Youth Resilience Research Articles

Identifying structural brain markers of resilience to adversity in young people using voxel-based morphometry.

There is increasing evidence that resilience in youth may have a neurobiological basis. However, the existing literature lacks a consistent way of operationalizing resilience, often relying on arbitrary judgments or narrow definitions (e.g., not developing PTSD) to classify individuals as resilient. Therefore, this study used data-driven, continuous resilience scores based on adversity and psychopathology to investigate associations between resilience and brain structure in youth. Structural MRI data from 298 youth aged 9-18 years (Mage = 13.51; 51% female) who participated in the European multisite FemNAT-CD study were preprocessed using SPM12 and analyzed using voxel-based morphometry. Resilience scores were derived by regressing data on adversity exposure against current/lifetime psychopathology and quantifying each individual's distance from the regression line. General linear models tested for associations between resilience and gray matter volume (GMV) and examined whether associations between resilience and GMV differed by sex. Resilience was positively correlated with GMV in the right inferior frontal and medial frontal gyri. Sex-by-resilience interactions were observed in the middle temporal and middle frontal gyri. These findings demonstrate that resilience in youth is associated with volume in brain regions implicated in executive functioning, emotion regulation, and attention. Our results also provide evidence for sex differences in the neurobiology of resilience.

Сравнительный эмпирический анализ жизнеспособности русской и бурятской молодежи

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective. </strong>Identification of the possible, conditioned by the ethnocultural peculiarities of the way of living differences in the indicators of resilience, in the connections, in the significance of its components and the factors in the representatives of Russian and Buryat youth (from 15 to 24 years). <br><strong>Background. </strong>The increase in social and economic tensions and the challenges of modern social life make for increased demands on human resilience. Psychological science is aware of the request for an analysis of phenomenology and the essence of resilience in its various aspects. One such angle is ethnocultural variations in the resilience of people from different nationalities, in particular Russians and Buryats. It is important to determine the general and the ethno-specific components of resilience, factors of its support and the risk factors. <br><strong>Study design. </strong>There is studied the resilience indicators in the samples of Russian and Buryat respondents, by means of the cluster analysis has determined the structure of variables, their comparison is carried out. The correlations between the variables within each cluster are revealed, there were given a comparative assessment of these relationships, of resilience components significance, factors of support and the risk in each sample. <br><strong>Participants. </strong>Sample: 109 Russian students from the universities and 98 Buryat students from the universities and a college. The total sample is 207 people. <br><strong>Measurements. </strong>The diagnosis was carried out under the program “Resilient Youth in stressed environments” – “Zhiznesposobnaya molodezh' v stressovykh usloviyakh”, RYSE (Laktionova, Makhnach, 2008; Ungar, Hadfield, 2019), which includes 9 questionnaires named in the article, and a socio-demographic questionnaire. <br><strong>Results. </strong>The results of the study testify to the similarity of the level (it is high for most of the respondents in both samples), basic characteristics of resilience and its factors (<em>their own forces</em>, support of family and society). At the same time, the differences for all variables included in the protective factors were revealed. The indicators of resilience Buryat students are higher than in Russians. The differences are particularly clear appeared in indicators of contextually resilience primarily in assessments of the significance of religious faith, the attitudes to the culture and traditions of their people. There were found differences in the interrelations of variables: the indicator of victimization in Buryat respondents is positively associated only with the indicator of the "Traumatic Symptoms" scale, and in the Russian sample – with indicators of depression and positive childhood experiences. Negative correlations of this variable in the Russian sample are noted with the indicators of all resilience components and with the rate of the Perception of Neighbourhood. There are no significant negative correlations on this scale in the Buryat sample. <br><strong>Conclusions. </strong>Resilience has foundations, structure and factors common to people of different nationalities. No unique national peculiarities in the resilience of representatives of Russian and Buryat youth were found. However, the ethno-cultural features of the way of life determine some distinctions in an assessment conducted by the respondents of different nationalities of the resilience components significance, its factors, connections of its indicators and characteristics.</p>

Exposition des enfants à la violence conjugale : troubles mentaux et facteurs de résilience. Étude transversale tunisienne

Conjugal violence is a social problem whose impact extends beyond the couple, to the children who are exposed. ObjectiveTo study the psychological impact of exposure to conjugal violence in children and adolescents in child psychiatry consultation and the factors associated with their capacity for resilience. Patients and methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study on a sample of 30 children and adolescents, aged between 6 and 18 years and exposed to conjugal violence. Patients were recruited from the child psychiatry unit of the Hospital University of HediChaker of Sfax. We conducted clinical interviews to identify the psychological impact of conjugal violence on children. The resilience evaluation was done by self or hetero passation of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM). ResultsChildren and adolescents exposed to conjugal violence suffered from trauma-related disorders and stressors in 40% of cases, mood disorders in 33.3% of cases and externalized disorders in 6.6% of cases. We found that children were more resilient than adolescents in the area of emotional care provided by their parents (12.66±2.02 vs. 9.46±2.69 among adolescents; P=0.001). In contrast, adolescents were significantly more resilient than children in the area of contextual factors including spirituality (6.46±1.4 vs. 4.53±1.06; P=0.000), education (11.13±2.13 vs. 8.4±1.54; P=0.000) and culture (11.13±2.13 vs. 8.4±1.54; P=0.000). The child's education and good mental health for the mother were associated with better resilience in the children. The child's exposure to conjugal violence by being both a witness and a victim was associated with a reduced capacity for resilience. ConclusionExposure to conjugal violence has a significant impact on the mental health of children exposed. The study of resilience and associated factors could thus be useful in order to limit the deleterious repercussions on children and provide them with harmonious development both on the somatic and psychological levels.

Family Cohesion Moderates the Relation between Parent-Child Neural Connectivity Pattern Similarity and Youth's Emotional Adjustment.

Despite a recent surge in research examining parent-child neural similarity using fMRI, there remains a need for further investigation into how such similarity may play a role in children's emotional adjustment. Moreover, no prior studies explored the potential contextual factors that may moderate the link between parent-child neural similarity and children's developmental outcomes. In this study, 32 parent-youth dyads (parents: M age = 43.53 years, 72% female; children: M age = 11.69 years, 41% female) watched an emotion-evoking animated film while being scanned using fMRI. We first quantified how similarly emotion network interacts with other brain regions in responding to the emotion-evoking film between parents and their children. We then examined how such parent-child neural similarity is associated with children's emotional adjustment, with attention to the moderating role of family cohesion. Results revealed that higher parent-child similarity in functional connectivity pattern during movie viewing was associated with better emotional adjustment, including less negative affect, lower anxiety, and greater ego resilience in youth. Moreover, such associations were significant only among families with higher cohesion, but not among families with lower cohesion. The findings advance our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying how children thrive by being in sync and attuned with their parents, and provide novel empirical evidence that the effects of parent-child concordance at the neural level on children's development are contextually dependent.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT What neural processes underlie the attunement between children and their parents that helps children thrive? Using a naturalistic movie-watching fMRI paradigm, we find that greater parent-child similarity in how emotion network interacts with other brain regions during movie viewing is associated with youth's better emotional adjustment including less negative affect, lower anxiety, and greater ego resilience. Interestingly, these associations are only significant among families with higher cohesion, but not among those with lower cohesion. Our findings provide novel evidence that parent-child shared neural processes to emotional situations can confer benefits to children, and underscore the importance of considering specific family contexts in which parent-child neural similarity may be beneficial or detrimental to children's development, highlighting a crucial direction for future research.

Exploring the Relationship Between Resilience and the Adverse Impact of Stuttering in Children.

People who stutter often experience significant adverse impact related to stuttering. However, it is unclear how adverse impact develops in children who stutter (CWS) and whether there are protective factors that may mitigate its development. This study examined the relationship between resilience, a potentially protective factor, and stuttering's adverse impact in CWS. Resilience comprises external factors, such as family support and access to resources as well as personal attributes, making it a comprehensive protective factor to explore. One hundred forty-eight CWS aged 5-18 years completed the age-appropriate version of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM) and the Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering. Parents completed a caregiver version of the CYRM and a behavioral checklist for their child. The adverse impact of stuttering was modeled as a function of resilience (external, personal, and total), controlling for child age and behavioral checklist score. We also estimated correlations between child-report and parent-report CYRM measures to assess rater agreement. Children reporting greater external, personal, or total resilience were more likely to experience lower degrees of adverse impact related to their stuttering. We documented stronger correlations between younger child and parent ratings of resilience and weaker correlations between older child and parent ratings. These results yield valuable insight into the variability of adverse impact experienced by CWS and offer empirical support for strength-based speech therapy approaches. We discuss the factors that contribute to a child's resilience and provide practical suggestions for how clinicians can incorporate resilience-building strategies into intervention for children experiencing significant adverse impact from their stuttering. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.23582172.

“They won't push me away”: Transgender and gender‐expansive youth of color's perceptions of parental gender‐identity‐specific support

AbstractObjectiveThis study aims to identify types of gender‐identity‐specific social support provided by parents that helps transgender and gender‐expansive (TGE) youth of color thrive.BackgroundTGE youth of color benefit from parental social support, though less is known about supportive practices that specifically affirm marginalized gender identities—gender‐identity‐specific social support. Guided by a counter‐storytelling framework that highlights the voices of TGE youth of color, this study investigates how TGE youth of color perceive such support from parents.MethodData were collected via semistructured interviews with 18 youth (14–25 years, Mage = 20.28) who identified as TGE and as persons of color. Transcripts were analyzed using a modified thematic coding approach to identify themes related to youth perceptions of parental support of their gender identities.ResultsFindings revealed four major themes related to parental provision of gender‐identity‐specific social support: self‐work, support of gender‐atypical behavior during early development, current affirmational and instrumental support, and family cohesion. Participants discussed parental gender‐identity‐specific support as a valued source of strength.ConclusionTGE youth well‐being can be enhanced by facilitating parents' provision of gender‐identity‐specific social support.ImplicationsSpecific insight into sources of resilience and strength for TGE youth of color are offered for researchers and practitioners.

The association between family adversity and youth mental health outcomes.

The association between family adversity and young people's mental health outcomes in communities that experience economic instability has not been well explored in the South African context. Furthermore, the overtime interaction between resilience factors, family adversity, and young people's psychological functioning in African settings, like South Africa, is under-investigated. This study investigates the relationship between family adversity and conduct problems and depression at two-time points in a sample of youths in two South African communities stressed by their dependency on economically volatile oil and gas industries. This article draws on longitudinal data generated by the Resilient Youth in Stressed Environments (RYSE) study in South Africa, which included 914 and 528 (wave 1 and 3) adolescents and emerging adults (14-27-year-olds; M age = 18.36 years) living in Secunda/eMbalenhle and Sasolburg/Zamdela. Participants were sampled at baseline (wave 1) and 18-24 months later (wave 3). They self-reported experience of community violence, family adversity, resilience-enabling resources, conduct difficulties, and depression symptoms. Regression analyses were used to examine the unadjusted and adjusted association of family adversity on conduct problem and depression. About 60% of participants reported high family adversity. Regressions, however, revealed no association between family adversity and conduct problems and depression cross-sectionally and over time. Individual resilience, biological sex, and experience of victimization in the community, however, were associated with conduct difficulty while all three resilience factors were associated with decreased depression among participants. Our study sheds light on the risk and protective factors for mental health outcomes of adolescents and youths who reside in volatile, turbulent communities and experience ongoing familial challenges. To effectively support the mental well-being of young individuals in such contexts, interventions must consider the potential ambivalence of the resilience factors they aim to strengthen.

Change of Identities and Religiosities of Muslim Young People across Time and Space: Resilient Youth

Modern people have cut themselves off from the sacred and imaginative realties and live in secular and measurable time. They live in a world described by Max Weber in terms of disenchantment. In Muslim society, many Muslims are not detached from reality; rather, they live in an enchanted world, a world of spirits and forces. This creates tensions between secular liberal and traditional views of life. In this sense, the young people strives to take a certain place and role in that society; they try to know themselves in society, to determine their personalities’ limits, to find out ‘who they are, what they believe, what they value and connect, what their aim should be, in short, what their place in society is’. In this research, the identity, religious life and behavior of Muslim young people, religious resilience, and accordingly religious changes and transformations have been examined along with religious potential. To be resilient, a person must be able to change, and to adapt to new circumstances. Thus, the paper explores that the Turkish youth may have new religious perceptions and different identity structures depending on the color of the time. The effect of different cultures and social changes and the new social manifestations that develop depending on this situation can be effective on the way to the transformation of religious identities. İn the first step, this paper is exploring the questions: ‘how does religion affect young people's recognition and evaluation of themselves and life? The next step is to research how Muslim youth can help people experiencing resilience to be strengthened, and how they can be strengthened as they exercise a religiosity and their identity. The paper could help to find out how religious faith can have in enabling people to overcome difficulty by giving them faith to hold on to life and find meaning and purpose, as well as by providing a supportive network of people. The data were obtained from semi-structured interviews which were conducted with 30 students of Şırnak University in Turkey. İt includes participants’ accounts of their process of making meaning of the world, their evolving understanding, perceptions, experiences and identity situations. Nevertheless, literature survey method has chosen to support and enhance the quality of the research. The qualitative research method was adopted as an interpretative paradigm. The data shows that; the relationship between the individual and religious belief and identity motivation is related to inhomogeneous results and factors. Young people create their own identity, which is mixed, and bricolage. Each individual has different conceptions and different motivations regarding religious identity. In this sense, religiosity and identity is fed by different social and psychological dynamics; in general, it seems to be related to time, space and socialization processes.

THE CULTURE AND YOUTH RESILIENCE STRATEGIES: A QUALITATIVE INQUIRY

Youth face a variety of difficulties and obstacles as they mature. Bullying, racial discrimination, trouble adjusting, parental divorce, and parental pressures for accomplishment are all sources of stress or risk factors. However, little is known about the components that contribute to teenage resilience development. The process of negotiating, managing, and adjusting to a large source of stress or trauma is referred to as resilience. Internal and external variables have an impact on resilience. External influences include the individual's attachment to culture, as well as cognitive ability and gender. The study's goal is to look at the cultural elements that influence the development of youth resilience. The research method was descriptive qualitative, with interviews conducted through focus group discussions (FGD) with 31 high school and vocational high school students from several large cities and regencies in the islands of Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Bali, and Lombok. According to the study's findings, there is a contribution from local cultural values that promotes youth resilience. Life values such as modest living and respect for the elderly are part of the local culture. Several strategies are employed in the development of youth resilience. Youth resilience may be built by strengthening independent drive, mutual trust, confidence, seeing difficulties, and controlling emotions. The five strategies can help individuals and prosocial persons improve their interactions.

“Damage control”: exploring communication sense-making within foster exit conversations from the U.S. foster parent perspective

ABSTRACT Guided by the communicated sense-making (CSM) theoretical model (Koenig Kellas, J., & Kranstuber Horstman, H. (2015). Communicated narrative sense-making: Understanding family narratives, storytelling, and the construction of meaning through a communicative lens. In L. H. Turner, & R. West (Eds.), The sage handbook of family communication (2nd ed, pp. 76–90). Sage), the current study explored foster parent–child sense-making within conversations about the child’s exit from the foster parent’s care (i.e. foster exit conversations; henceforth, FECs). Specifically, this study examined the CSM devices animating FECs, as reported by 21 U.S. foster parents. Findings revealed the use of (a) accounts, including concessions, excuses, and justifications (b) CPT in the form of agreement, attentiveness, positive tone, and providing space to talk, and (c) transition metaphors in FECs. Findings highlight useful ways to facilitate sense-making, resilience, and coping for foster youth and families amid transitions. The conclusion discusses limitations and directions for future research.

Factors supporting resilience during out‐of‐home care: Experiences of former child welfare clients in Finland

AbstractThis study aimed to identify factors supporting young people's resilience during out‐of‐home care (OOHC) in Finland, despite challenges in their lives. In our qualitative study, we applied a social‐ecological framework to understand the experiences and perspectives of young people on what helped them and the help they would have needed during OOHC. The findings indicate (1) individual characteristics and interests (positive attitude, understanding own acts and their consequences and meaningful activities), (2) relationships (good relationships with close ones, ability to meet and keep contact with close ones, good relationships with professionals and relationships between parents and professionals) and (3) institutions (place of OOHC, youth‐centered practices, needs‐based services and support for the family) all supported the resilience of young people in OOHC. Further, to receive support from a particular medium, such as professionals (relationship level), a young person must already have some self‐understanding (individual level) of things. Essentially, youth resilience is supported through all these levels as a process.

Peran Orang Tua Asuh Mewujudkan Resiliensi Remaja Berprestasi Berlatar Belakang Kemiskinan di Panti Asuhan Putera Muhammadiyah Medan


 Resilience is the ability of individuals who have successfully faced adversity and been able to rise from adversity. This study aims to analyze how the role of foster parents in realizing the resilience of high achieving youth with a poverty background. The method used in this research is descriptive method or called qualitative. Data collection is done through observation and interviews. The results of this study are the role of foster parents in realizing the resilience of outstanding youth with a poverty background by providing good and proper educational facilities, providing facilities so that orphanage children excel and excel in education and improve their life skills. As well as providing motivation to increase self-confidence that children who have a background of poverty must remain enthusiastic and feel happy because they can be cared for for their future. The foster parents at the orphanage also changed the mindset of the orphans, who were initially pessimistic because they could not continue their education because they had parents from poverty to the point of thinking that orphans deserved an education.
 Keywords: Resilience; Youth; Poverty

Child refugee's social skills and resilience: Moderating effects of time in refugee camp, parental education, and preschool attendance

AbstractIn this cross‐sectional study, we examine the relationship between social skills and resilience and the moderating effects of time spent in a refugee camp, parental education, and schooling on Syrian children who have been forcibly displaced to Turkey. Five hundred and twenty‐six preschool‐aged children (56.3% female, Mage = 5.79) were recruited to participate in this research. The Turkish version of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure‐Revised (CYRM‐R) and the Early Childhood Social Skills Measure (ECSSM) were used to assess refugee children's social skills and resilience, respectively. Results show that the children's social skills were positively related to resilience with length of time spent in a refugee camp, the parental education level, and preschool attendance moderating this association. These results highlight the role of social skills as a possible means of enhancing refugee children's resilience.

Multisystemic approaches to researching young people's resilience: Discovering culturally and contextually sensitive accounts of thriving under adversity.

As our understanding of the process of resilience has become more culturally and contextually grounded, researchers have had to seek innovative ways to account for the complex, reciprocal relationship between the many systems that influence young people's capacity to thrive. This paper briefly traces the history of a more contextualized understanding of resilience and then reviews a social-ecological model to explain multisystemic resilience. A case study is then used to show how a multisystemic understanding of resilience can influence the design and implementation of resilience research. The Resilient Youth in Stressed Environments study is a longitudinal mixed methods investigation of adolescents and emerging adults in communities that depend on oil and gas industries in Canada and South Africa. These communities routinely experience stress at individual, family, and institutional levels from macroeconomic factors related to boom-and-bust economic cycles. Building on the project's methods and findings, we discuss how to create better studies of resilience which are able to capture both emic and etic accounts of positive developmental processes in ways that avoid the tendency to homogenize children's experience. Limitations to doing multisystemic resilience research are also highlighted, with special attention to the need for further innovation.

Growing resilience capacity for learners presenting with specific learning disability in learners with special education needs schools.

Preventing adversity from accelerating among learners with specific learning disabilities (SLD) is imperative. Continuous adversities, such as social-emotional, psychological and academic difficulties, characterise learners with SLD. Prior studies have been conducted on learners with SLD developing a disorder because of the difficulties they face. However, very few studies offer evidence of how learners presenting with SLD cope despite their learning disability. The study sought to investigate what resilience resources are available among learners with SLD in learners with special education needs (LSEN) schools and to provide stakeholders with evidence of resilience enablers for learners with SLD. An exploratory quantitative research study was adopted, and 217 respondents with SLD were selected through purposive sampling in four LSEN schools. These learners completed the Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM-28). Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and the custom table was used as a statistical technique. Even though the presence of SLD negatively affects an individual's academic, psychological, social and emotional functioning, the results of this study show that individual qualities, relationships with caregivers and peers and contextual resources were resilience-enabling resources for learners with SLD. The study's results show that the combination of individual attributes, relational and environmental factors enables the resilience of learners with SLD. When given accessible and meaningful support, learners with SLD can develop resilience. The study contributes to the dearth of knowledge regarding the resilience of learners with SLD in LSEN schools.

Examination of relationship factors between psychological resilience and social support in adolescent obesity

PurposeChildhood obesity is one of the most severe public health problems, and psychiatric conditions have been associated with obesity. In this study, we aimed to investigate psychological resilience and possible related factors in adolescents with obesity. MethodThe study included 90 adolescents with obesity and 100 healthy adolescents of similar age. Data were collected using a sociodemographic information form, the Child and Youth Resilience Measure-28 (CYRM-28), and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Scale scores were compared by Pearson's correlation coefficient test with SPSS-23. Multiple linear regression was performed to describe the relationships between variables. ResultsThe adolescents participating in the study were similar in terms of age and gender. Psychological resilience and social support in the obesity group were lower than in the control group (p < 0.05). A negative relationship was found between body mass index (BMI) and resilience levels of adolescents with obesity, and a positive relationship was found between social support and resilience levels (p = 0.027 and p < 0.001, respectively). The perceived family and significant other social support subscale scores of adolescents in the obesity group were significantly lower than in the control group (p = 0.037 and p = 0.023, respectively). The most related variable with the CYRM-28 was the level of perceived social support: standardized β = 0.409; t(151) = 5.626; p < 0.001. ConclusionA higher BMI has a negative effect on psychological resilience, and family support tends to be lower in these cases. New studies are needed to clarify whether this result is one of the causes of obesity or one of its consequences.

Capturing Resilience: Utilizing the Brief Child and Youth Resilience Measure with Sexual and Gender Minority Youth

Abstract This study explores the relevance of the brief Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM-12) for sexual and gender minority youth (SGMY) aged 14–23 (N = 4,810), compares their patterns of resilience with general youth populations, and explores distinctions between key subgroups of SGMY. SGMY reported significantly lower scores, indicating poorer outcomes, than non-SGMY in several CYRM-12 items, especially those addressing familial and community support. Older SGMY (aged 19–23) reported significantly higher CYRM-12 scores than younger SGMY (aged 14–18; t = 11.00, p &amp;lt; .001). Compared with their non-SGMY counterparts, SGMY reported significantly lower scores regarding supportive parental relationships, connection to offline community, and school belongingness yet reported higher scores regarding the importance of education. Three factors contributed to SGMY resilience: (1) peer and community belonging, (2) familial and cultural support, and (3) youth’s personal attributes and self-efficacy. The results of this study also suggest that measuring resilience in SGMY should incorporate online as well as offline sources. Recommendations to enhance the CYRM-12 to capture the experiences of SGMY for social work research and practice are provided.

The role of multisystemic resilience in fostering critical agency: UK adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Critical agency (CA) refers to an individual’s feeling of power in relation to social inequalities. Research has demonstrated that high CA is associated with positive adolescent outcomes, however, less is known about what supports are important for its development. Moreover, a large majority of the literature is based on studies from the US and various countries in Africa; although the UK is saturated with inequalities there is little research within a UK context. In this paper we examine (a) the validity of using an existing measure of CA with a sample of UK adolescents and (b) the extent to which resilience supports account for variance in CA. Our analysis identified two distinct factors of CA: justice-oriented and community-oriented. High CA in both factors was explained by resilience supports associated with peer relationships (p < 0.01). Our findings push us towards new relational, ecological ways of understanding adolescent CA. We close by instantiating a translational framework for those devising policies in support of youth resilience and CA.

Resilience and Violent Victimization of Youth With Mental Disorders: Group Differences Based on Sex?

Resilience and Violent Victimization of Youth With Mental Disorders: Group Differences Based on Sex?

Resilience and Violent Victimization of Youth With Mental Disorders: Group Differences Based on Sex?

Youth with mental disorders are at elevated risk to experience violent victimization compared to the general population, and several risk factors have been identified. Less understood are factors that promote protection from victimization. Using the resilience perspective, the relationship between risk, protective factors, and violent victimization of youth with mental disorders are investigated. Because there are differential effects across sex on risk factors that are connected to victimization for this population, sex differences on risk and protective factors are also explored. Multivariate logistic regression and predicted probability models split on sex are used to explore how risk and protective factors impact violent victimization. Sex-specific differences in protective factors and violent victimization are discussed, and recommendations for policy and clinicians are explored.