results between groups based on the media used.Results: Mean solubility of specimens of subgroup A9 immersed in basic salivary solution showed least solubility among all the groups. The mean solubility of G1 &amp; RMGI luting cement in artifi cial cement saliva having PH 3.7&amp; 9 respectively.Conclusion: Conventional glass ionomer luting cement with modifi ed powder/liquid ratio is more reliable for luting of fixed prosthesis as it exhibited lowest solubility in basic and acidic conditions.

Clinical performance of different adhesion strategies in non-carious cervical lesion restorations: A four-year randomized clinical trial.

To evaluate the retention rate and other clinical criteria of four different restorative techniques for non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) after 4 years. This is a prospective, randomized, double-blind, and split-mouth study evaluating four different adhesion strategies in non-carious cervical lesion restorations: adhesive restorative system (Scotchbond Universal Adhesive/Filtek Z350XT) without (SBU) and with selective enamel acid-etching (E-SBU), resin-modified glass-ionomer cements (Vitremer; RMGIC), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic as acid pretreatment (E-RMGIC). In total, 200 restorations were placed in 50 patients. Good health, no allergies to dental products, adequate oral hygiene were inclusion criteria. Pregnancy, active caries, use of desensitizers/fluoride, orthodontic appliances, and severe bruxism were exclusion criteria. All restorations were scored regarding retention, marginal integrity, marginal discoloration, surface texture, wear, secondary caries, anatomical form, surface staining, color match, and inflammation of gingival tissue marginal adaptation, using modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria at baseline and after 1, 2, 3 and 4 years. Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman, and Wilcoxon were used (p < 0.05). In total, 40 patients returned for the follow-up. RMGIC and E-RMGIC presented more alteration in surface texture than SBU and E-SBU. SBU had lower retention at four years than at baseline. Decreased alpha scores for marginal integrity and marginal discoloration were observed for all groups after four years when compared to baseline. Survival curves, related to retention, presented no statistical differences among groups (p = 0.315). NCCLs restored with ionomer had more reduction in surface luster than resin composite restorations. The use of selective enamel etching promoted less loss of retention for universal adhesive. The increase of initial marginal defects occurred for all types of adhesion strategies. The use of selective enamel etching cause less loss of retention for universal adhesive used in NCCL. Initial marginal defects occur for all types of adhesion strategies after four years.

SHEAR BOND STRENGTH OF DIFFERENT ORTHODONTIC BRACKET BONDING SYSTEMS ON SALIVA- CONTAMINATED ENAMEL: IN VITRO

The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets with different adhesive systems without and with saliva contamination. One hundred and twenty bovine teeth were selected. The experimental design consisted of three bonding systems: 1. Transbond Color Change (TPCC) (3M, Sumaré, São Paulo, Brazil) orthodontic composite resin and Transbond Plus Self Etching Primer (SEP) (3M, Sumaré, São Paulo, Brazil), 2. BracePaste Adhesive (BP) (American Orthodontics) orthodontic composite resin, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil) and BracePaste MTP primer (BPMTP) (American Orthodontics, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil) and 3. Fuji Ortho LC (FO) (GC,Tokyo, Japão) cement resin-modified glass ionomer cement. For each material, the brackets were cemented to the bovine enamel in two conditions, dry or contaminated by saliva, and photoactivated for a total of 12 seconds by the Valo light-curing device (Ultradent, Indaiatuba, São Paulo). The specimens were stored for 24 hours and aged by thermocycling for 10.000 cycles. The specimens were submitted to the shear bond strength (SBS) test (n=10). The results were subjected to a three-factor analysis of variance and the ionomer material was analyzed separately using a two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test (ɑ = 0.05). After RUC, all the materials showed a decrease in bond strength when contaminated by saliva, but the BP system showed greater bond strength in all conditions, followed by TCC. FO showed lower bond strength when thermocycled. Saliva contamination reduces bond strength in all bonding systems.

Evaluation of Microleakage in Zirconia Crown Systems Using Self-Adhesive Resin, Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer, and Glass Ionomer Cements: A Stereomicroscopic In Vitro Study

ABSTRACT Introduction: Microleakage is a critical issue impacting the success of zirconia crown restorations. This study compares the effectiveness of self-adhesive resin cement, resin-modified glass ionomer cement, and glass ionomer cement in minimizing microleakage, aiming to enhance the longevity and reliability of zirconia crowns systems. Materials and Methods: Thirty extracted premolars were collected, and all-ceramic preparation was done. Prepared teeth were randomly divided into three groups (10 each): Group A (self-adhesive resin cement), Group B (resin-modified glass ionomer cement), and Group C (glass ionomer cement). The samples underwent thermocycling, were sectioned mesiodistally and buccolingually, and submerged in a solution of methylene blue. Under a stereomicroscope, the surface of each segment was digitally imaged. A five-point grading system was used to assess microleakage. Data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis, and Mann–Whitney U tests (α: 0.05). Result: Microleakage with all the cement was comparable with no significant difference. The adhesive resin cement showed the least microleakage followed by resin-modified glass ionomer cement and the conventional glass ionomer cement, although insignificant. Conclusion: Resin cement, amongst all the adhesive cement, had the least microleakage; however, it was statistically insignificant.

A Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Clinical Performance of Bioactive Restorative Material and Resin-modified Glass Ionomer Cement in Carious Primary Molar Restorations.

To evaluate the clinical performance (marginal discoloration, surface texture, and retention) of bioactive restorative material (ACTIVA) and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) in carious primary molar restorations at 6 and 12-month intervals. The split-mouth randomized controlled trial comprised 31 children aged 5-8 years having contralateral matched pair of carious primary molars with an International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) II score 5. Sixty-two teeth were randomly allocated into two groups: group I-ACTIVA (n = 31) and group II-RMGIC (n = 31). After caries excavation, the teeth were restored with the respective materials and evaluated the marginal discoloration, surface texture, and retention after 6 and 12 months using modified USPHS (United States Public Health Service) criteria under the dental operating microscope. Mann-Whitney "U" test was used for intragroup comparison and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for intergroup comparison. A statistically significant difference was found in the surface texture of ACTIVA and RMGIC restorations at both 6-month (p = 0.002) and 12-month (p = 0.001) intervals, whereas the difference in the marginal discoloration and retention were not significant at both 6-month (p = 0.267 and 0.161, respectively) and 12-month intervals (p = 0.339 and 0.064, respectively). The surface texture of ACTIVA is found to be superior to RMGIC, whereas marginal discoloration and retention are similar to RMGIC at both 6 and 12-month intervals. ACTIVA bioactive restorative material and RMGIC both enhance tooth remineralization with improved adhesion and fluoride release properties, making them valuable choices in various clinical scenarios. Bhavana K, Uloopi K, Vinay C, et al. A Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Clinical Performance of Bioactive Restorative Material and Resin-modified Glass Ionomer Cement in Carious Primary Molar Restorations. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(10):1109-1113.

Comparative Evaluation of Microleakage in Class II Composite Restorations Using Three Bulk-fill Composites with or without Resin-modified Glass Ionomer Cement Liner: A Stereomicroscopic Study.

To compare the microleakage of three bulk-fill composite resins with or without resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) liner. A total of 30 maxillary human 1st premolar teeth were selected. Two box preparations were made on the mesial and distal sides. Teeth were randomly divided into three groups of 10 teeth each. RMGIC liner with 1 mm thick were applied to the mesial box. The specimens were divided into three groups according to the type of bulk-fill composites used and restoration of the cavities were done according to manufacturer instructions and light cured. Finishing and polishing were done and stored for 1 week in distilled water at 37°C. Thermocycling was then performed in a thermocycling unit. The specimens were then immersed in 0.5% methylene blue for 8 hours at 37°C. All the specimens were sectioned longitudinally in a mesiodistal direction and analyzed under 20× magnification in a stereomicroscope. The degree of dye penetration was scored. Subgroup M showed comparatively less microleakage compared to subgroup D in all the groups which was statistically significant. When microleakage between the study group on mesial and distal sides was compared, group smart dentin replacement (SDR)-M showed less microleakage compared to group F-M and this difference was statistically significant. RMGIC is the recommended liner beneath the bulk-fill composites in class II cavities and SureFil SDR bulk-fill flowable can be the recommended composite resin for class II restorations. Bulk-fill composite is a time-saving material as it eliminates the incremental placement. RMGIC is always recommended beneath bulk-fill composites. SDR bulk-fill is the recommended composite restoration. Mundaragi VAC, Niranjan NT, Chandrashekhar KS, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Microleakage in Class II Composite Restorations Using Three Bulk-fill Composites with or without Resin-modified Glass Ionomer Cement Liner: A Stereomicroscopic Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(10):1146-1152.

In vivo evaluation of the enamel wear of primary molar against four types of crowns using the intra-oral scanner

BackgroundPrimary tooth wear is a common phenomenon that affects chewing ability, dental sensitivity, aesthetics, and occlusion. This study was conducted to compare the antagonistic enamel wear of primary molars opposed to four different crown materials.MethodsForty lower second primary molars of children aged 4–8 years were allocated into 4 groups: Group 1 (n = 10): received stainless steel crowns; Group 2 (n = 10): received prefabricated commercially available zirconia crowns (NuSmile®); Group 3 (n = 10): received locally manufactured zirconia crowns created via the CAD/CAM system; and Group 4 (n = 10): received locally manufactured hybrid ceramic (Vita Enamic®) crowns created via the CAD/CAM system. All the crowns were cemented with resin-modified glass ionomer cement. The upper arch was scanned with a 3D intraoral scanner immediately (baseline), 6 months, and 1 year after crown cementation to evaluate the wear of the natural enamel of the antagonistic primary molar. The resultant scans were compared via Exocad software to measure the amount of linear wear of the mesiopalatal cusp of the primary upper second molar.ResultsThe analysed data revealed statistically significant differences between the studied groups. The highest mean wear was detected in the CAD/CAM zirconia crown group, followed by the NuSmile zirconia crown group and then the CAD/CAM hybrid crown group, and the lowest mean wear was detected for the stainless-steel crown group.ConclusionCompared with stainless steel crowns, aesthetic crowns cause more wear in the antagonistic primary molar enamel. CAD/CAM zirconia crowns induce the greatest amount of wear, followed by NuSmile zirconia crowns. The CAD/CAM hybrid crown is an aesthetic tooth-coloured crown that causes less wear of the opposing enamel than zirconia crowns do.Trial registrationThe ClinicalTrials.gov Protocol Registration and Results System (PRS) has this RCT registered as (NCT06456879) on 07/06/2024.

Microleakage of luting cements in CAD/CAM pediatric zirconia crowns: an in vitro study

The durability of pediatric zirconia crowns for primary teeth is influenced by the choice of luting cement, with the effectiveness of the cement being directly correlated to its ability to reduce microleakage. This in vitro study aimed to assess and compare the microleakage of custom-made zirconia crowns (CZCs) and prefabricated zirconia crowns (PZCs) on primary maxillary incisors when luted with self-adhesive resin cement, resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC), and bioactive cement. Sixty primary maxillary incisors were prepared and allocated into two groups, each corresponding to the two types of crowns. These groups were further divided into three subgroups each to test the different luting cements. Following the cementation process and thermocycling, the specimens were immersed in a 2% methylene blue solution for microleakage evaluation. The analysis involved sectioning the teeth and examining them under a stereomicroscope. Statistical analysis, using two-way ANOVA and post hoc Dunnett T3 tests (p < 0.05), revealed significant differences in microleakage among the cements. The study found that PZCs luted with RMGIC showed the highest level of microleakage, whereas those luted with bioactive cement exhibited the lowest, positioning bioactive cement as the preferable choice for minimizing microleakage. This finding illustrates the critical importance of selecting appropriate luting cements to optimize the clinical outcomes of zirconia crown restorations in pediatric dentistry, focusing on reducing microleakage to ensure the restoration’s durability and success.

Comparison of Luting Cement Solubility: A Narrative Review.

Background: Dental restoration success relies on the physical properties of luting cements. Luting cements fill the space between teeth and the restoration, provide retention and protection from occlusal forces, and act as a barrier to microleakages in the oral environment. Objective: This review aims to evaluate and compare the solubility of the three most used dental luting cements: glass ionomer (GI), resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI), and resin cement (RC). Methods: The studies selected for review compared the solubilities of combinations of GI, RMGI, and RC in solutions with different pH levels to replicate acidic oral pH. Results: A review of the studies concluded that resin cement had the overall lowest degree of solubility at all pH values and all storage periods, followed by RMGI and GI cement. Conclusions: The success of the restoration is dependent upon the choice of luting cement. The results of the studies reviewed show that all dental luting cements showed some degree of dissolution. Resin cement overall demonstrated the least amount of solubility, followed by RMGI and GI cement.