Family Resilience Research Articles

Parent and adolescent perspectives on family problems during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Implications for family resilience

AbstractObjectiveTo understand how parents and adolescents perceive the major family problems they faced during a global pandemic, focusing on implications for family resilience.BackgroundFamilies are challenged by the upheaval in contemporary life due to a global health pandemic and unrelenting changes to work, school, civic, and home routines. Family resilience theory guided our understanding of how families perceive and understand the problems they faced during a major disruption in their lives.MethodA diverse sample of parent–adolescent pairs was surveyed at two points in time. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze open‐ended questions asking about family members' perceptions of the major problems they faced as a family during the pandemic.ResultsMost participants reported a major family problem during the pandemic (e.g., unemployment, online learning, isolation, fear of COVID‐19), with financial issues being the most prevalent problem. Parents were more likely to identify a major family tension, compared with adolescents, who were more likely to say they were unaware of any major family problems.ConclusionParents and adolescents reported substantial family stress and tension, especially around financial strain and social isolation, indicating their heightened awareness of the new risks they were facing. Both parents and adolescents also described a willingness to pull together on behalf of family well‐being and adaptation.ImplicationsSupport mechanisms through public policy and from family life practitioners can help families navigate pandemic‐related stressors, assess adverse events in adolescence, promote new pathways in navigating disrupted routines, and enhance family resilience.

Descriptive Study on Nature of Perceived Stress of Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder - A Qualitative Analysis

This study examines the nature and impact of parental stress specifically among mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Parental stress is a significant concern in families raising children with ASD due to the unique challenges associated with the condition. The study aims to explore the factors contributing to maternal stress, including caregiving demands, social support, coping mechanisms, and personal resilience. Methodologically, in-depth interviews as the mono-method approach are employed, to measure stress levels with qualitative insights into mothers' experiences. Participants are recruited from diverse socio-economic backgrounds to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. Findings highlight the multifaceted nature of parental stress in this population, shedding light on the specific stressors and protective factors that influence maternal well-being. Implications for interventions and support services aimed at alleviating maternal stress and promoting family resilience are discussed based on the study's results.

Эмоциональные коммуникации в детско-родительских отношениях и жизнеспособность будущей взрослой семьи

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective</strong>. To analyze the contribution of the most immediate contextual influences (child-parent emotional communications) to the resilience of the adult family (using the samples from Belarus and Russia). <strong>Background. </strong>Understanding the role of emotional dysfunctions in parent-child relationships in the context of Russian and Belarusian cultures helps to identify the conditions for the resilience of a future adult family, which can become the basis for social family policy at the state level and improvement of the practice of psychological assistance to families. <br><strong>Study design. </strong>The study was conducted online using the snowball method. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine the impact of dysfunction in parental families, intensity of the negative events, age of respondents and number of children on family resilience. Children's experiences of adults are illustrated by the results of projective technique. <br><strong>Participants. </strong>The study involved 853 respondents (595 people from the Russian Federation, 258 from the Republic of Belarus) aged from 18 to 77 years (average age 36 ± 12 years, median = 36 years), 90,5% female. <br><strong>Measurements. </strong>Family resilience was assessed using Gusarova’s et al. “Family Resilience Assessment Scale” (FRAS-RII). Dysfunctions in parental families were determined according to Kholmogorova’s et al. “Family Emotional Communications” and the projective technique of Odintsova et al. “Space of Trees and Light.” The intensity of negative events in families was assessed on a scale from 1 to 10. <br><strong>Results. </strong>Dysfunctions in parental families make a significant contribution to the resilience of the future adult family (up to 20% of explained variance). Family perfectionism has a positive effect, and the elimination of emotions has a negative impact on the resilience of adult families in the context of two cultures. In Russian families of origin there is over-involvement, and in Belarusian families criticism negatively affects the resilience of respondent’s families. <br><strong>Conclusions. </strong>The critical atmosphere in parental families, the high intensity of adverse events in Belarusian families, and overprotection in the parental families of Russians contribute to a decrease in families’ resilience. The presence and number of children in a family contributes to the family resilience in both countries. Culture and traditions are a solid basis for the majority of Russians and Belarusians.</p>

Communicatively constructing resilience: Exploring family resilience in the experience of hereditary cancer

AbstractObjectiveThe goal was to explore how families communicate to cope with hereditary cancer conditions and identify factors that may enhance resilience and recommended decision‐making.BackgroundFamilies with Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer syndrome (HBOC), Lynch syndrome (LS), and Li‐Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) have an increased lifetime risk of developing cancer. We use the communication theory of resilience (CTR) to examine how families engage in resilience and make health decisions about hereditary cancer risks over time.MethodWe conducted 42 dyadic interviews with families with HBOC, LS, and LFS. Themes emerged through qualitative analysis for each of the resilience processes outlined by CTR (crafting normalcy, communication networks, identity anchors, alternative logics, and foregrounding productive action while legitimizing negative feelings), illustrating how family members manage stressors associated with hereditary cancer over time.ResultsParticipants described enacting each of the five CTR processes to manage the acute and chronic stressors associated with hereditary cancer. We described themes that emerged within each of the five resilience processes.ConclusionFindings demonstrate the ways in which families managing hereditary cancer risks enact resilience processes and how these processes may have a complex relationship to coping and medical decision‐making.ImplicationsFindings demonstrate areas for intervention to support familial resilience.

Family Resilience and Its Influencing Factors in Patients With Cancer and Their Family Members: A Systematic Review.

This review aims to explore factors influencing family resilience in families providing care for patients with cancer and to provide suggestions for future research directions. Six electronic databases were searched including Web of Science, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed and CNKI from their inception to December 2023. The article reference lists were also manually searched. The Mixed Method Appraisal Tool was used to assess the included studies in this review. The 27-item checklist Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement was followed to report this review. Twenty-one studies from six online databases reported that either individual or family factors have effects on family resilience and were described into five clusters on the basis of the Walsh model of family resilience, including demographic and clinical factors, personal strengths and resources, family stressors, family resilient coping processes and family resilient adaptation outcomes. Family resilience in cancer families plays a pivotal role in coping with family stressors and facilitating positive outcomes through domains of coping. Future researches need to explore factors related to family resilience from dyadic perspectives and to establish multidisciplinary intervention strategies for developing levels of family resilience in cancer families. PROSPERO: CRD42024535349.

Upaya Pemenuhan Hak dan Kewajiban Suami Istri Disabilitas

Rights and obligations arise from the practice of valid marriage. Therefore, each couple must fulfill their rights and obligations equitably. However, many couples struggle to perform these duties effectively due to various factors, including personal limitations that hinder their ability to meet their rights and obligations, often stemming from the incomplete or impaired functioning of one or more body parts. This research aims to explore the efforts made by disabled spouses to fulfill their rights and obligations and the impact of these efforts on family resilience. The study employs field research, utilizing an empirical approach and data collection techniques such as interviews and sampling. The findings indicate that the endeavors of disabled couples to fulfill their rights and obligations are remarkable. Husbands are willing to work hard to provide for their households, demonstrating care and commitment to family responsibilities. Meanwhile, wives also actively seek additional income and show obedience and respect towards their husbands. These efforts have positive implications for the resilience of their households.

The role of social work intervention in promoting mental health and resilience in communities: Ubuntu perspective

The prevalence of mental health illness is on the rise throughout the world. Mental health is increasingly one of the most overwhelming conditions that has an effect on the social functioning of individuals and families within communities. Mental Health Care Act, No 17 of 2002 of the South African government provides for the protection of individuals and communities against mental health. Still, people continue to experience mental health problems at a high rate. Social workers have a fundamental role to play in improving mental health services and outcomes for communities. Social work services have the potential to improve the lives of people with mental health conditions and build resilience in individuals and families. Resilience is a critical technique that assists individuals to function properly despite the challenges they may have experienced. Research has shown that people with mental health problems struggle to return back to normality. This article aims to explore the roles of social work intervention in promoting mental health and resilience in communities. The study was conducted by analyzing research or studies related to mental health and resilience. The study carried out comprehensive desktop electronic research to gather data and themes from previous studies. The analysis showed that mental health is still a major concern, and social workers have an important role to play in building resilience for individuals and families.

Family resources, resilience beliefs, and parental adaptation: A moderated mediation analysis.

Despite the extensive body of evidence documenting how pandemic-related stressors (e.g., disruptions in daily routine) impact individuals' mental health, research examining family mechanisms through which stressors impact parental stress remains insufficient. The present study aims to address this gap by exploring a moderated mediation model that predicts parental stress resulting from the accumulation of pandemic-related stressors. Specifically, we hypothesized a second-stage moderated mediation model in which family resilience beliefs moderated the second-stage indirect paths through family relationships and marital satisfaction, resulting in conditional indirect effects. Study data were collected from American parents (n = 1386). There was no evidence that family relationships and marital satisfaction mediated the association between stressor pile-up and parent stress. In addition, family resilience beliefs did not significantly impact how marital satisfaction or family relationships affect parental stress. However, marital satisfaction mediated the relationship between stressor pile-up and parental stress across all levels of family resilience beliefs. The findings of this study carry significant implications for post-pandemic family interventions, suggesting the incorporation of resilience belief training and stress management strategies to improve intrafamilial communication.

Family Farm Resilience during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia: Case Studies on Organic and Conventional Farming

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought additional stressors to Indonesian family farms, which are already subject to drought, flood, landslide, pest attack, and market price fluctuations. This study aims to analyse family farms’ resilience to the stressors caused by the COVID-19 pandemic using Henry’s family resilience model. Applying a qualitative approach, this study collected data using focus group discussions in two villages in East Java and a village in Center Java. The data was analysed using thematic analysis. We discovered that stressors related to the COVID-19 pandemic are lower demand on agricultural products and lower income among farmers. Organic and conventional farmers have different protection and vulnerability factors. Organic farmers are able to reach buyers directly using social media amid COVID-19 restrictions while conventional farmers still rely on sales through middlemen. The adaptive process of farming families is influenced by social psychological factors within the family such as meaning, emotion, control, and maintenance systems. This study suggests that family farmers have to be empowered in terms of their innovative production in current stressors and increase their access to the market as a priority for agricultural extension programmes.

Relationships Between Family Resilience, Individual Resilience, and Quality of Life in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) have to cope with a multitude of treatment-related adverse effects that impact their quality of life (QoL) post-treatment completion. The presence of family resilience could potentially foster individual resilience and might contribute to patients' QoL. However, this interconnection has not been confirmed. To explore the relationships between family resilience, individual resilience, and QoL in patients with HNC and to determine whether individual resilience in HNC patients functions as a mediator between family resilience and QoL. From September 2022 to June 2023, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 185 patients with HNC recruited through convenience sampling from a tertiary care hospital in Jiangsu Province, China. Self-report measures of family resilience, individual resilience, and QoL were assessed. Relationships were examined by Pearson's correlations. Structural equation models were used to assess whether individual resilience played a mediating role between family resilience and QoL. There were significant positive correlations between QoL and both family resilience (r = 0.43, P < .01) and individual resilience (r = 0.59, P < .01). Moreover, family resilience had an indirect influence on QoL through its effect on individual resilience (β = 0.319, 95% CI: 0.336-0.815). Family resilience emerges as a significant positive factor capable of enhancing QoL for patients with HNC by bolstering their resilience. To mitigate the detrimental effects of inadequate individual resilience on QoL of patients with HNC, it is advised to implement interventions focused on enhancing family resilience. ChiCTR2300067612.

Parent–Child Relationship, Resilience Beliefs, Relationship Quality and Stress During the Pandemic in American Families: A Moderated Mediation Analysis

ABSTRACTThe study aims to investigate factors within the double ABC‐X model to explain parents' stress during the first wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic, with a focus on adaptive resources (i.e., parent–child relationship and relationship quality) and the moderating effect of appraisal (i.e., family resilience beliefs). Drawing on a sample of 1386 American parents, this study examines the moderated mediation effects to test the conditional indirect influence of a moderating variable (i.e., family resilience beliefs) on the relationship between a predictor (i.e., stressor pile‐up) and an outcome variable (i.e., stress) through potential mediators (i.e., family satisfaction and relationship quality). The results indicate that the relationship between stressor pile‐up and parent stress was mediated by both parent–child relationship and relationship quality. In addition, the direct association between the parent–child relationship and parent stress was moderated by family resilience beliefs. However, the moderation effects of family resilience beliefs on relationship quality and stress were not supported. Family resilience beliefs moderated the indirect effect of stressor pile‐up on parent stress through the parent–child relationship, but not through relationship quality. The study emphasized the contribution of stressors and adaptive resources in understanding parental adaptation and the role of the family system in maintaining well‐being during unprecedentedly challenging times.

KRISIS PADA TAHAP AWAL PASCA-PERKAWINAN KATOLIK DAN UPAYA MENGATASI KRISIS BERDASARKAN SURAT APOSTOLIK AMORIS LAETITIA

In the Catholic Church, the reality of married life shows that various kinds of crises come and disrupt the lives of married couples during the early stages of catholic post-marriage. The focus of this article is to elaborate crisis during the early stages of Catholic post-marriage and attempts to address the crisis. Therefore, this article reviews the Apostolic Exhortation Amoris Laetitia from Pope Francis which speaks about Catholic marriage as the guidance for dealing with the crisis. The authors use the method of interview and literature study. In the interview method, the authors interview key informants who talk about problems during the early stages of catholic post-marriage. This study found that crisis during the early stages of catholic post-marriage is characterized by four main reasons, namely the necessity to leave parents, adjustment to one’s partner, the presence and care of children, and the presence of elderly parents. Dealing with these problems, the Church through its family pastoral inspired by the Amoris Laetitia comes to provide spiritual, moral and practical supports to the families in order to face the crises. The Church must be alert in designing programs and activities such as recollections, retreats, group discussions, family visits, and so on which are useful for strengthening family resilience and strengthening their family building and integrity.

Subjective experiences of language brokering among adolescents: Resilience, relationships, risky behaviors, and mental health outcomes.

Adolescents from immigrant families often translate or interpret communication on behalf of their parents, a process known as language brokering (LB). From a poststress growth framework, these LB experiences may yield opportunities for personal development and resilience or may contribute to risky behaviors and poor mental health. In this study, frequency of LB and subjective feelings of LB are tested as they relate to family relationships, resilience, risky behaviors, and mental health outcomes. In this study, 188 adolescents who language broker (female = 128, male = 60; Mage = 16.19 years, SD = 1.01; 5% African American/Black, 24% Asian American/Pacific Islander, 8.5% White, 52% Latino/Hispanic, and 11% mixed/multiracial) completed an online questionnaire about their frequency of LB (i.e., weekly and in general), extent of LB, feelings about LB (i.e., efficacy, burden, and intrusiveness), positive and negative attitudes toward LB, relationships with parents, engagement in risky behavior, and anxiety and depression symptoms. Findings indicated that feelings of efficacy and positive attitudes toward LB associated with resilience. Positive attitudes and a lack of negative attitudes associated with better family relationships. Risky behaviors were associated with age, extent and intrusiveness of LB, and a lack of positive attitudes. Female, extent of LB, and positive attitudes were related to anxiety. Building efficacy and fostering positive attitudes toward LB may foster positive outcomes and prevent deleterious outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The Role of PKK in Sustainable Community Empowerment

The general background while community empowerment is widely studied, the specific contributions of PKK remain underexplored. Specific background this study focuses on PKK's role in Tambak Kalisogo Village, particularly within sustainable community empowerment programs. Knowledge Gap Existing literature lacks a comprehensive analysis of PKK's multifaceted role in community development initiatives. Aims this research aims to elucidate the various roles of PKK, including its functions as a motivator, facilitator, mobilizer, and regulator in community empowerment. Results the findings reveal that PKK effectively organizes activities, provides guidance in food processing, ensures quality in production, and complies with governmental regulations, thus significantly impacting community welfare. Novelty this research contributes to the field by presenting a detailed examination of PKK's diverse functions in fostering community development and enhancing the economic capabilities of women. Implications Strengthening PKK's initiatives can further improve community welfare, encouraging women's participation in economic activities, and leading to more prosperous and resilient families. Highlights: PKK functions acts as a motivator, facilitator, mobilizer, and regulator in community initiatives. The study demonstrates PKK's effectiveness in enhancing local economic welfare through various programs. Strengthening PKK's efforts fosters women's participation, contributing to improved family income and welfare. Keywords: PKK, Empowerment, Welfare, Community, Economy

Transactional models of depression via caregiver-child interactions: Evaluating conflict resolution as a source of resilience in adversity-exposed families

BackgroundYouth who experienced early life caregiving adversity (ECA) are at increased risk for developing depression, which may in part reflect a heightened vulnerability to the deleterious effects of later-life stressors, including poor caregiver mental health and interpersonal conflict. Transactional models posit bidirectional influences between caregivers and children that operate over development and more proximally across interactions. ObjectiveTo address gaps in knowledge of bidirectional influences between caregivers and children, and differences therein based on ECA exposure, we evaluated the effects of caregiver and child depressive symptoms on their own and each other’s emotion-related behavior during conflict resolution, and the effects of their behavior on their own and each other’s changes in affect expression from conflict resolution to a recovery task. Participants and setting161 caregiver-child dyads (child age 6–16 years; 49 % female youth; 45 % caregivers of ECA-exposed youth) participated in videorecorded conflict resolution and subsequent recovery tasks. MethodsCaregivers reported on their own and their child’s depressive symptoms. Trained coders rated caregiver and child positive and negative affect and supportive and unsupportive emotion-related behavior. ResultsContrary to expectations derived from models of stress-sensitization, results of actor-partner interdependence models demonstrated positive associations between caregiver depressive symptoms and supportive child behavior, among ECA-exposed families. Among these families, only, child supportive behavior was also associated with greater increases in subsequent caregiver positive affect during the recovery task. ConclusionsIn contrast to models of stress-sensitization, youth supportive reactions to caregiver distress may initiate positive spirals that transcend interactions. Implications for intervention efforts are discussed.

Development and Validation of a Novel Tool: The Family Resilience Assessment Scale for Flood-Affected Families (FRAS-FAF)

Family resilience is critical in coping with disasters such as floods, yet there is a lack of tools specifically designed to assess family resilience in flood-prone regions. This study aimed to develop and validate the Family Resilience Assessment Scale for Flood-Affected Families (FRAS-FAF), a culturally sensitive tool tailored to families impacted by recurrent flooding in Pakistan. A mixed-methods study design was employed in two phases. In Phase I, qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews with heads of flood-affected families in the Nowshera district of Pakistan, revealing key themes related to family resilience. These insights informed the creation of 54 initial items for the FRAS-FAF. In Phase II, the psychometric properties of the tool were assessed using factor analysis with 400 participants, allocated for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) 200 and the remaining 200 for Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The final version of the scale retained 52 items across five factors: Family Culture, Family Structure, Family Spirituality, Family Resources, and Environment. EFA and CFA confirmed a strong five-factor structure, with model fit indices demonstrating adequate construct validity (χ2 = 1551 / df = 936, CFI = .91, TLI = .89, SRMR = .075, RMSEA = .057). Internal consistency was high for all factors, with Cronbach’s alpha values ranging from 0.85 to 0.96. FRAS-FAF is a reliable and valid tool for assessing family resilience in flood-affected families. It provides a framework for practitioners and policymakers to identify areas of strength and vulnerability, informing the development of targeted interventions aimed at enhancing family resilience in flood-prone regions. The tool's culturally sensitive design ensures its relevance for flood-affected families in Pakistan and offers the potential for adaptation in other disaster-prone areas.

Psychometric Properties of the Family Resilience Assessment Scale for Children With Disabilities in China

The study aimed to explore the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Family Resilience Assessment Scale for Children with Disabilities (FRAS-CWD). Due to the complexity of family resilience and the particularity of disabilities, there is a lack of reliable and valid tools to evaluate family resilience for children with disabilities in China. Data were collected from 767 Chinese parents of children with disabilities. Item analysis (IA), exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to test the discrimination of items, determine the factor structure and model fit, also with a Cronbach’s alpha for reliability test. EFA analysis yielded a 34-item 7-factor structure of the FRAS-CWD, which demonstrated satisfactory model fit by CFA analysis. The FRAS-CWD also showed good internal consistency. The FRAS-CWD is reliable and valid for evaluating family resilience for children with disabilities in China, reflecting the Chinese socio-cultural characteristics. Relevant professionals and practitioners such as family therapists and social workers can use the FRAS-CWD to assess family strengths and facilitate intervention for families of children with disabilities experiencing adversity.

Examining patterns of family resilience and neighborhood cohesion as moderators of the effects of adverse childhood experiences on the mental health of Black adolescents.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) confer risk to the mental health of Black youth, but few studies have examined how youth gender, family, and neighborhood factors jointly influence the psychological impact of adversity. This study investigates if family resilience and neighborhood cohesion jointly moderate the link between latent ACE profiles and mental health among Black girls and boys. This study uses data from the National Survey of Children's Health, combined across the years 2016 through 2021, and includes a nationally representative sample of 5,493 Black youth (48% female) between the ages of 12 and 17. Two patterns of ACEs were identified using latent class analysis characterized by no-to-minimal ACE exposure and moderate-to-high ACE exposure. Membership in the high-ACEs class increased the risk for internalizing problems among Black boys (b = 0.56, p < .001) and girls (b = 0.42, p < .01). Only boys in the high-ACEs class who also reported low levels of family resilience and low neighborhood cohesion evidenced an increased risk for externalizing concerns (b = 0.70, p < .001). Conversely, only girls in the high-ACEs class who reported high levels of family resilience and low levels of neighborhood cohesion evidenced an increased risk for externalizing problems (b = 0.69, p < .01). Findings suggest that the impact of ACEs on mental health is not uniform across Black boys and girls, and that family and neighborhood-level factors may collectively shape the impact of ACEs on the mental health among Black youth in unique ways. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Family belief system influences on COVID-19 vaccination decisions among First Nations Australians.

COVID-19 has changed the world in many ways, and while some families were divided by geographical distances and mandatory "stay-at-home" orders during lockdowns, others became fractured owing to decisions about vaccination. This novel exploratory qualitative study questions how family systems and COVID-19 attitudes influenced the vaccine decisions of 10 Australian First Nations individuals. Despite the significance of family in decision making, the advice of respected family members became insignificant when nonvaccination resulted in the undesirable consequences of coercive government mandates. The thematic analysis identifies themes of choice, repeated wrongs of the past, trust, relationships, isolation, and parenting anxiety. It also demonstrates the resiliency of First Nations families, evident in the creative ways family systems adapted during the pandemic. This study has implications for governments and health service planning toward community COVID-19 support systems in a postpandemic context and provides ideas for further research into First Nations service provision during health crises. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Decoding Online Narratives and Unraveling Complexities in the Rohingya Refugee Crisis

The Rohingya refugee crisis, a humanitarian tribulation involving the persecution of the Rohingya Muslim ethnic minority group in Myanmar, has led to a massive exodus of refugees, primarily women and children, to neighboring Bangladesh. Analyzing public opinion toward the Rohingya crisis poses a challenge due to the time complexity of manually assessing individual expressions from the vast amount of text on online platforms. This research focuses on identifying hidden patterns in online discussions surrounding the Rohingya refugee crisis, employing topic modeling and a thematic sentiment analysis-based approach. It represents the first comprehensive exploration of public views on internet spaces to support this community. In the experiment, we identified 15 coherent topics from 6,840 unique documents with a high coherence score of about 0.60. The key themes explored encompass familial resilience, the urgency of addressing the refugee crisis, complexities within the Rohingya situation, religious and cultural elements, and geopolitical considerations. Sentiment analysis revealed nuanced emotional tones, with positive sentiments in discussions about refugee support and international aid and mixed or negative sentiments in topics concerning religious dynamics and women’s protection. The implications of this research extend to guiding policymakers, humanitarian organizations, and advocacy groups in developing targeted interventions, communication strategies, and informed policy initiatives. In addition, the findings emphasize the importance of understanding and responding effectively to the multifaceted challenges faced by the Rohingya community.