Residual Velocity Research Articles

Damage characterization of AlSi10Mg plates subjected to rigid impacts up to 300 m/s: comparison between subtractive and additive manufacturing

Mechanical structures built using the additive manufacturing (AM) process are generating significant interest due to their ability to design structural components with complex geometries. Indeed, additive processes, by adding material layer by layer, enables the creation of geometries that would be unfeasible using standard processes. However, while mechanical tests have extensively validated the use of conventional processes, the characterization of parts generated by less conventional processes, such as additive manufacturing, remains open to discussion. Specifically, will a part manufactured by AM meet the specifications in terms of mechanical strength? This paper contributes to answering this question by comparing identical AlSi10Mg plates manufactured using the AM process with a LASER powder bed fusion (L-PBF) machine (additive) and by conventional subtractive process (SM), subjected to high-velocity impacts. The impacts have been conducted on additive and subtractive 70*150*2 mm plates up to 300 m/s.” Based on measurements of projectile impact and residual velocities, as well as the study of deformation profiles of the different plates, the damage domains were identified. These tests highlighted significant differences between the different processes.

Graphene origami with enhanced impact resistance and energy absorption performance

The ancient art of origami has recently shown its potential in engineering intricate three-dimensional graphene structures with unique properties. This study employs molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the dynamic mechanical behavior of graphene origami structures (GOS) under hypervelocity ballistic impact. The analysis of residual velocity, kinetic energy loss, and specific penetration energy shows that GOS exhibit superior impact resistance and energy absorption performance compared with pristine graphene. One reason for the enhancements is that highly flexible GOS can unfold to produce a conical impact zone with larger out-of-plane deformation. Another reason is that three-dimensional folded regions possess more mass, enabling them to dissipate more kinetic energy from the projectile. The impact behavior of GOS is further analyzed concerning projectile size, impact position, and surface roughness. It is found that the impact resistance and energy absorption capacity of GOS can be adjusted by altering the surface roughness, specifically the folding degree and pattern geometry. This GOS holds promise for diverse applications in impact protection, such as combat armor and spacecraft shields.

Estimation of Influence of Target Obliquity on Efficiency of PELE Ammunition

In the available literature, no research on target obliquity influence on terminal ballistics of PELE could be found. This study aimed to give an insight into this phenomenon. As a part of the research, numerical simulations were performed with four different target obliquity angles, namely 0°, 30°, 45°, and 60°. Before the simulations, the numerical model was validated with available experimental data. It was shown that the case of a target inclination of 30° is the most effective in stopping PELE ammunition, for the given type of materials and design, because it shows the lowest number of fragments created and also the lowest velocity of fragments, with large number of fragments lost in front of the target. Target obliquity leads to the asymmetric deformation of the projectile and at larger target obliquities a good part of the jacket and core is fragmented and lost in front of the target. Residual velocity of projectile is smaller for larger target obliquities. The deformation of the aluminum core is significant for larger target obliquities. Perforation time for larger target obliquity angles is longer. The lower side of the projectile casing is more deformed than the upper side for target obliquities larger than 0°. Fragments that originate from the front part of the projectile jacket are faster compared to fragments originating from the projectile lower sections. The perforation hole is significantly larger for higher target obliquity angles than for smaller ones. For a 60° inclination of the target, several massive fragments are created in front of the target.

Effects of Waste Glass Bottle Nanoparticles and High Volume of Waste Ceramic Tiles on Concrete Performance When Exposed to Elevated Temperatures: Experimental and Theoretical Evaluations

This article reports the durability performance of modified concrete with silica nanoparticles and a high volume of waste ceramic tiles under varying elevated temperatures. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was replaced with 60% waste ceramic tiles powder (WTCPs) and supplemented with 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% nanopowders from waste glass bottles (WGBNPs) as a rich source of silica. The natural aggregates (both coarse and fine) were fully replaced by the crushed waste ceramic tiles (WTCAs). After 28 days of curing, the modified specimens were exposed to varying elevated temperatures (200, 400, 600, and 800 °C) in a furnace followed by air cooling. Tests such as residual compressive strength, weight loss, ultrasonic plus velocity, visual appearance, and microstructural analysis were conducted. Additionally, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to validate the performance of the proposed predictive equations, as well as their terms, using p-values and F-values. It was discerned that OPC substitution with WTCPs and WGBNPs significantly improved the concrete’s performance under elevated temperatures. It is observed that the addition of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% WGBNPs lowered the concrete deterioration by increasing the residual strength and reducing both internal and external cracks. This study provides some new insights into the utilization of WTCPs and WGBNPs to produce sustainable and eco-friendly modified concrete with high spalling resistance characteristics at elevated temperatures.

Study on the Suitability of Concrete Constitutive Models for Perforation Simulation.

The choice of constitutive model significantly affects the accuracy of concrete perforation simulation. This study analyzes four concrete constitutive models, HJC, RHT, KCC, and TCK, focusing on their strength models, damage evolution, and strain rate effects. Combining the damage pattern and erosion cracks, the effectiveness of the four constitutive models in simulating the penetration of reinforced concrete targets is evaluated using LS-DYNA 11.0. The results indicate that the RHT and TCK models accurately depict the concrete damage and failure modes under the same test conditions. In contrast, the KCC and HJC models demonstrate superior capability in predicting the residual velocity of the projectile. Additionally, this study highlights the significant impact of the erosion parameters on the simulation results. This study offers a valuable reference for the application and parameter set of constitutive models in simulating concrete target perforation.

A note on the perforation of thin concrete slabs by rigid projectiles

We analyzed the perforation data from several works where thin concrete slabs were impacted by rigid long rods. The data includes the ballistic limit velocities of these projectile/slab pairs, as well as the residual velocities of the projectiles. We found that the experimental ballistic limit velocities can be accounted for by the perforation model that we published previously. On the other hand, we had to update our model to account for the residual velocities in these tests. The experimental data in these works showed that more concrete mass was ejected from the back face of these slabs than we assumed in our earlier model. Moreover, the ejected mass in these experiments was found to decrease with impact velocity. These features are in contrast with our earlier model’s assumptions, and we had to update the model as discussed here.

Mind the Kinematics Simulation of Planet–Disk Interactions: Time Evolution and Numerical Resolution

Planet–disk interactions can produce kinematic signatures in protoplanetary disks. While recent observations have detected non-Keplerian gas motions in disks, their origins are still being debated. To explore this, we conduct 3D hydrodynamic simulations using the code FARGO3D to study nonaxisymmetric kinematic perturbations at two scale heights induced by Jovian planets in protoplanetary disks, followed by examinations of detectable signals in synthetic CO emission line observations at millimeter wavelengths. We advocate for using residual velocity or channel maps, generated by subtracting an azimuthally averaged background of the disk, to identify planet-induced kinematic perturbations. We investigate the effects of two basic simulation parameters, simulation duration and numerical resolution, on the simulation results. Our findings suggest that a short simulation (e.g., 100 orbits) is insufficient to establish a steady velocity pattern given our chosen viscosity (α = 10−3) and displays plenty of fluctuations on an orbital timescale. Such transient features could be detected in observations. By contrast, a long simulation (e.g., 1000 orbits) is required to reach steady state in kinematic structures. At 1000 orbits, the strongest detectable velocity structures are found in the spiral wakes close to the planet. Through numerical convergence tests, we find hydrodynamics results converge in spiral regions at a resolution of 14 cells per disk scale height or higher. Meanwhile, synthetic observations produced from hydrodynamic simulations at different resolutions are indistinguishable with 0.″1 angular resolution and 10 hr of integration time on Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array.

An improved dynamic constitutive model for ceramics

An accurate constitutive model for ceramic is essential for guiding its application in armor systems. Inspired by previous work, an improved dynamic constitutive model for ceramics is developed. In the constitutive model, a new equation of state is proposed by modifying the polynomial equation of state; the strength surface takes into account pressure dependency, strain rate effect, Lode effect, strain hardening and softening. To validate the present model comparisons are made between the model predictions and the material test data for alumina ceramics in terms of strength surface, strain rate effect, and pressure-volumetric strain relationship, and good agreement is obtained. Furthermore, numerical simulations using the present model are conducted, which cover a wide range of impact scenarios and impact velocities (namely, spalling of a long round bar, planar impact, pure ceramic target perforation, dynamic indentation, and projectile impact on ceramic composite armor). Comparisons are made between the numerical results and the experimental data for two similar alumina ceramics (i.e., AD995 and C98 ceramic) in terms of spalling position, particle velocity-time history, longitudinal wave velocity, Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL), residual velocity, cratering size, cracking pattern, and target deflection, and good agreement is also obtained, which lend further support to the accuracy and usefulness of the improved dynamic constitutive model for ceramics.

Ballistic performance of TPU/steel configurations against spherical projectiles

In this work, we numerically and experimentally investigate the ballistic performance of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/steel configurations against spherical projectiles. We chose TPU materials with high and low hardness values to form the impact-sustaining layer to investigate the ballistic performance of protective configurations. Experiments were performed by using a powder gun that shot spherical projectiles, each with a diameter of 8.4 mm, at velocities ranging from 250 to 400 m/s. A typical plug formation was observed as the failure mode of steel plates under all configurations, and we obtained curves of the ballistic limit of each configuration. The ballistic performance of the best design, featuring a TPU material with a high hardness value, was 5.8% better than that of a monolithic plate. We also separately tested materials to calibrate their models for numerical simulations. Numerical models of projectile–target systems were established by using Abaqus software and validated based on the experimental results. The results of the simulations were in good agreement with those of the experiments in terms of the failure mechanism of the configurations and residual velocity of the projectiles. Furthermore, we developed a mathematical model to accurately predict the residual velocity of the projectile after having perforated the TPU/steel configuration. It considers the thickness and hardness of the layers and the weight and initial velocity of the projectile. The predictions of our model yielded a high correlation coefficient and a low mean squared error with the results of simulations.

2-D modeling of torrefaction of a large biomass particle: effect of L/D ratio, internal convection and shrinkage

ABSTRACT Torrefaction of a large biomass particle was investigated using a transient 2-D model, including primary and secondary reactions kinetics and heat transfer, internal convection, and shrinkage. The model predictions matched with the experimental results within +2%. Spatial and temporal distributions of temperature, residual mass fraction, velocity, and pressure inside the particle and the effect of reactor temperature, residence time, particle size, and shrinkage on the torrefaction behaviour were investigated. Evolution of moisture, volatiles and gases due to drying and torrefaction increase the pressure inside the particle, setting up a velocity field and internal convection. Average velocity and pressure reached a peak during the initial drying period due to moisture evolution, and a subsequent second peak due to the formation of volatiles and gases by torrefaction at a reactor temperature > 493 K. Internal convection influenced torrefaction significantly but the particle shrinkage did not impact it appreciably. The degree of overshoot of the particle center temperature above the reactor temperature increased with the reactor temperature and the particle diameter. Simulations suggest that a reactor temperature of 550 K and residence of about 30 min would be suitable for torrefaction of a particle with L = D = 25.4 mm.

The effects of changes in the coastline and water depth on tidal prism and water exchange of the Laizhou Bay, China

Laizhou Bay’s coastline has undergone multiple alterations due to human activities such as land reclamation and port construction. These changes in the coastline have led to modifications in the bay’s hydrodynamic conditions, which, in turn, can impact the marine environment and potentially result in a decline in biodiversity. To date, there has been no comprehensive study focusing on the coastline changes and hydrodynamic variations in Laizhou Bay. Therefore, this study utilizes coastline and water depth data from four time points—1990, 2003, 2013, and 2023—to establish a two-dimensional tidal current model of Laizhou Bay using Delft3D. Based on the good agreement between the simulated tidal current results and the observed data, this study further investigates the changes in tidal prism and water exchange in Laizhou Bay. The results indicate that tidal currents dominate the bay, with significant influences of topographic changes on the velocity and direction of tidal flows. The Eulerian residual current velocity is substantially lower than the tidal current velocity. Both tidal and residual currents play a role in controlling the distribution of materials within Laizhou Bay. Over the past three decades (1990-2023), the tidal prism in Laizhou Bay has shown a downward trend, with the tidal prism during spring, intermediate, and neap tides in 2023 reduced by 2.03%, 6.36%, and 10.19%, respectively, compared to 1990. The water exchange capacity has also weakened, with the half-exchange time being 71 days in 1990, increasing to 73 days in 2003 and 81 days in 2013, and showing a slight increase of 1 day in 2023 compared to 2013. Thus, changes in the coastline and water depth of Laizhou Bay can alter its hydrodynamic conditions, significantly impacting the tidal prism and water exchange, leading to a decrease in tidal prism and exchange rate, an increase in the water exchange period, a slower dispersion rate of pollutants, and a reduced water environmental carrying capacity. This research provides a scientific reference for protecting the marine environment and coastal management in Laizhou Bay.

An experiment to measure electromagnetic memory

Abstract We describe an experiment to measure the electromagnetic analog of gravitational wave memory, the so-called electromagnetic (EM) memory. Whereas gravitational wave memory is a residual displacement of test masses, EM memory is a residual velocity (i.e. kick) of test charges. The source of gravitational wave memory is energy that is not confined to any bounded spatial region: in the case of binary black hole mergers the emitted energy of gravitational radiation as well as the recoil energy of the final black hole. Similarly, EM memory requires a source whose charges are not confined to any bounded spatial region. While particle beams can provide unbounded charges, their currents are too small to be practical for such an experiment. Instead we propose a short microwave pulse applied to the center of a long dipole antenna. In this way the measurement of the kick can be done quickly enough that the finite size of the antenna does not come into play and it acts for our purposes the same as if it were an infinite antenna.

Inhomogeneous strain partitioning in the Cenozoic Bohai Bay Basin controlled by pre-existing crustal fabrics and oblique subduction: Insights from the Jizhong and Huanghua subbasins

The tectonic features and geodynamics of the Bohai Bay Basin (BBB) have been extensively studied over several decades. It is generally accepted that the Cenozoic BBB was subjected to a superimposed extensional and strike-slip stress field. However, the specific basin-forming mechanism remains ambiguous. Basin-scale studies with high spatial and temporal resolution reveal how strain migrates and localizes during multiphase rifting. Understanding these strain-related processes is crucial for deciphering the formation mechanisms and controlling factors of rift basins. This study investigates the rift-related evolution and strain partitioning in the Jizhong and Huanghua subbasins, the western half of the BBB. Using high-resolution 3D and 2D seismic datasets and well data, we present detailed geological sections, residual thickness maps, and fault systems, showing two distinct patterns of strain partitioning in the Cenozoic. In the Jizhong Subbasin, strain migrated inwards from the NE-trending boundary faults and finally became localized along the NE-trending rift axis; in the Huanghua Subbasin, strain migrated northeastwards from the southern part and then was largely localized along the near E–W-trending faults in the northeastern part. By integrating our results with previous studies of other subbasins, we identify two separate extensional domains within the Cenozoic BBB. The suborthogonal extensional domain in the Jizhong Subbasin is dominated by relatively stable NW–SE extension. In contrast, the extended areas to the east (i.e., the Huanghua, Bozhong, and Liaohe-Liaodongwan subbasins) comprise the oblique extensional domain, characterized by asymmetric transtensional pull-apart deformation and subjected to a clockwise-rotated extensional stress field from NW–SE to NNW–SSE. We suggest that the spatially inhomogeneous strain partitioning in the BBB has developed since the middle Eocene, and was controlled by the interaction of pre-existing crustal fabrics (e.g., the Tan-Lu Fault Zone) and the oblique subduction of the Pacific Plate. The boundary between the two domains may represent a transition zone where the margin-parallel residual velocity component of the oblique convergence decreased considerably landwards. Our study highlights the Cenozoic strain evolution and the associated geodynamics in the BBB, emphasizing the strain complexity within the back-arc rift basin under the oblique subduction background.

Rapid analysis method of helicopter fuselage bullet damage based on bullet penetration theory

Helicopter fuselage has a complex shape and structure. Numerical simulation analysis of helicopter fuselage bullet damage based on the finite element method is computationally intensive and takes a long time. It is difficult to quickly analyze and evaluate helicopter fuselage bullet damage in a complex multi-bomb environment. To this end, the bullet penetration theory and the bullet impact calculation model were coupled to establish a rapid analysis method for helicopter fuselage bullet damage, and the accuracy of the rapid analysis method was verified by comparing with test results and finite element numerical simulation results. Then the helicopter fuselage bomb coordinates, residual speed and fuselage damage area of the multi-bomb strike were studied. Research shows that the residual velocity calculated by the rapid analysis method is consistent with the test results; compared with the finite element numerical simulation of bullet damage, the maximum error of the projectile residual velocity calculated by the rapid analysis method is 4.7%, and the maximum error of the fuselage damage area is 9.56%, and the calculation time is reduced 92.1%. Computational efficiency is significantly improved. As the incident angle of the projectile increases, the residual velocity decreases and the damage area increases; when the incident angle of the projectile is too large, the projectile cannot penetrate the surface of the fuselage, causing sink-like sliding damage, causing a larger area of damage.

Analysis of Sandwich Composite Subjected to Impact Loading for Enhanced Energy Absorption

Abstract Composite materials are engineered to achieve the balance of properties for a wide spectrum of applications. In the current work, PU foam is used as a core, and Epoxy E-Glass (UD) is used as a face sheet. Impact of sandwich composite with single core and double core are considered. The effect of energy absorption, contact force, residual velocity, and deformation on impact velocity are discussed. The phenomenon of perforation, penetration and rebounding was observed in 150 m/s, 130 m/s and 100 m/s respectively. The FE tool ANSYS is used for analysis. It was found double core sandwich composite absorbs more energy and even stiffer than single core sandwich composite.

Experimental and simulation study of energy loss mechanism of low pressure ratio radial turbine

Low-pressure ratio conditions are commonly encountered in radial turbines. When operating at low pressure ratio condition, a significant portion of the turbine energy loss occurs as residual velocity loss in the form of swirling flow at the outlet pipe. Typically, this energy can be recovered by the next stage turbine or reduced by the diffuser. However, there is a lack of experimental and simulation studies on the swirling flow at the outlet of turbines. The mechanism governing the changing pattern of swirling flow remains unclear, limiting the effective utilization and reduction of residual velocity loss. This study conducts theoretical and experimental research on turbine outlet swirling flow. Firstly, this paper introduces a novel two-dimensional hot-wire anemometry stepping mechanism for measuring swirling flow at a turbine outlet cross-section. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed measurement method effectively captures the morphological changes of turbine outlet swirling flow. The results indicate a strong coupling relationship between axial and circumferential velocity. Subsequently, to elucidate the reasons for the coupling of velocity in two directions and the development of swirling flow in the outlet pipeline, simulations of turbine performance under different velocity ratio conditions were conducted. Results show that under a wide range of velocity ratios, not only does the direction of the turbine outlet swirling flow change, but it also leads to the swirl number exceeding the critical swirl ratio under high velocity ratio conditions, resulting in the formation of a central recirculation zone (CRZ) at the pipe outlet. The main cause of the strong coupling effect between velocities in two directions is attributed to the increased swirl intensity leading to enhanced adverse pressure gradients at the core of the vortex. Lastly, a model describing the variation of VGT turbine outlet swirling flow is established, indicating a linear relationship between the swirl number and the velocity ratio, with a steeper change as the pressure ratio decreases.

A method for velocity modeling in a volcanic rock zone that integrates the amplitude envelope attribute and grid tomography: application to data from the North Jiangsu Basin

Abstract The complexity of volcanic rocks presents challenges in seismic data quality and fine characterization of structural morphology, making velocity modeling difficult. In this study, we propose a velocity modeling method for volcanic rock areas that combines the use of amplitude envelope attribute and grid tomography inversion. By exploiting the strong reflection characteristics of volcanic rocks, the amplitude envelope attribute is employed to identify volcanic rock structures, eliminating the need for labor-intensive manual interpretation. The grid tomography inversion technique is then used to derive background velocity fields for all strata. These are further refined by incorporating the residual velocity fields of volcanic rocks through fusion and superposition. This integrated approach significantly improves the efficiency and accuracy of velocity modeling in complex volcanic rock areas, overcoming the limitations associated with conventional volcanic rock structural models and resulting in more accurate velocity inversion. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method for velocity modeling in volcanic rock zone are demonstrated through the application of seismic data from an oilfield in eastern China. The results highlight the method's strong industrial application value.

Effect of spinning for different nose shape projectiles undergoing normal impact on Al 7075-T651 target

PurposeThe effect of spinning has been studied and analysed for different projectile shapes such as ogive, blunt, cylindrical and conical by using numerical simulations.Design/methodology/approachProjectile shape is one of the important parameters in the penetration mechanism. The present study deals with the failure mechanisms and ballistic evaluation for different nose-shaped projectiles undergoing normal impact with spinning. Materials characterization has been made by Johnson–Cook strength and failure models, and LS-DYNA simulations are used to analyse the impact of steel projectiles on an Al 7075-T651 target at different impact velocities under normal impact conditions. The experimental results from the literature are used to validate the model. Based on the residual velocity values, the Recht-Ipson model has been curve-fitted and approximate ballistic limit velocity has been evaluated. The approximated ballistic limit velocity is found to be 3.4% higher than the experimental results and compared well with the experimental results. Subsequently, the validated model conditions are used to study and analyse the effect of spinning for different nose-shaped projectiles undergoing normal impact conditions.FindingsThe ductile hole failure is observed for the ogive nose projectile, petals are formed and fragmented for the conical projectile, and plugging is observed for cylindrical projectiles. A Recht-Ipson curve is presented for each spinning condition for each projectile shape and the ballistic limit has been evaluated for each condition.Originality/valueThe proposed research outputs are original and innovative and, have a lot of importance in defence applications, particularly in arms and ammunition.

Bio-inspired helicoidal hemp/basalt/polyurethane rubber bio-composites: Experimental, numerical and analytical ballistic impact study with residual velocity prediction using artificial neural network

Recent body armour trends emphasize mobility, flexibility, and cost reduction while maintaining ballistic effectiveness through the use of natural fiber composite. This study evaluates the ballistic impact performance of soft and hard armor using experimental, analytical, numerical, and machine learning methods. We developed a soft armor bio-composite using monolithic, hybrid, and helicoidal structured Hemp (H)/Basalt (B)/Polyurethane (PU) rubber and tested its V50 ballistic limit according to Millitary-Standred-662 F. For hard armour, a multi-layer armor system (MAS) consisting of Al2O3/SiC ceramic, intermediate soft armour bio-composites, and an Aluminum (Al)-5052 plate backing was tested with armour-piercing bullets as per National Institute of Justice (NIJ)-0101.06 standards (Level IV). Soft armor performance was evaluated using macro-homogeneous finite element (FE), the Ipson-Retch analytical, and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) regression model. Results showed minimal discrepancies from experimental data, with differences of 13.33 %, 12.08 %, and 8.08 % in V50 ballistic limit. The mechanical and thermal behaviors of bio-composites were assessed using un-notched Charpy, FTIR, and TGA methods. Helicoidal laminates improved Charpy toughness by 9.44 %, 19.30 %, and 40.28 % compared to hybrid and monolithic ([H]15 and [H]10) laminates, and exhibited lower weight reduction at high degradation temperature of 395.76 ℃. Helicoidal laminates increased V50 ballistic performance by 155.80 %, 76.22 %, and 16.61 % compared to [H]10, [H]15, and hybrid laminates, respectively. Due to spiral load distribution reduces stress concentration and enhanced the damage resistance of the laminate. Stand-alone soft armor demonstrates crater formation and radial cracks (petaling) due to fiber wedging and the shearing effect of a bullet. In conclusion, MAS revels a maximum back face deformation (BFD) of 18.06 mm. Al2O3/Helicoidal/Al-plate MAS reduced weight and cost by 69.21 %, and 233.72 % compared to Kevlar™-based MAS, promoting sustainable, lightweight, economical designs. Due to its higher fracture toughness and lower density, SiC ceramic in MAS provides lower trauma and further reduced weight compared to Al2O3 ceramic.

Experimental and numerical analysis of ballistic impat and material characterization of GFRP and Kevlar 29/epoxy composite laminate

Through experimental testing and numerical simulations, this study examines the effects of ballistic events on thin FRP composite laminated plates fabricated using a hand lay-up method. Experimental ballistic impact tests using a pneumatic gun are conducted on composite plates reinforced with woven glass and woven Kevlar 29 fibers. An advanced three-dimensional finite element model programed in Ansys/Autodyn v19.1 is employed to verify the experimental findings and analyze the ballistic perforation characteristics of the target. The crucial material constants needed for the constitutive material model used in the simulation are acquired through precise experimentation on samples prepared from the fabricated laminates. Significant agreement is observed between the FE simulations and experimental findings, particularly concerning the assessment of residual velocities of the projectile and damage pattern in the laminates. The results of this study show that when subjected to ballistic impact by a flat-ended cylindrical projectile, the thin woven FRP composite primarily experiences damage characterized by delamination, fiber breakage and matrix cracking. Additionally, based on current simulations, it is observed that the ballistic limit velocity of the Kevlar 29/epoxy laminate exceeds that of GFRP by 25.64% when both materials have an equal thickness of 2.8 mm.