Resin-modified Glass Ionomer Cement Research Articles

Restoration-repair potential of resin-modified glass ionomer cement.

This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the repair bond strength of resin-modified glass ionomer cement using either the same material or a universal adhesive in the etch-and-rinse and self-etch modes plus resin composite. Twenty-four resin-modified glass ionomer cement blocks were stored in distilled water for 14 d and thermocycled. Sandpaper ground specimens were randomly assigned to three experimental groups according to the repair protocol: resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Riva Light Cure, SDI) and universal adhesive (Scotchbond Universal Adhesive, 3M Oral Care) in etch-and-rinse or self-etch modes and nanohybrid resin composite (Z350 XT, 3M Oral Care). After 24 h of water storage, the blocks were sectioned, and bonded sticks were subjected to the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) test. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's test were used to analyze the data. The failure mode was descriptively analyzed. The highest μTBS values were obtained when the resin-modified glass ionomer cement was repaired using the same material (p < 0.01). In addition, the mode of application of the universal adhesive system did not influence the repair bond strength of the resin-modified glass ionomer cement. Adhesive/mixed failures prevailed in all groups. Repair of resin-modified glass ionomers with the same material appears to be the preferred option to improve bond strength.

Comparative evaluation of retentive strength of Figaro crowns and stainless steel crowns luted with glass ionomer cement and resin-modified glass ionomer cement – An in vitro study

Aims: To compare the tensile strength of Figaro crowns and SSC using two different kinds of luting cements, i.e. GIC and RM-GIC. Methods and Material: Forty extracted human deciduous molars are used in this study; tooth preparation was done to receive the crowns and were categorized into two groups: stainless steel crowns and Figaro crowns that were further divided into two subgroups, one that was luted with GIC and the other with RM-GIC. Then, the tensile strength of the crowns was evaluated with a universal testing machine. Statistical analysis used: Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparison tests. Results: Stainless steel crowns had showed greater tensile strength than Figaro when luted with GIC; in contrast with RMGIC, Figaro exhibited greater retentive strength. Conclusions: GIC exhibited highest retentive strength as luting agents for stainless steel crowns.

Effect of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Addition to Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement on Degree of Convergence and Fluoride Release

Effect of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Addition to Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement on Degree of Convergence and Fluoride Release

Impact of restorative material on fracture behaviors of class II restoration in endodontically treated deciduous molars.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the fracture behavior of endodontically treated (ET) deciduous molar when directly restored with different restorative materials in Class II (MO) cavities in comparison with permanent teeth. MO cavities were prepared with 2.4-2.5 mm and 1.9-2.0 mm in buccolingual width, and mesiodistal width of each cavity walls, respectively, followed by direct restoration with different materials: resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC), composite resin (CR), and composite resin containing 25% short glass-fiber (SFRC). All specimens were subjected to mechanical loading tests at a speed of 1 mm/min and evaluated fracture resistance and fracture modes. A one-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey multiple comparisons analysis was used. Deciduous-SFRC (3,310.5±396.2 N) were significantly higher fracture resistance than permanent-RMGIC (1,633.8±346.8 N) (p<0.001), and permanent-CR (1,400.0±381.3 N) (p<0.001). For the direct restoration of MO cavity after endodontic treatment, SFRC demonstrated its promising performance in load-bearing capacity and failure mode, especially in ET deciduous molars.

Comparison of the physical properties of glass ionomer modified with silver phosphate/hydroxyapatite or titanium dioxide nanoparticles: in vitro study.

Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are the common materials employed in pediatric dentistry because of their specific applications in class I restorations and atraumatic restoration treatments (ART) of deciduous teeth in populations at high risk of caries. Studies show a limited clinical durability of these materials. Attempts have thus been made to incorporate nanoparticles (NPs) into the glass ionomer for improving resistance and make it like the tooth structure. An in vitro experimental study was conducted using the required samples dimensions and prepared based on the test being carried out on the three groups with or without the modification of light-cured glass ionomer. Samples were grouped as follows: control group (G1_C), 2% silver phosphate/hydroxyapatite NPs group (G2_SPH), and 2% titanium dioxide NPs group (G3_TiO2). The physical tests regarding flexural strength (n = 10 per group), solubility (n = 10 per group), and radiopacity (n = 3 per group) were performed. The data were analyzed by Shapiro Wilks test, and one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA), and multiple comparisons by post hoc Tukey's test. The p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. No statistically significant difference was observed between the control group (G1_C) and (G2_SPH) (p = 0.704) in the flexural strength test, however differences were found between G2_SPH and G3_TiO2 groups, ANOVA (p = 0.006); post hoc Tukey's test (p = 0.014). Pertaining to the solubility, G2_SPH obtained the lowest among the three groups, ANOVA (p = 0.010); post hoc Tukey's test (p = 0.009). The three study groups obtained an adequate radiopacity of >1 mm Al, respectively. The resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) was further modified with 2% silver phosphate/hydroxyapatite NPs to improve the physical properties such as enhancing the solubility and sorption without compromising the flexural strength and radiopacity behavior of modified RMGIC. The incorporation of 2% titanium dioxide NPs did not improve the properties studied.

Comparative evaluation of probiotic solutions on surface roughness and microhardness of different restorative materials and enamel.

This research study aimed to investigate the impact of probiotic mouthwash and kefir on the surface characteristics, specifically surface roughness and microhardness, of different restorative materials, as well as permanent and deciduous tooth enamels. Thirty disc-shaped specimens were prepared from composite resin (G-ænial Posterior (GP)), polyacid-modified composite resin (compomer) (Dyract-XP (DXP)), and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Ionoseal (IS)). Additionally, thirty specimens of enamel were obtained from permanent teeth (PT) and thirty from deciduous teeth (DT) by embedding buccal and lingual sections, acquired through vertical sectioning of 15 permanent and 15 deciduous human tooth crowns in the mesiodistal orientation within acrylic resin blocks. The specimens were then categorized into three distinct groups and immersed for 14 days in one of the following solutions: distilled water, kefir or probiotic mouthwash. The mean surface roughness values of all specimens were assessed using an atomic force microscope, while the mean surface microhardness was measured using a Vickers hardness measuring instrument. The results revealed a statistically significant difference in mean surface roughness among the various restorative materials (p < 0.001). Among the restorative materials, the IS material exhibited notably higher mean surface roughness values than other restorative materials and tooth enamel, while no significant differences were observed between the PT and DT groups. Importantly, the main effect of the solutions under investigation was not statistically significant (p = 0.208). No significant difference was found between the surface roughness values of specimens subjected to the different solutions. When evaluating the effects of materials and solutions on microhardness, the main effects of material and solution variables and the influence of material-solution interactions were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Taken together, these results indicate that consistent use of kefir or probiotic mouthwashes may impact the surface properties of various restorative materials and tooth enamel.

Factors Influencing Vertical Radicular Fractures in Teeth Supported by Metallic Dental Core: A Scoping Review.

The aim of this work is to conduct a literature review to highlight all the parameters involved in sub-prosthetic radicular fractures of teeth supported by metallic dental core. The following research was performed among published studies over the last 10 years in two PubMed/Medline and Scopus and supplemented by manual searching within the bibliographies. The search was restricted to publications in English and French. Out of the 1464 articles initially identified, 18 studies met our inclusion criteria and were subsequently included in the literature review. These consisted of eight Finite Element Analysis Studies, two Retrospective Studies and one Randomized Controlled Trial. The results of this review show that radicular fractures are influenced by several variables, including predisposition, with maxillary premolars and mandibular molars being the most commonly affected teeth. Intracanal preparation can induce crack formation, leading to localized high stress concentrations. Increased ferrule height to 2 mm significantly enhances dental fracture resistance. Using high modulus of elasticity alloys results in nearly complete stress transmission to dentin due to their limited deformability and absorption capacity. The highest fracture resistance is achieved when posts are sealed using resin-modified glass-ionomer cement. Longer posts may be preferable to prevent vertical fractures. Additionally, occlusal factors, through repetitive stresses, contribute to crack propagation from surface defects, a phenomenon termed fatigue fracture. These findings have significant implications. Practitioners should be aware of the predisposition of certain teeth, the importance of preserving the ferrule effect, the choice of root post materials, post Cement Material and the role of occlusal forces in managing and preventing vertical root fractures.

In Vitro Investigation of Shear Bond Strength of Titanium Alloy Bonded to Monolithic Zirconia Prepared Via Different Surface Roughening Methods Using Different Cements

Objective: To evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals bonded to titanium alloys via different surface treatment methods using four different cements.&#x0D; Methods: Eighty titanium and monolithic zirconia discs were prepared with computer-aided design/manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology. All titanium discs and 40 of monolithic zirconia discs were polished by using silicon carbide paper and sandblasted with 50 μm aluminum oxide (Al2O3). Tribochemical silica coating was applied to remaining 40 monolithic zirconia discs. The monolithic zirconia discs were divided into eight groups after surface treatment (n=10). Titanium discs were cemented using conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC), resin-modified GIC, self- adhesive resin cement, and dual-cure resin cement. The SBS test was performed using a universal testing machine. The failure patterns were examined by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data were statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α

Do bioactive materials show greater retention rates in restoring permanent teeth than non-bioactive materials? A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

To answer the following research question: does the clinical evaluation of restorations on permanent teeth with bioactive materials show greater retention rates than those with non-bioactive materials? A search strategy was used in the following databases: MEDLINE via PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, BBO, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and OpenGrey. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), with a minimum of 2-year follow-up and evaluating at least one bioactive material in permanent teeth were included. Risk of bias was detected according to the Cochrane Collaboration tool for assessing the risk of bias (RoB 2.0), and network meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects Bayesian-mixed treatment comparison model. Twenty-seven studies were included. The success of the restorations was assessed using modified USPHS system in 24 studies and the FDI criteria in 3 studies. Network meta-analysis revealed three networks based on restoration preparations. Resin composites were ranked with higher SUCRA values, indicating a greater likelihood of being the preferred treatment for class I, II, and III restorations. In class V, resin-modified glass ionomer cement was ranked with the highest value. Bioactive restorative materials showed similar good clinical performance in terms of retention similarly to conventional resin composites. The findings must be interpreted with caution because many RCT on restorative materials aim to verify the equivalence of new materials over the gold standard material rather than their superiority. The present systematic review also suggests that new RCT with longer follow-up periods are necessary.

Evaluation of the shear bond strength of a tricalcium silicate-based material to four self-adhering glass ionomer materials: an in vitro study.

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of EQUIA Forte HT with that of other restorative materials, including EQUIA Forte, glass ionomer cement (GIC), and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) when bonded to NeoMTA 2. A total of 120 holes were created in Teflon molds and filled with NeoMTA 2. The restorative materials were immediately applied using customized silicone molds. The samples were randomly divided into two main groups: one to measure the immediate SBS and the other to measure the delayed SBS. These two main groups were further divided into four subgroups based on the restorative material used: EQUIA Forte HT, EQUIA Forte, GIC, and RMGIC. The study groups showed statistically significant differences in the mean SBS (p < 0.0001). The immediate SBS of the RMGIC group (mean ± SD: 5.43 ± 1.22) was significantly higher than those of the GIC and EQUIA Forte groups, with no significant difference found compared to the SBS of EQUIA Forte HT. In the delayed SBS, both the RMGIC and EQUIA Forte HT groups (4.98 ± 0.67 and 4.93 ± 0.60, respectively) demonstrated significantly higher bond strengths than the GIC and EQUIA Forte groups (3.81 ± 0.57 and 4.2 ± 0.63, respectively). However, there were no statistically significant differences between the RMGIC and EQUIA Forte HT groups or between the GIC and EQUIA Forte groups. Based on our findings, EQUIA Forte HT has shown promising outcomes when used as a restorative material following pulpotomies, with results comparable to those of RMGIC.

Evaluation of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and minimal intervention associated with deproteinisation in permanent teeth with molar incisor hypomineralisation: study protocol for a clinical, controlled, blinded trial

IntroductionMolar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) is a qualitative defect of enamel development that occurs in the mineralisation phase. MIH affects one or more permanent molars and, occasionally, permanent incisors. The aim...

Systematic review and network meta-analysis of restorative therapy and adhesive strategies in root caries lesions

AimThis systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) aimed to establish a clinically relevant hierarchy of the different adhesive and/or restorative approaches to restore cavitated root caries lesions through the synthesis of available evidence. Materials and methodsA systematic search was conducted in Medline/Web of Science/Embase/ Cochrane Library/Scopus/grey literature. RCTs investigating ≥2 restorative strategies (restorative /adhesive materials) for root caries lesions in adult patients were included. Risk of bias within studies was assessed (Cochrane_RoB-2) and the primary outcome was survival rate of restorations at different follow-up times (6-/12-/24-months). Network meta-analyses were conducted using a random effects model stratified by follow-up times. I2-statistics assessed the ratio of true to total variance in the observed effects. All available combinations of adhesives (1-SE: one-step self-etch; 2–3ER: two-/three-step etch-and-rinse) and restorative materials (conventional composite (CC) as well as conventional and resin-modified glass ionomer cements (GIC, RMGIC)) were included. Risk of bias across studies and confidence in NMA (CINeMA) were assessed. Results547 studies were identified and nine were eligible for the NMA. In total, 1263 root caries lesions have been restored in 473 patients in the included clinical trials. Patients involved were either healthy (n = 6 trials), living in nursing homes (n = 1 trial) or received head-and-neck radiotherapy (n = 2 trials). There was statistically weak evidence to favour either of material/material combination regarding the survival rate. A tendency for higher survival rate (24-months) was observed for 2–3ER/CC (OR24mths 2.65; 95%CI=1.45/4.84) as well as RMGIC (OR24mths 2.05; 95%CI=1.17/3.61) compared to GIC. These findings were though not statistically significant and confidence of the NMA was low. ConclusionAn evidence-based choice of restorative strategy for managing cavitated root caries lesions is currently impossible. There is a clear need for more standardised, well-designed RCTs evaluating the retention rate of root caries restoration approaches.

Evaluation of the Effect of Nanographene Oxide on Microleakage of Conventional and Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer.

One of the important features of the restorative materials is the ability to seal and prevent the microleakage. Glass ionomer cement (GIC) still exhibits some microleakage despite establishing a chemical bond to the tooth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nanographene oxide (nGO) on the microleakage of conventional (CGIC) and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC). Thirty intact extracted molars were used. Class V cavities were prepared on their buccal and lingual surfaces. The samples randomly divided into two main groups of CGIC and RMGIC; each of them was randomly subdivided into three subgroups, including the group without nGO (control), the group with 1% nGO, and the group with 2% nGO. After restoring the cavities, they were subjected to thermocycling (1,000 cycles at 5/55°C). Two percent basic fuchsin solution was used to perform the microleakage test, and then the sectioned samples were examined by a stereomicroscope 40x. Kruskal-Wallis test, Dunn's test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyze the data (P < 0.05). Group CGIC + 1% nGO at the gingival margin and group RMGIC + 1% nGO at both gingival and occlusal margins had significantly less microleakage than their control groups (P=0.008, P=0.002, P=0.023, respectively). Also, in these two groups, there were no significant differences between the microleakage of the occlusal and gingival margins (P=0.132, P=0.511, respectively), while in all other groups, the gingival microleakage was significantly higher than that of occlusal microleakage. The addition of 1% nGO significantly reduced the gingival microleakage of CGIC and the occlusal and the gingival microleakage of RMGIC, while the addition of 2% nGO did not cause a significant reduction in microleakage.

A Comparative Evaluation of Postoperative Sensitivity Between Cention-N and Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement in Class V Cavity: An In Vivo Study.

Aim This research aimed to assess and compare the postoperative sensitivity in class V cavity when restored with Cention-N and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC). This study usedthe Schiff scale to assess sensitivity in the class V cavity. Materials and methods This was an in vivo study performed in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Sawangi Meghe, Maharashtra. Patients included in this study were randomly selected from regular outpatient departments diagnosed with class V cavities and referred for restorative treatment. These patients were segregated into Group A and Group B. Demographic information, detailed history of any medical condition, dental history, any allergy related to resins, and another group of drugs were recorded. The in vivo study involved 36 patients, 18 in each group, who presented at Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital. Inform consent was taken from all patients. The subjects' responses were evaluated using a Schiff analog scale to assess postoperative sensitivity to an air blast stimulus. Results The study included all 36 patients aged between 18 and 40 years. All 36 patients were segregated into two distinct groups. Two groups of 18 patients in each group were restored with Cention-N and RMGIC in groups A and B, respectively. It was determined that RMGIC exhibits a relatively higher incidence of postoperative sensitivity than Cention-N. It was determined that the difference was statistically relevant. Conclusion Considering the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that RMGIC shows more postoperative sensitivity than other groups on the first, second, and seventh days. Thus, it is concluded that Cention-N can be a superior alternative to RMGIC.

Comparison of Shear Bond Strength of Three Types of Adhesive Materials Used in the Restoration of Permanent Molars after Treatment with Silver Diamine Fluoride: An In Vitro Study.

Permanent blackish discoloration of the tooth structure post application of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is one of its drawbacks. Several restorative materials have been used to restore and mask the blackish discoloration of SDF-treated teeth. Recently, a new self-adhesive material has been introduced and is marketed as an all-in-one etchant, adhesive, and restorative material indicated for use in all clinical situations. This study aimed to assess the shear bond strength of the new self-adhesive restorative material and compare it with adhesive restorative materials- resin-based composite and resin-modified glass ionomer cement to dentin of extracted permanent teeth treated with 38% SDF. Thirty-nine caries-free extracted teeth (n = 39) were grouped into three groups. Following 38% SDF application, the specimens were loaded with resin-based (Group I), the new self-adhesive restorative material (SDR) Surefil (Group II), and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) (Group III). Shear bond strength (SBS) was calculated, and failure modes were evaluated using the universal testing device (3) Results: The composite showed the highest bond strength, followed by Group II while Group III had the lowest bond strength of all tested materials. Regarding failure type, the composite showed 100% adhesive failure, while Group III and Group II showed mostly adhesive failure with some combination. (4) Conclusions: RBC had a significantly stronger SBS to demineralized dentin surfaces of permanent molar teeth treated with SDF when compared to SDR Surefil and RMGIC.

Evaluation of Fracture Strength after Repair of Cervical External Resorption Cavities with Different Materials

IntroductionThe aim was to evaluate the stress distributions on dentin and repair materials caused by static force applied to teeth, with cervical external root resorption (CER) after repair with different materials using finite element analysis. MethodsThis study was performed with the 3-dimensional finite element analysis method. Access cavity, root canal cavity dimensions, and supporting tissues other than cementum were modeled in the maxillary central tooth. The CER cavity was created on the labial side of the tooth model. The coronal side of the resorption cavity was restored with composite, and the radicular side with different materials (MTA, Biodentine, BioAggregate, calcium-enriched cement [CEM], glass ionomer cement [GIC], and resin-modified glass ionomer cement [RMGIC]). A static force of 300 N was applied to the palatal surface of the crown at an angle of 135° to the long axis of the tooth. The stress distributions in dentin and repair materials were analyzed. ResultsThe highest stress in dentin was seen in the fFigmodel with unrepaired CER. In the models repaired with MTA, GIC, and RMGIC, von Mises stress values in dentin were greater than for repairs with Biodentine, BioAggregate, and CEM materials. The von Mises stress on the repair materials applied to the root were highest for the BioAggregate material. This was followed by CEM, Biodentine, MTA, RMGIC, and GIC materials, respectively. ConclusionThe repair of CER in the tooth significantly decreased the stress values in dentin. Biodentine, BioAggregate, and CEM absorbed more force and caused less stress to be transmitted to dentin compared to MTA, GIC, and RMGIC.

Effect of Three Different Liquid Medias in the Sorption and Solubility of Luting Cements: An In Vitro Study.

Background Among the various mechanical and biological properties of luting cement, the most important are its resistance to disintegration, degradation, and stability in the oral cavity. The sorption and solubility of cement alter the mechanical properties by impeding the half-life of the filling. It also leads to variations in dimensions, discoloration, and margin breakage. It is, therefore, essential to choose a low-solubility cement since there is always an interaction between teeth and restorative margins. The aim of this study is to assess and compare the solubility and sorption values of three different luting cements in three liquid media. Materials and methods Three luting cements were used for the investigation. Disc-shaped specimens of the cement, which were of 10 mm diameter and 2 mm height, were prepared. The sample included a total of 126 disc-shaped specimens made up of three materials,glass ionomer cement (GIC), resin cement, and resin-modified GIC, which were used in three liquid media (14 of each material in each medium). Fourteen specimens of each material were placed in glass vials containing 20 ml of each medium: distilled water, artificial saliva, and carbonated water. The samples were then put in an incubator at 37 °C. The measurements and masses of the samples were documented on days one, three, seven, 14, 21, 28, and 35. The samples were taken out of the solution after five weeks and stored in a desiccator with calcium sulphate for another five weeks. The weight and dimensional changes were estimated on days one, three, seven, 14, 21, 28, and 35. The values of water sorption (WSO) and solubility (WSL) were estimated. To determine the mean and standard deviation of each cohort, descriptive statistics were employed. Utilizing the Shapiro-Wilkinson test, the normality was determined. An independent test was used to determine the difference between all pairs of groups, while one-way ANOVA, Dunn test, and post hoc analysis were used to establish the distinction between the three groups. Results One-way ANOVA showed that significant differences existed among the groups: resin cement showed the least sorption and solubility, resin-modified GIC showed the highest solubility in distilled water (0.40 ± 0.03), and GIC showed the highest solubility in both artificial saliva (0.36 ± 0.03) and carbonated water (0.04 ± 0.05). Conclusion Considering the experimental outcomes and the limitations of an in vitro investigation, it was concluded that in the complex setting of the oral environment, this selection procedure is crucial for maintaining mechanical strength and for the long lifespan of dental restorations.

Physicomechanical Characterization of a Novel Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Luting Cement Functionalized with a Phosphate Functional Monomer

Background. Resin-modified glass ionomer cements (RMGICs) are characterized by their ability to chemically bond with the tooth structure and their fluoride release, making them commonly used to retain indirect restorations. However, inferior mechanical properties and solubility (SO) are their main drawbacks compared to the most recent resin-based cement. Aim of the Study. Formulate a novel brand of experimental RMGIC (eRMGIC), based on RMGIC by incorporating 2-(methacryloxy) ethyl phosphate (2-MEP), an organophosphorus monomer with the potential to enhance mechanical properties along with low SO. Materials and Methods. eRMGICs were prepared by the inclusion of 2-MEP monomer with different weight percentages (0–40 wt%) into the RMGIC’s liquid (Fuji PLUS, GC. Corp.), then their compressive strength (CS), flexural strength (FS), film thickness (FT), setting time (ST), SO, and water sorption were examined and compared to the conventional RMGIC. Furthermore, a scanning electron microscope analyzed their surface homogeneity and integrity. Shapiro–Wilk test of normality was used to analyze data, one-way analysis of variance, Dunnett T3, and Tukey’s honest significant difference post-hoc tests. Results. After 28 days and 180 days of storage, the values of CS of the eRMGICs were significantly higher. However, after 24 hr of storage, the values were comparable to the control group. The FS results showed a double-fold increase in different concentrations of eRMGICs through all the time intervals ( p &lt; 0.001 ) compared to conventional RMGIC. Furthermore, the inclusion of 2-MEP increased water uptake and decreased SO. The FT of experimental eRMGICs cement showed a statistically significant increase with increasing 2-MEP concentration. However, it was within the specification given by ISO 9917-1:2007. There was a decrease in the ST of eRMGICs compared to control cement; however, it was within the specification given by ISO 9917-2:2017. Conclusions. 2-MEP monomer showed encouraging results and could be used in producing new (eRMGICs) with enhanced physicomechanical properties, which can increase the longevity of cement and improve its ability to resist occlusal stresses without fracture.

An In Vitro Comparison of Shear Bond Strength for Heated Composite Resin With Three Conventional Luting Cements.

Forty-eight lithium disilicate disc samples are collected and put on acrylic blocks for this investigation. To improve luting cement adhesion, the discs are etched with 5% hydrofluoric acid (HF) gel. For easier handling and lower viscosity during luting, the composite resin is heated to between 55 and 68°C on a digital wax melter. Shear bond strength tests were executed with the universal testing device after the following luting cement was applied in the center of the test specimen (lithium disilicate discs). Statistics software was used for the calculations and analysis. In accordance with the findings of the tests, shear bond strengths ranged from 2.2851 ± 0.5901 for nanohybrid composite resin to 7.3740 ±0.6969 for self-adhesive resin cement and 4.4647 ± 0.9774 for light-activated resin cement. A statistically significant (p≤0.001) difference between the groups was found. Mean shear bond strength was significantly highest in the self-adhesive resin cement group, followed by the light-activated resin cement group, resin-modified GIC, and least with the nanohybrid composite resin group. Composite resins; in fixation of indirect restorations can have their viscosity reduced by preheating in a device, but they must be employed as soon as possible after removal.Standardizing the methods of heating composite resins for cementation is necessary to achieve desirable outcomes and direct the physician in their application. Although preheating composite resins for luting operations can be utilized to decrease the material's viscosity and enhance the restoration setting; it may not increase bond strength.

How are bioactive ceramics shaping the future of dentin hypersensitivity management through glass ionomer cements and laser therapy?

Restorative dentistry comprises approaches to repair the tooth structure or manage conditions like dentin hypersensitivity, which all require biomaterials. Restorative clinical approaches are primarily based on bioactive materials, such as glass-ionomer cement (GIC) and resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC). Although these cements show in vivo bioactivity, it is possible to increase their bioactive behavior, fastening and increasing the establishment of chemical bonds between the tooth and the cement, decreasing the risk of failure. Here, we reported how bioactive ceramics have been used to treat dentin hypersensitivity, either by being directly applied to the dentin, modifying GIC and RMGIC, or combined with other therapeutic approaches like laser therapy. Overall, bioactive ceramics have improved the bonding of composites to mineralized tooth structures, which is desired in restorative dentistry, and in some cases, they are likely to replace restorative with regenerative approaches.