Resilient Force Research Articles

The Thermophysical Properties of Beef Steaks of Varying Quality Grade and Thickness Cooked on Low and High Grill Surface Temperatures

ObjectivesThe ability of an anisotropic (directionally dependent)-multi-component material, such as beef, to conduct heat is highly dependent on protein states, fat content, water content and other variables. It is also widely known that beef composition greatly impacts overall palatability described by juiciness, tenderness, and flavor. Analysis of these properties in beef steaks of varying USDA quality grades and thicknesses cooked on low and high grill surface temperatures will help to elucidate their importance and how they are affected by cooking. Materials and MethodsBeef steaks of USDA Upper 2/3 Choice and Select quality grades were sliced into thick (38.1 mm) and thin (12.7 mm) steaks and cooked until an internal degree of doneness of 71°C was reached on a commercial flat top grill at low (167°C) and high (232°C) surface temperatures. Thermal conductivity and diffusivity were measured simultaneously using a Thermal Constant Analyzer (Hot Disk TPS 500). Viscoelasticity was measured using a rheometer and textural properties were measured using a Textural Profile Analysis instrument. ResultsThe conductivity of Select steaks was found to be greater (P = 0.048) than Upper 2/3 Choice steaks cooked at low heat as compared to there being no difference (P > 0.05) between quality grades when cooked at high heat. Furthermore, enthalpies of sarcoplasmic and actin protein denaturation differed (P = 0.002) between thick and thin steaks cooked at low heat, as compared to no enthalpy change (P > 0.05) between the thicknesses at high heat. These interactions of quality grade with thickness (conductivity) and thickness with surface temperature (sarcoplasmic and actin enthalpy) indicate that surface temperature impacts thermal behavior, dependent on quality grade, while also influencing major protein structures. The viscoelastic behaviors, elasticity (G’) and viscosity (G”), of the surface and centers of the beef steaks were analyzed to determine how the microstructure of the beef responded to applied stress. The elastic behavior of steak surface and center samples differed due to quality grade dependent on thickness (surface; P = 0.012, center; P = 0.023). The viscous behavior of steak center samples was determined to differ between thicknesses and surface temperatures, dependent on quality grade (P = 0.005). These thermal and physical properties may be further explained through instrumental texture profile analysis described by hardness, resilience, adhesion, cohesiveness, springiness and Warner-Bratzler shear force. Hardness, resilience, and chewiness were influenced by grill surface temperature and thickness, dependent on quality grade (P = 0.007; P = 0.033; P = 0.015, respectively). Thin steaks possessed greater cohesiveness (P = 0.038) and shear force (P = 0.007) values. Meanwhile, thin steaks exhibited lower springiness (P = 0.002). Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA for a split plot design using USDA Quality Grade as the main plot and steak thickness and grill surface temperature factors in the split plot with 5 replications. ConclusionThe measured changes in thermal and physical properties in the beef steaks suggest that the composition, thickness, and cooking parameters impact the microstructure of beef. These findings were confirmed through textural measurements. Future work will explore relationships between these factors and consumer sensory responses.

Poverty, Complexity, and a New Way Forward

THE ARTICLES IN this special issue provide a comprehensive view of how poverty affects children and their lifelong prospects. Children living in poverty experience a variety of risks, including elevated levels of stress, family instability, exposure to violence, and poor nutrition. They receive fewer supportive, complex, and developmentally optimizing language interactions; receive less consistent and lower-quality health care, education, and social supports; live in crowded, noisy, dangerous places that challenge formation of prosocial behaviors; are exposed to higher levels of environmental toxins; and live in homes with caregivers who are challenged for time, resources, and services and who often lack the basic skills and tools necessary to buffer the impact and effects of these converging and overwhelming risks. Life course health science has also shown that children carry forward the imprint of poverty in their metabolic, immune, and neuroendocrine systems. 1–4 These povertyinduced changes in life course health development can result in accelerated aging profiles and higher burdens of chronic disease. 5 Poverty in the United States seems to persist through the ups and downs of business cycles; it appears to be built into the very structure of our current economic reality. Poverty levels only seem to budge in response to dramatic increases in economic productivity and employment. Income support programs like the Earned Income Tax Credit have lessened poverty for those who benefit from it, and other support programs like Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and Head Start can help lessen the impact of poverty on child health and development. The recent experience in the UK, described by Mansour and Curran 6 in this issue, suggests that significant poverty reduction can be achieved through strong and sustained political leadership that can drive a broad and integrated wholegovernment set of strategic policy changes. Given intense political polarization in the United States, poverty reduction strategies tend to settle for incremental approaches that can potentially appeal to common core values of opportunity, responsibility, and security and that can link educational, family, and workforce interventions into a policy platform that could potentially win support across the political spectrum. 7 REFRAMING COMPLEXITY Framing of poverty simply as an income, resource, or service deficit does not recognize the complex emergent nature of poverty and the deep drivers that result in the seemingly resilient forces of deprivation and marginalization. Instead, it may be more helpful to view the social ecology that seems to inherently generate poverty as a type of complex adaptive system. Doing so acknowledges the multiple interacting social, economic, and cultural components,which areindividuallyand collectivelyadapting, self-organizing, evolving, and manifesting emergent properties. 8 Such a mental model not only helps us understand the role of different drivers and agents, individually and collectively, but also suggests a holistic and more integrated set of strategies designed to influence factors at different levels, with due consideration for different timescales and feedback loops. It also leads to strategies less focused on constructing isolated interventions and aimed more toward altering how the poverty-producing system functions, including factors that impact that system’s resilience and capacity to respond.

Partial Differential Equations Method to Analyze Nonlinear Resilience Force in a Long Clearance Seal and Rotor’s Dynamics.

Partial Differential Equations Method to Analyze Nonlinear Resilience Force in a Long Clearance Seal and Rotor’s Dynamics.

Based on the Mechanical Characteristics of Wheat Biomass Detector Research

Biomass is an important index to reflect the situation of crop growth. It has a great significance to detect the wheat biomass quickly and nondestructively for wheat breeding and production management. In this paper, a wheat biomass detector prototype is developed based on the biomechanical characteristics of the natural growth wheat stalks, And then the accuracy of this prototype is validated.Through the analysis of data in field tests, the relevance between the resilience force of stem achieved by prototype detector and the ground biomass of wheat is more than 0.86. It means using the prototype detector to forecast the wheat biomass is feasible.

Veblen's evolutionary economics of religion and the evolutionary psychology of religion

Purpose – Because belief in a supernatural agent with extraordinary power is rooted in psychology, Veblen's instinct psychology was the essential basis for his evolutionary economics of religion. The innate behavioral traits that Veblen called instincts in human nature are now recognized in evolutionary psychology as domain-specific mechanism that evolved as adaptations to enable human survival and reproduction. The authors aim to explain how the modern evolutionary psychology of religion provides a modern psychological basis for Veblen's evolutionary economics of religion. Design/methodology/approach – First, the authors review how Veblen's theory of an evolved human nature of instincts was applied to explain the origins of religion in primitive societies and remained a resilient force despite evolutionary erosion of institutional religion as science advanced. Second, the authors note how evolutionary psychology explains the origins of religion in terms of the functioning of domain-specific psychological mechanisms that evolved as adaptations for purposes other than religion. Findings – The similarities between Veblen's instinct psychology and the explanation of religion as by-products of domain-specific psychological mechanisms are sufficient to allow the conclusion that the evolutionary psychology of religion provides a modern psychological basis for Veblen's evolutionary economics of religion. Originality/value – An evolutionary economics of religion has a great social value if it provides credible explanations of both the origins of religious belief and innate tendency for religious belief to continue even as science refutes elements of religious doctrines. With a modern psychological basis, Veblen's evolutionary economics of religion accomplishes that purpose.

Design of a Super Multispan Continuous Girder Bridge Using Enhanced Seismic Response Modification Technologies

This paper reports the state-of-theart seismic design concept utilizing an extensive combined application of seismic response modification devices, including elastomeric bearings, seismic dampers, and low-friction slide bearings with a particular layout for the super multispan continuous girder bridges, used in the Imagiregawa Bridge project in Japan. The baseline of the design concept is the reduction of the resilient force introduced by the bearing system, while a high level of structural damping is introduced with the use of high-capacity seismic dampers to utilize the seismic force reduction effect of the seismic isolation concept. There are other great advantages in the present design concept for long super multispan continuous girder bridges: statically indeterminate forces that act on multispan continuous girders supported by elastomeric bearings induced by temperature changes, desiccation shrinkage, and creep can be reduced so that any unfavorable effects to the seismic response are reduced. It also eliminates the necessity for adjustment of elastomeric bearing installation with the “post slide” procedure during construction. Since the elastomeric bearings and seismic dampers are installed on a limited number of piers, 22% reduction of the projected construction cost of the substructures is achieved as compared with conventional seismic isolation design.

Performance Improvement of Nano-Sized Zinc Oxide Electrode by Embedding in Carbon Matrix for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Two different nano-sized zinc oxide (ZnO) composite electrodes are prepared and their electrode performances are compared, in which conductive carbon is added as either a physical mixture (electrode A) or a matrix (electrode B). The ZnO composite electrode prepared according to the commonly used method (electrode A) swells upon lithiation but does not contract in the forthcoming de-lithiation period. Due to this irrevocable electrode expansion, the electrically conductive network comprising the ZnO and carbon particles is destroyed to give rapid capacity decay. The other electrode that is prepared as a countermeasure for the volume-change problem (electrode B), however, shows a reversible swelling/contraction behavior to give a stable cycle performance (reversible capacity of 700 mA h g−1 up to 200 cycles) with the electrode integrity being retained. In the latter electrode, the carbon matrix that surrounds the embedded ZnO particles seems to accommodate the volume change of ZnO component with a strong resilient force.

L’attachement chez les enfants abandonnés en institution résidentielle à Kinshasa

This study examines the quality of attachment in a group of 42 abandoned children living in residential institutions and 42 children living in their family of origin in Kinshasa, all aged four to seven years. The objective of this paper is to determine the effect of institutional care on the quality of attachment of abandoned children. The method involves analysis of children's reports through the stories collected by the Attachment Story Completion Task (ASCT), the main instrument that enabled the collection of data. Our results show that the rate of attachment of children in the two groups are different: 47.6 % living in institutions have a disorganized attachment against only 11.9 % for the group of children living in family; 33.3 % of children living in institutions showed a secure attachment compared to 66.7 % for those living in family. Despite the gap of difference in attachment representations of the two groups, the study shows that the abandoned children in institutions in Kinshasa have achieved a security rate higher than what is revealed by similar studies in population elsewhere. This index has revealed the existence of a resilient force to be tapped in order to promote more secure attachment in abandoned children in Kinshasa. It was pointed out the importance for the institutions staff for abandoned children, to havemore attention to the history and experiences of each child, having in mind the consequences of trauma caused by abandonment.

새로운 다짐도 평가기법의 적용성에 관한 연구

현장 다짐기에 가속도계를 이용한 연속다짐 평가장치를 부착하여 얻은 지반의 지지력 평가값 및 기존의 다짐도 평가장치의 결과 값들을 회귀분석하여 비교하였다. 회귀분석 평가 결과, 특정 성토재료에서 Geogauge와 동적콘관입시험은 기존 다짐도 평가(평판재하시험 및 다짐도시험) 결과와의 상관관계가 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 CMV를 이용한 평가법이 기존 다짐도 평가를 대체할 수 있는지를 알아보기 위하여 여러 가지 다짐도 평가를 실시하였다. 그 결과 가속도계를 이용한 CMV는 다져진 지반의 강성 특성을 빠르고 편리하게 평가할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. CMV(Compaction Meter Value) obtained from compaction results using an accelerometer, which measures the impact on the ground and the resilient force of the ground, is compared with the other degree of compaction through regression analysis. As a result, there is no correlation between results from conventional test methods (e.g., the plate load test and field density test) and the degree of compaction evaluated by either the Geogauge or the dyanamic cone penetrometer. To assess the possibility of replacing the conventional test methods with new test methods using CMV, several degrees of compaction tests were carried out. Those results show that the CMV obtained from compaction results using an accelerometer can be used as a substitute for conventional methods to evaluate the stiffness characteristics of compacted soil.

통계해석에 기초한 연속다짐평가기법 개발

본 연구에서는 여러 가지 시험조건으로 실제 현장규모로 다짐을 수행한 후 연속다짐방법과 새로운 다짐도 평가에 관한 절차를 제안하고 가속도계를 이용한 다점도 평가와 기존의 다짐도 평가 시험(평판재하시험, 현장들밀도시험 및 동평판재하시험 등)과의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 기속도계를 이용한 다짐도 평가를 현장에서 사용할 수 있는지에 대한 적용성을 평가하고 가속도계를 이용한 다짐도 평가를 통계적 방법에 의해 분석하고 평가하였다. 평가결과 선속성, 편리성, 숙련도 면에서 가속도계를 이용한 연속다짐평가가 가장 적합한 방법으로 판단되었다. 또한 현장다짐 시 사용되는 설계기준값을 제안하고 제안된 설계기준값과 추가적인 현장시험 결과와의 비교를 통해 가속도를 이용한 연속다짐 측정값에 대한 적용성을 검증하였다. The objective of this paper is to assess the potential use of the resilient force of the ground obtained from an accelerometer and to propose a new compaction control process. Several comprehensive field experimental programs were conducted to analyze the correlation of compaction results obtained from an accelerometer and conventional test methods (e.g. the plate load test and field density test). This study focused on comparing the compaction results obtained from an accelerometer with conventional test results statistically. Based on the statistical analysis results, impact and resilient force measured from an accelerometer, mounted on the drum of a roller are very useful factors for continuous compaction control. A new compaction criteria determination process using an accelerometer is also proposed in this study.

Resilencia en madres e hijos con cáncer

Childhood cancer poses many challenges shared during the course of the disease for children and their families, and especially for the mother, which is why this research aims identify characteristics of resiliency between mothers and their respective children these last who have cancer, as well as know the degree of relationship between the two. We had the participation of 60 individuals, of which 30 are children diagnosed with cancer, men and women, between 8 and 17 years of age, and the remaining 30 participants correspond to their respective mothers aged 28 to 60 years. (1) Questionnaire resiliency two resiliency measures were applied for children and (2) scale of resilience (force and personal safety) for adults. The results indicate high resiliency in children in three dimensions (internal, external protective factors, and empathy). The maternal resiliency shows to be high in dimension altruism, followed by a level of resiliency moderate dimensions: self-esteem, family, security, and membership. An association was found between the resilience of children (empathy) and his mother (security). It is concluded that family is essential for the development of the child resiliency protection factor, and especially the mother role is necessary when it comes to children with cancer. It is suggested that the patients, families and professionals are integrated in order to promote the optimal development of children and go beyond just the medical treatment.

Thermal limitation of the mean power rating of coaxial transmission lines for ICRH

A limitation of the mean power rating of a coaxial transmission line arises from the coupling elements, which connect adjacent sections of the inner conductor by means of contact springs that are subjected to thermal degradation. This paper is focused on the design applied in a commercially available transmission-line coupling element. The main scope is to demonstrate the possibility to extend the working range of its spring contacts up to 200 °C. Presently this component is extensively used in several transmission lines of fusion experiments working with short pulses and operating with a maximum temperature of 150 °C at the inner conductor. Test components are successively exposed to a well controlled temperature of 200 °C over certain time periods and are characterized afterwards with regard to the resilient forces of the contact lamellae with an accurate experimental setup. The weakening of the spring force in dependence of the cumulative annealing time is studied and the remaining spring force is compared to the minimum required force to ensure proper electrical contact, which is also determined experimentally within this work.

Applying a special kind of two coupled Duffing oscillator system to detect periodic signals under the background of strong colored noise

The paper shows that the coupled oscillator systems are more complicated in the dynamic behaviors, more stable in periodic phases and stronger in the anti-noise capacity than the same kind of single oscillator systems by analyzing the function of coupled parameters, the complexity of the large-scale periodic phase states of the system and the comparison with the states of the system under the condition of no noise. Moreover, the harmonious wave and square wave signals are detected under the background of colored noise, applying a kind of constructed middle-intensity two coupled Duffing oscillator system including a special resilience force item. The signal-to-noise ratio reaches to -111.0 and -108.45dB, respectively.

Following "The Middle Ground"

HE great historian, writes Paul Ricoeur in Time and Narrative, is the one who succeeds in rendering acceptable a new way of following history. These words, which seem at first to have the whiff of an odd translation, came to mind more than once as I contemplated writing the final contribution to this Forum on The Middle Ground. They came to mind particularly as I thought about what kind of dent, if any, or what manner of meander, had been dug into Richard White's way of following history by the new research featured here: Heidi Bohaker's work on kinship and identity in the eastern Great Lakes and Brett Rushforth's piece on slavery and the Fox Wars. Ricoeur's words invite scholars, I think, to ponder again some of the resilient force coiled within White's act of narrative configuration, as others have occasionally done, mainly in fruitful musing on the middle ground as metaphor. It has long tantalized me that Kerwin Lee Klein's Frontiers of Historical Imagination, the most sustained, philosophically grounded treatment of narrative configuration dealing specifically with nativeEuropean encounters in North America, covers works published during the course of a century ending in 1990. An earlier work of White's, The Roots ofDependency, appears briefly in Klein's study as an impressive, yet stark, piece of Wallersteinian frontier history, already out of step, however, with an ethnographic imagination that had transcended tragedy some time before.' What a difference a year makes.

Transition failures: How does Southeast Europe fit in?

Many pundits judged the early 1990s through the fervour and the intellectual lenses of Francis Fukuyama's ‘end of history’ injunction. In a fundamental sense he was right: 1989 marked a watershed in history, signalling the demise of Communism. In another sense, his analysis simplified and obscured resilient forces at work in history, forces that maintain ideological and religious differences and when unleashed by democracy and mutual tolerance, can lead to massive human suffering, such as inter‐ethnic conflicts and wars.1 The Balkans are probably the most salient proof that history is still very much with us. What went wrong with the economies in Southeast Europe? Two layers of perceptions explain the relative neglect of the deeper causes of economic reform failures. One layer focuses on the consequences of the dissolution of former Yugoslavia through wars, which produced distress economies. According to this nexus, the horrible state of the economies is the direct outcome of military conflagration and the immense destruction of material assets. This layer understates that even new sovereign entities must undergo thorough change to overhaul an economic regime that relied on ‘self‐management’. Another layer of perceptions comprises cliches and rhetoric that simplistically pin success to privatization, price liberalization and macro‐economic stabilization, and to the lack of needed institutional change.2 How deceptive, for example, stabilization can be is evident in the case of Albania. A few years ago, the country was labelled a model of democratic and market reforms, with inflation running at an annual rate of below 5 per cent. Soon after, the country plunged into a major crisis following the collapse of the pyramid schemes. Albania again has a low inflation rate, but nobody is naive enough to repeat the statements of the mid‐1990s. This simplistic vision underestimated: the region's relative backwardness, rooted deeply in history;3 institutional weakness in countries that practised late Stalinism until the very end of the Communist system (Romania and Bulgaria)4 or until chaos struck (Albania); initial conditions in terms of the extensive required resource reallocation cumulated with the inability to undertake restructuring;5 proliferation of the unofficial economy and pervasiveness of organized crime;6 social exclusion; the almost congenital fragility of the banking systems; the role of geography; and the low level of foreign direct investment (FDI).7 This oversimplified view needs to be related to lessons of transition in general, since economic dynamics in most post‐Communist countries have disproved the high hopes of the early 1990s. Post‐Communist transformation8 has proved to be a much more complex process than initially thought. This paper examines the economic situation in Southeast Europe, embedding it in the lessons of transition. The analysis is not meant to be exhaustive but will instead highlight relevant features of transformation. It focuses on the exigencies of accelerating reforms and empowering citizens, together with the need for enacting public policy for the common good.

Applied materials engineering for orthodontic wires

Abstract In Australia, the history of materials engineering for orthodontic wires is generally related to the development of the Begg appliance. Therefore, until recently, it has helped in the search for light resilient forces produced by fine high-tensile stainless steel wires. Recently there has been added the desire to include wires of a low modulus of elasticity which also produce light forces but in larger diameter rectangular wires. There have been three periods of development, namely, up to and including the Second World War, up to Dr Begg’s passing, and subsequently. A general metallurgical background for archwire selection and use is given including the following considerations: stiffness, flexibility, zero stress relaxation, formability, resiliency, high yield phenomena, and wire fracture and crack propagation; and how some of these may be evaluated by the fingers.

The Informal-Intermittent Organization: A Vehicle for Successful Citizen Protest

This article presents the case history of a local, informal protest group and reasons for its effectiveness and longevity. The Delta Avenue Citizens Organization (DACO), formed to prevent the construction of a bridge, has remained devoted to a single issue and unaffiliated with other groups, a course of action that may harm a social movement organization but that apparently has allowed DACO to survive for more than 25 years. In 1979 the author began studying DACO by interviewing group leaders, attending group and public meetings, and reviewing such documents as city plans and commission minutes, newspaper articles; legal briefs, and correspondence. The author attributes DACO's success thus far to three factors: emergent solidarity, the group's internal nature, and an external support system. The group has become an informal-intermittent organization with an inclusive membership, and the author considers it an efficient, resilient force within its community.

Shock absorber with pressure-relief mechanism

A shock absorber with improved shock absorbing characteristiscs has a piston in which a vortex chamber is formed. The vortex chamber communicates with upper and lower fluid chambers via communication passages. One of the communication passage opens to the vortex chamber tangentially to produce a vortex in the vortex chamber. Within the vortex chamber, a member is normally elastically urged to narrow the area through which the fluid flows. The member is responsive to the fluid pressure exceeding a predetermined value to move against the resilient force in the direction increasing the area allowing fluid flow. A bottom fitting of similar construction and function is also disclosed.

Dampened ultrasonic transducer

An improved dampened ultrasonic transducer for imparting sonic energy to or receiving sonic energy from fluid, having a housing with a cylindrical cavity therein providing a closed end wall at one end and an opening in the opposite end, the housing having internal threads adjacent the opening. A piezoelectric crystal is positioned within the housing, the front face being contiguous to the cavity closed end wall, a cylindrical dampening member positioned within the cavity with the front face contiguous to the crystal rear face, a plurality of spring washers, the forwardmost washer engaging the rearward face of the dampener member, and an externally threaded plug member positioned in the rearward end of the housing and threadably advanced to apply compressive resilient force against the dampening member to maintain firm contact of the dampening member with the crystal and the crystal with the housing closed end wall.

Ear muff accessory for safety hard hat

A device (10) is disclosed for mounting a hearing protector (90) on each side of a hard hat, pressing the hearing protectors at a substantially constant force about the ears and moving them in oppositely incline planes between an operative wearing position (W) and an extended inoperative pressure relieved stored position (R). Each device comprises support means (20) including a pivot (28) adapted for attachment to and retained to a side of the hard hat (H), by retainer means (30), guide means (40) (50) including at least one incline surface (44) (54) and a key boss (46) (56) projecting into a key hole shape slot (74) in a rigid central end portion (72) of a resilient flexible support arm (70) secured by releasable clamping means (60). When positioned in the elongated part of the key hole slot, the key boss allows limited vertical and angular adjustments of the support arm (70) and unrestricted rotation between operative and inoperative positions can occur only when the support arm is fully extended and an enlarged circular end portion of the key hole slot is aligned with the axis of the pivot stud and key boss of smaller diameter. Thus, at any given degree of flexure the support arm exerts a substantially constant resilient force and extending and rotation of the support arm along the incline plane to the inoperative stored position shifts the arm and protector outwardly from any substantially pressure contact with the side of the hat to allow the arm and protector to recover and return to an unflexed natural state.