Resin In Hydrogen Form Research Articles

An alkaloid-rich phytopharmaceutical prepared from Qing Dai against IL-17A-induced psoriasis

Ethnopharmacological relevancePsoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease due to immune dysregulation that cannot be cured. The skin conditions of psoriasis negatively impact patients’ quality of life worldwide. Qing Dai (Indigo Naturalis), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) processed from Strobilanthes cusia is a clinical medicine used for psoriasis patient in Taiwan and the gene overexpression of interleukin (IL)-17A could be notably reduced in skin lesions after using Qing Dai ointment and its alkaloid ingredients. Aim of the studyTo develop a potential anti-psoriatic phytopharmaceutical, an alkaloid-rich fraction named INM-A was prepared from Qing Dai. The chemical profile and anti-psoriatic activity of INM-A were analyzed and evaluated to define its in vitro mechanism and in vivo efficacy for psoriasis therapy. Materials and methodsDowex® 50WX4 hydrogen form resin was used for column chromatography to prepare INM-A. To track alkaloids, INM-A was conducted with Dragendorff's, Mayer's, and Wagner's reagents. HPLC and UV–Vis spectrophotometer were applied to analyze the chemical profile and relative total alkaloid content in INM-A. A psoriatic mouse model induced by imiquimod (IMQ) was performed to verify in vivo efficacy of INM-A. IL-17A-dominated cellular oxygen consumption rate, oxidative stress, and cytokines in keratinocytes were measured to clarify in vitro mechanism of INM-A. ResultsAn alkaloid-rich fraction, INM-A, consisted of seven active alkaloid compounds 1–7 was obtained from Qing Dai. INM-A improved the skin condition severities in IMQ-induced psoriatic mice and decreased IL-17A in not only psoriatic mice but also polarized Th17 cells. In addition, INM-A targeted IL-17A to inhibit inflammation and OXPHOS-driven oxidative stress in human keratinocytes. ConclusionAccordingly, INM-A manufactured from Qing Dai may be a promising lead phytopharmaceutical for further IL-17A-related inflammatory disease studies such as psoriasis.

Biochemical Characterization of γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase from Bacillus altitudinis IHB B1644 and Its Application in the Synthesis of l-Theanine

An extracellular γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) produced from Bacillus altitudinis IHB B1644 was purified to homogeneity employing ion-exchange chromatography. GGT comprised two subunits of 40 and 22 kDa determined by SDS-PAGE. The maximum enzyme activity was optimal at pH 9 and 37 °C. The purified enzyme was stable from pH 5-10 and <50 °C. Steady-state kinetic studies revealed a Km value of 0.538 mM against γ-GpNA. For substrate specificity, GGT showed highest affinity for l-methionine. The inhibitors' effect demonstrated that serine or threonine and tryptophan residues are essential for enzyme activity. l-Theanine production was optimized by employing a one-variable-at-a-time approach with 60-65% conversion rate. The final reaction consisted of 20 mM l-glutamine, 200 mM ethylamine hydrochloride, and 10 U mL-1 enzyme concentration at 37 °C in Tris-Cl (50 mM, pH 9) for 5 h. l-Theanine was purified using a Dowex 50W X 8 hydrogen form resin and confirmed by HPLC and 1H NMR spectroscopies.

L-Theanine Synthesis Using γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase from Bacillus licheniformis ER-15

Recombinant γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (rBLGGT) from Bacillus licheniformis ER-15 was purified to homogeneity by ion-exchange chromatography. Molecular masses of large and small subunits were 42 and 22 kDa, respectively. The enzyme was optimally active at pH 9.0 and 60 °C and was alkali stable. K(m) and V(max) for γ-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide hydrochloride were 45 μM and 0.34 mM/min, respectively. L-Theanine synthesis was standardized using a one variable at a time approach followed by response surface methodology, which resulted in approximately 85-87% conversion of L-glutamine to L-theanine within 4 h. The standardized reaction contained 80 mM L-glutamine, 600 mM ethylamine, and 1.0 U/mL rBLGGTin 50 mM Tris-Cl (pH 9.0) at 37 °C. Similar conversions were also obtained with the enzyme immobilized in calcium alginate. Using immobilized enzyme, 35.2 g of L-theanine was obtained in three cycles of 1 L each. The product was purified by Dowex 50W X 8 hydrogen form resin and was confirmed by HPLC and proton NMR spectroscopy.

Experimental and Simulation Studies of TAME Synthesis in a Fixed-Bed Reactor

Experimental data of TAME synthesis in a fixed-bed reactor were obtained in an experimental setup with a laboratory-scale jacketed column packed with a macroreticular strong cation ion-exchange resin in hydrogen form (Amberlyst 15 Wet, Rohm & Haas) as catalyst. Two kinds of experiments were performed: TAME synthesis (etherification + isomerization) and only isomerization between the isoamylenes. The experiments were carried out in the temperature range 313−353 K, at 12−13 bar. A mathematical model that uses a Langmuir−Hinshelwood kinetic law previously obtained and that, for the description of the behavior of the fixed-bed reactor, considers plug flow with axial dispersion, assumes negligible mass transfer resistances and, in the adsorbed phase, considers significant only the accumulation of methanol, with the adsorption equilibrium described by a Langmuir isotherm, written in terms of activities, was developed. The experimental results, even when involving only the isomerization between the isoamylenes,...

A method for separating ALA from ALA derivatives using ionic exchange extraction

Photodynamic therapy using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX is a recent approach to detect and treat some malignancies. The use of lipophilic derivatives of ALA has been exploited in the last years to enhance ALA penetration. In this paper, we describe the application of the Mauzerall and Granick’s method [J. Biol. Chem. 219 (1956) 435] to the quantification of ALA derivatives. We also describe the employment of reusable ion-exchange chromatographic columns for separating mixtures of ALA and ALA derivatives present in biological samples. The relation between 555 nm absorbance and ALA or ALA derivative concentration was linear up to 100 nmol/ml and the limit of detection of ALA and ALA derivatives was 1 nmol per ml. We employed a Dowex 50 X8 hydrogen form resin to separate ALA from the derivatives. Whereas 90 ± 4% of the total ALA was eluted using sodium acetate, only 3–9% of the ALA derivatives was recovered. Only upon exposure of the resin to a high HCl concentration, the ALA derivatives were completely released. We employed this new method for the separation of ALA from ALA derivatives in cells exposed to different ALA compounds.

Total removal of heavy metal from mixed plating rinse wastewater

A mixed plating rinse wastewater containing zinc, hexavalent chromium, trivalent chromium, and cyanide with total dissolved solids of 424 mg/1 was treated by a model consisting of a sand filter and ion exchange columns. A strongly acidic cation resin in hydrogen form and a strongly basic anion resin in hydroxide form were used in the columns as cationic and anionic exchangers, respectively. The cationic and anionic exchangers were regenerated by using 2% H 2 SO 4 and 5% NaOH, respectively. A 100% removal of zinc, total chromium, hexavalent chromium and trivalent chromium was achieved in the studies. Very high removal of total dissolved solids, cyanide and hardness level was achieved at 98.9%, 99.9% and 96.5%, respectively. The conductivity of wastewater was reduced from an average of 358 μs/cm to 5 μs/cm. The case study has shown that treatment systems using cationic and anionic resin were able to treat a mixed plating bath effluent to comply with the standard discharge under the Malaysian Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulation, 1979.

Total removal of heavy metal from mixed plating rinse wastewater

A mixed plating rinse wastewater containing zinc, hexavalent chromium, trivalent chromium, and cyanide with total dissolved solids of 424 mg/1 was treated by a model consisting of a sand filter and ion exchange columns. A strongly acidic cation resin in hydrogen form and a strongly basic anion resin in hydroxide form were used in the columns as cationic and anionic exchangers, respectively. The cationic and anionic exchangers were regenerated by using 2% H 2SO 4 and 5% NaOH, respectively. A 100% removal of zinc, total chromium, hexavalent chromium and trivalent chromium was achieved in the studies. Very high removal of total dissolved solids, cyanide and hardness level was achieved at 98.9%, 99.9% and 96.5%, respectively. The conductivity of wastewater was reduced from an average of 358 μs/cm to 5 μs/cm. The case study has shown that treatment systems using cationic and anionic resin were able to treat a mixed plating bath effluent to comply with the standard discharge under the Malaysian Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulation, 1979.

Removal of the 2.2.2 cryptand (kryptofix 2.2.2™) from 18FDG by cation exchange

The 2.2.2 cryptand [4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo-(8.8.8)-hexacosane] was trapped efficiently on Dowex AG50W-X8 (100–200 mesh) cation exchange resin. The concentration of the 2.2.2 cryptand in water with 0.1–2% methanol, or in 1 N HCl, was decreased by a factor of >4000 using 1 mL (1.7 mequiv.) of AG50W-X8 and a flow rate of approx. 2 mL/min. K +, Cs +, Ag + and Ba 2+ forms were about equal in their ability to remove the 2.2.2 cryptand. A disposable cartridge containing 1 mL of hydrogen form resin was inserted into our automated 18FDG system so that the hydrolysate (in 2 cm 3 of 1 N HCl) would pass through the cartridge before final purification. No cryptand was detected in the final product as determined by TLC with idoplantinate visualization. The detection limit was 2.5 μg/mL. Less than 3% of the total starting radioactivity was retained by the cation column. Quality assurance tests including apyrogenicity, sterility, radiochemical purity, carbohydrate composition and pH were not compromised by the incorporation of the cryptand removal cartridge.

Fractional Spectrophotometric Determination of Ethylenediaminetetraacetate and nitrilotriacetate as Their Iron(III) Complexes by Use of H- and Na-form Ion Exchange Resin Columns

Abstract The fractional determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetate(EDTA) and nitrilotriacetate(NTA) was carried out by use of hydrogen- and sodium-form ion exchange resin columns. After the conversion of free and complexed EDTA and NTA to the corresponding iron(III) complexes, two aliquots of the sample solution were separately passed through the columns. The iron(III)–EDTA complex was stable in both columns but iron(III)–NTA complex was completely decomposed in the hydrogen-form resin column, therefore, both of iron(III)–EDTA and –NTA were found in the effluent of sodium form resin column but only iron(III)–EDTA was found in the effluent of hydrogen-form resin column. The complexes in the respective effluents were determined spectrophotometrically at 255 nm. The recovery tests of EDTA and NTA from the synthetic sample solutions containing various metal ions were examined and the results observed were satisfactory.

Studies on the Ion‐Exchange Chromatographic Separation of L‐Ascorbic Acid and Oxalic Acid

AbstractL‐Ascorbic acid and oxalic acid could be successfully separated with a column of 8% cross‐linked sulfonated polystyrene cation‐exchange resin in hydrogen form, and eluted with 0.01% aqueous solution of nitric acid, sulfuric acid, or phosphoric acid. Among the mineral acids used, nitric acid showed the best separatory effect. The minimum detectable quantities of the acids were 0.05 μg and 0.5 μg per 0.5 ml sample solution for L‐ascorbic acid and oxalic acid, respectively. Under this condition, the acids could be detected by using automatic UV‐monitor apparatus.

Fluoro complexes of hexavalent uranium—V: Fluorooxalato complexes of dioxouranium(VI)

The salts of the new types M 2[UO 2F 2(C 2O 4)], M 4[UO 2F 2(C 2O 4) 2] and M 2[(UO 2) 2F 4(C 2O 4)] (where M = potassium and rubidium) have been prepared by mixing saturated solutions of H[UO 2F 3]·H 2O with alkali metal oxalate solutions in cold in different mole ratios. Molecular conductances of the salt solutions indicate that the ions are decomposed in dilute solution to a great extent. The complexes are also completely decomposed on passing their solutions through a column of cation exchange resin in hydrogen form. The IR spectra of the salts of [UO 2F 2(C 2O 4)] 2− and [UO 2F 2(C 2O 4) 2] 4− indicate that oxalate is acting as a normal chelating agent, while the spectra of the salts of [(UO 2) 2F 4(C 2O 4)] 2− support that the ion contains bridged oxalate group. The lattice parameters of the three potassium salts have been reported.

Selectivity behavior of low-capacity, partially sulfonated, macroporous resin beads

Cation-exchange resins with capacities ranging from 0.23 to 3.70 mequiv./g were prepared by sulfonation of highly cross-linked macroporous polystyrene resins. Distribution coefficients for exchange of hydrogen-form resin for polyvalent metal cations in 1 M acid show marked increases with increasing resin capacity.

The dehydration of methanol and ethanol catalyzed by polystyrene sulfonate resins

Initial rates of the reaction of methanol and of ethanol to give water and the corresponding ether were obtained utilizing a packed-bed flow reactor. The reactions were conducted isothermally at 1 atm total pressure, as vapor-phase reactants contacted catalyst at temperatures from 80 ° to 120 °C. The catalyst was a sulfonated styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer (Dowex 50). The hydrogen form resin was altered by successively replacing hydrogen exchange ions with lithium ions in one series, and with sodium ions in another series. Reaction rate depression became complete at complete replacement of hydrogen ions. Lithium-containing catalysts were more active than sodium-containing catalysts of the same hydrogen content. A bimolecular rate-determining reaction step is indicated, with hydrogen ions being required for catalyst activity. A structure is proposed for the reaction intermediate.

Treatment of edema by removal of body sodium by a cation exchange resin

would remove clinically significant quantities of sodium in the feces of patients receiving low sodium diets. However, the reported experience on this aspect of resin therapy has been disappointing. lv2 In a recent appraisal of the clinical value of cation exchange resins Danowski3 concluded that they are of value in preventing sodium absorption by patients on moderate sodium intakes but will not remove sodium from the edema fluid of patients on low sodium diets. The results reported in the present paper are not in accord with that conclusion. The removal by a cation exchange resin of clinically significant quantities of sodium from the edema fluid of patients on low sodium diets is described. The pharmaceutical preparation used was resodec@t which is prepared from amberlite XE-96,@ a carboxylic cation exchange resin. Amberlite XE-96 is a pharmaceutical grade of amberlite IRC-50,@ a cross-linked, polyacrylic polymer with a cation exchange capacity of 10 mEq. per gm. of hydrogen form resin. Its exchange characteristics have been described by Kunin and Barrys4 Resodec is a mixture of the ammonium and potassium forms of XE-96 containing 1.6 mEq. of potassium per 10 mEq. of resin (1.3 mEq. per gm. of resin). It is a fine, white powder (100 to 200 mesh in size) and contains a flavoring agent and an agent to aid in its suspension in water.5 The feces are homogenized with water, and an aliquot containing approximately 5 mEq. of resin is stirred fifteen minutes with 40 ml. of normal HCl. The supernatant is separated by centrifugation and the residue washed four times with 30 ml. of water. The combined supernatant and washings are analyzed for sodium and potassium, and the quantities of these cations in the feces calculated. The residue, containing the resin now in the hydrogen form, is stirred thirty minutes with 40 ml. of normal NaOH. The supernatant is discarded and the residue washed six times with 30 ml. of water. The residue, containing resin now in the sodium form, is stirred fifteen minutes with 40 ml. of normal HCI. The supernatant is separated and the residue washed four times with 30 ml. of water. The sodium content of the combined supernatant and washings is determined. Since this quantity of sodium equals the resin present in the aliquot, the amount of resin present in the feces can be calculated. Analysis of feces containing no resin gives an apparent value of about 4 mEq. of resin per day. Resin added to feces can be quantitatively recovered. Sodium and potassium were determined with an internal standard flame photometer,6 urinary and serum chloride by the method of Sendroy as modified by Van Slyke and Hiller’ and dietary chloride as described by Van S1yke.s The digestion procedure of Wallace and co-workers9 was used for dietary sodium and potassium.