Residual Sodium Carbonate Research Articles

Evaluation of drinking and irrigation water quality, and potential risks indices in the Dera Ismail Khan district, Pakistan

This study sought to asses drinking and irrigation water quality in the Dera Ismail (DI) Khan District, Pakistan with the aid of using drinking water quality index (WQI) and irrigation water quality indices (IWQI). Seventy two water samples were collected from various water sources such as tube wells, dug wells, hand pumps, streams, and springs throughout the DI Khan district. The investigated physicochemical parameters include pH, TDS, EC, turbidity, total hardness, major cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg), anions (Cl, HCO3, SO4), and heavy metals (Fe, Mo, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn). IWQI used in the study includes Kelly's ratio (KR), permeability index (PI), sodium percent (Na%), Magnesium Hazard (MH), potential salinity (PS), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). With the mean value of 63, WQI revealed that most samples are placed in the good category, with a smaller fraction in the excellent and poor classes. On the other hand, a health risk assessment of the data pointed out that the molybdenum (Mo) and chromium (Cr) concentrations in drinking water could pose health risks to children of the concerned population. Rock weathering appears to be the dominant hydro-geochemical pathway controlling water chemistry, Ca–Mg–HCO3 being the dominant facies, followed by Na–HCO3. Kelly's ratio (KR), sodium percent (Na%), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) had values higher than the recommended threshold. The use of water for irrigation of agricultural fields may raise relevant ecological concerns in the studied district.

Assesment of Borewell Irrigation Water Quality in Hiriyur Taluk Chitradurga District, Karnataka, India

In the quest for understanding the suitability of borewell groundwater for irrigation purposes in Hiriyur Taluk, Chitradurga District, we embarked on a comprehensive assessment of key physico-chemical parameters. Our study involved the collection and analysis of thirty water samples, drawn from both banana leaf margin-affected and their healthier counterparts within the taluk. These samples were meticulously scrutinized for pH levels, electrical conductivity (EC), calcium, magnesium, sulphate, nitrate, Exchangable sodium percentage (ESP), chloride, residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), all vital components in the evaluation of irrigation water quality. The findings from this study not only underscore the importance of assessing and understanding these parameters but also advocate for proactive measures in promoting the development of borewell groundwater for sustainable and productive irrigation practices within the region.

Groundwater desalination for agricultural purposes using reverse osmosis and nanofiltration technologies: Case study wadi El-natrun, Egypt

The current study aims to assess the water quality in Wadi El-Natrun (Egypt) for agricultural purposes and to design an optimal desalination system that considers the water quality, the power consumption, and the total cost of the system. Water quality was evaluated based on four indices: electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and toxicity risk of three ions (sodium, boron, and chloride). The proposed desalination systems are single- and double-stage hybrid systems based on reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes. The performance of these systems was evaluated and compared in terms of the quality of permeated water for agricultural uses. The net present value (NPV) was also used as an economic criterion to determine the optimal system for agricultural purposes from an economic point of view. The results showed that most of the wells investigated are not suitable for direct irrigation before treatment due to problems of salinity, sodium adsorption, and chloride toxicity. Reverse osmosis membranes have proven to be superior to nanofiltration for producing high-quality water for agricultural purposes. However, single-stage systems with nanofiltration membranes are the most cost-effective option for most of the wells investigated in the study; they are the best for 30 out of 47 wells. It is also concluded that the use of nanofiltration desalination technology for irrigation purposes is a feasible solution that would encourage investors to expand reclamation projects in the Western desert in Egypt.

Hydrochemical investigation of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigational purposes from industrial belt of Jharkhand, India

AbstractGroundwater (GW) is a key water resource for domestic and agricultural activities. Industrial activities often affect GW chemistry. Therefore, assessment of GW quality for drinking and irrigation purposes is required to be assessed to ensure its suitability in and around industrial setups. Present study was planned to investigate the GW suitability for domestic and irrigation purposes around Bokaro Industrial Area, Jharkhand, India. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Permeability Index (PI), and percentage sodium (% Na) were evaluated for irrigation purposes, while pH, total hardness (TH), and electrical conductivity (EC), Total dissolve solid (TDS), F−, SO42−, HCO3−, Cl−, NO3−, Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ for domestic usage. Results showed wide variation in the physicochemical characteristics as major cations were found in the order: Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+, while major anions were in the order of HCO3−> Cl−> SO42−> NO3−> F−. The range of pH 6.15–7.73 and EC was 230–1676 μS cm−1, while TH, Cl−, HCO3−, SO4−, NO3‐, F−, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+ was varied from 66–743, 3.3–289.9, 61–392, 5.5–148.5, 1.2–61.4, 0.66–4.38, 14.5–170.3, 4.9–80.2, 12.3–102.7, and 0.37–5.7 mg/L, respectively. It was found that GW quality at most of the sites was suitable for irrigation and domestic purpose except at few locations. Further, results revealed that industrial activity has noticeable impact on the groundwater quality but, the overall suitability indicates a potential recharge system for the aquifers in the area which maintains the GW chemistry. Albeit alarming values of some of the GW parameters, namely, pH, total hardness, F−, HCO3−, Cl−, NO3−, Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ at some locations require attention to design and execute effective water management plans to avoid possible irrigation and human health risks in future.

Applying Multivariate Analysis and Machine Learning Approaches to Evaluating Groundwater Quality on the Kairouan Plain, Tunisia

In the Zeroud basin, a diverse array of methodologies were employed to assess, simulate, and predict the quality of groundwater intended for irrigation. These methodologies included the irrigation water quality indices (IWQIs); intricate statistical analysis involving multiple variables, supported with GIS techniques; an artificial neural network (ANN) model; and an XGBoost regression model. Extensive physicochemical examinations were performed on groundwater samples to elucidate their compositional attributes. The results showed that the abundance order of ions was Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ and SO42− > HCO3− > Cl−. The groundwater facies reflected Ca-Mg-SO4, Na-Cl, and mixed Ca-Mg-Cl/SO4 water types. A cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA), along with ionic ratios, detected three different water characteristics. The mechanisms controlling water chemistry revealed water–rock interaction, dolomite dissolution, evaporation, and ion exchange. The assessment of groundwater quality for agriculture with respect IWQIs, such as the irrigation water quality index (IWQI), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), potential salinity (PS), and residual sodium carbonate (RSC), revealed that the domination of the water samples was valuable for agriculture. However, the IWQI and PS fell between high-to-severe restrictions and injurious-to-unsatisfactory. The ANN and XGBoost regression models showed robust results for predicting IWQIs. For example, ANN-HyC-9 emerged as the most precise forecasting framework according to its outcomes, as it showcased the most robust link between prime attributes and IWQI. The nine attributes of this model hold immense significance in IWQI prediction. The R2 values for its training and testing data stood at 0.999 (RMSE = 0.375) and 0.823 (RMSE = 3.168), respectively. These findings indicate that XGB-HyC-3 emerged as the most accurate forecasting model, displaying a stronger connection between IWQI and its exceptional characteristics. When predicting IWQI, approximately three of the model’s attributes played a pivotal role. Notably, the model yielded R2 values of 0.999 (RMSE = 0.001) and 0.913 (RMSE = 2.217) for the training and testing datasets, respectively. Overall, these results offer significant details for decision-makers in managing water quality and can support the long-term use of water resources.

Irrigation Water – Quality Issues, Limits, and Way Forward

Depending on how groundwater has been collected and used, the severity of the rainfall, and the following aquifer recharge, the quality of irrigation fluids differs between regions, nations, and even towns. In hot, arid regions with limited rainfall, the salinity of groundwater used for agriculture rises, limiting the variety of crops that may be produced. Therefore, determining the quality of the irrigation water is essential. How well water works for irrigation relies on how much and what kinds of soluble salts are present in the solution. In regard to the four fundamental standards of water salinity (electrical conductivity), sodium risk (sodium adsorption ratio-SAR), residual sodium carbonates (RSC), and ion toxicity, the amount and make-up of soluble salts in a solution are reviewed. We talk about the risks associated with boron and chlorides. For convenience, several plant species' boron tolerance levels are given. The updated water quality diagram created by the US Salinity Laboratory Staff in 1954 is the most significant section of this review. The salinity of most irrigation fluids is more than 2250 S cm-1, which is not represented in this picture. The water classification diagram was expanded to include salinities up to 30,000 S cm-1 in order to handle EC values larger than 2250 S cm-1. The categories for salinity and sodicity presented here can be used to select and manage crops in an educated manner. Methods for controlling water sodicity with gypsum and lowering water salinity by combining different waters are described with examples.

The assessment of groundwater quality through the water quality and nitrate pollution indexes in northern Türkiye.

Groundwater is contaminated by anthropogenic factors such as industry, domestic waste, and excessive fertilizers. Groundwater samples, which were obtained from 50 different wells in July 2020, were used in this study. Thirteen hydrochemical properties, including electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), nitrate NO3-, anions, and cations were analyzed. Also, types of groundwater were investigated via the Piper diagram. The groundwater was also evaluated for irrigation suitability using the sodium percentage (Na%), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Kelly's index (KI), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), potential salinity, magnesium hazard (MR), and permeability index (PI). The samples were assessed for drinking the suitability using the water quality index (WQI) and the nitrate pollution index (NPI). Geographic information systems (GIS) were used to create spatial distribution maps of irrigation water quality indices, WQI, and NPI values. The results of major cations varied sodium 28.69-211.80mg/L, calcium 78.74-258.89 magnesium 27.78-161.30mg/L, and potasium 0.10-3.57mg/L. The results from the study area showed that 62.70 of EC, 32.40% of PI, 20.09% of RSC, 51.55% of PS, and 49.36% of MR were inappropriate for irrigation purposes. The NPI data ranged from - 0.75 to 9.65, and 21.06% of the study areas were heavily polluted. The WQI showed that almost 62.90% of the experimental area was categorized as poor, very poor, and inappropriate for drinking water purposes, whereas 37.10% of the areas were categorized as good and excellent.

Hydrochemistry and Groundwater Quality Assessment for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in Kakarveni River Basin, Vikarabad District, Telangana, India

Abstract: This study aims to assess the hydrochemistry and groundwater quality in the Kakarveni river basin in Vikarabad district, Telangana, India. Groundwater is a vital natural resource for human, agricultural, and ecological needs. Understanding hydrochemistry and groundwater quality is essential for identifying potential contaminants for selecting water treatment and agricultural management practices. The study will analyse hydro-chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and major ions, and collect water samples from different locations to assess permeability index, Kelly’s index, magnesium hazard, sodium percentage, residual sodium carbonate, or Eaton's index. The research methodology involves field sampling and laboratory analysis to ensure accurate and reliable results. The study area is about 192 sq. km and includes agricultural fields, forests, and human settlements. The geology and hydrology of the area are crucial for sustainable development and effective water resource management. The study found significant variations in measured parameters between pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, with slightly acidic pH levels and higher electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids during the post-monsoon season. The study analyses water samples during the pre-monsoon and postmonsoon periods and compares them with the WHO's drinking water quality standards. The study computes the findings and arrives at the suitability of groundwater for irrigation.

Utilizing geographic information system and indexing to evaluate irrigation suitability of groundwater in Kalihati Upazila, Bangladesh

The aim of this research was to evaluate groundwater quality for irrigation in Kalihati Upazila, Bangladesh, a region that is significantly reliant on groundwater for crop development, especially during dry periods. By combining hydrochemical analysis and Geographic Information System (GIS), the research examined the physicochemical attributes and their spatial distribution. Fifteen groundwater samples from various locations were analyzed to measure parameters such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), Kelly's ratio (KR), permeability index (PI), and potential salinity (PS). The pH of the groundwater ranged between 5.51 and 7.53, indicating slightly acidic to moderately alkaline conditions suited for irrigation. The EC ranged between 115.7 and 458 μS/cm, mostly falling into the "excellent" or "good" categories. Groundwater displayed irrigation suitability with TDS below 182 ppm and low SAR values, but variable RSC and MAR values indicated localized water quality issues. Based on the irrigation water quality index, all samples were within the "permissible" range. However, GIS-generated maps showed disparities in groundwater quality across the study area. Correlation matrices revealed significant links between various factors. Both the Piper and Gibbs diagrams displayed a prevalent Ca-HCO3 groundwater type influenced by geological formations. Overall, the study confirmed groundwater's appropriateness for irrigation while recommending periodic evaluations due to a few uncertainties. In conclusion, the study found that hydrochemical analysis, GIS mapping, and correlation matrices reveal groundwater quality and spatial trends, allowing for sustainable water resource management and agricultural advancement.

Groundwater Quality Evaluation of Fractured Aquifers Using Machine Learning Models and Hydrogeochemical Approaches to Sustainable Water-Irrigation Security in Arid Climate (Central Tunisia)

The primary aims of this research paper involve the creation and verification of machine learning-based quality models that utilize Integrated Irrigation Water Quality Indices (IIGWQIs) through an integrated GIS approach. We utilize the Least-Squares Support Vector Machines (LS-SVM) and the Pearson Correlation Fuzzy Inference-based System (PC-FIS) to establish forecasts for groundwater quality in the Meknassy basin. This basin serves as a representative case of an irrigated region in a mining environment under arid climatic conditions in central Tunisia. The evaluated factors for groundwater quality encompass the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQIndex), Sodium Adsorption Ratio Index (SARIndex), Soluble Sodium Percentage Index (SSPIndex), Potential Salinity Index (PSIndex), Kelley Index (KIndex), and Residual Sodium Carbonate Index (RSCIndex). These factors were determined based on measurements from 53 groundwater wells, which included various physico-chemical parameters. The hydrogeochemical facies identified included Ca-Mg-SO4, mixed Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4, and Na-Cl facies, revealing processes such as carbonate weathering, carbonate dissolution, interactions between rocks and groundwater, and mixing ionic substitution. In terms of the irrigation suitability categories, the IWQIndex, SSPIndex, PSIndex, Kindex, and RSCIndex indicated no limitation or minimal limitation (77.36%), secure (92.45%), favorable to excellent (66.04%), favorable (81.13%), and average to secure (88.68%), respectively. However, only 15.09% were considered favorable, according to SARIndex. The evaluation of the predictive models revealed the effectiveness of both the PC-FIS model and the LS-SVM model in accurately forecasting the IIGWQIs.

Groundwater Quality and Suitability Assessment for Irrigation Using Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Pollution Indices: A Case Study of North Al-Quwayiyah Governorate, Central Saudi Arabia

The present work focuses on a comprehensive hydrochemical assessment of groundwater within a shallow aquifer located in the central region of Saudi Arabia. This aquifer serves as the principal source of groundwater supply for agricultural irrigation purposes. A total of twelve groundwater samples were systematically collected and subjected to thorough analysis to determine various physicochemical parameters. These parameters encompassed electrical conductivity (EC), pH, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), as well as concentrations of major ions. Analysis of major ion analysis was employed to elucidate the chemical attributes of groundwater within the research area. This approach facilitated an understanding of the geochemical evolution and the potential suitability of the groundwater for agriculture irrigation. The recorded range of electrical conductivity (EC) for the groundwater in this region falls between 3283 and 11,000 µS/cm, with an average value of 6709.4 µS/cm. The pH levels of the groundwater exhibited a slightly alkaline nature, ranging from 7.8 to 8.6. All sampled wells exhibited brackish water conditions (TDS > 1000 mg/L) based on TDS concentrations. The findings of this investigation demonstrated that the average ion concentration followed the order: Na+ > Ca+ > Mg2+ > K+ and Cl− > SO42− > HCO3− > NO32−. Applying Piper’s classification system, the groundwater samples were classified into two predominant categories: Ca-Cl and mix-Ca-Mg-Cl. The predominance of Ca2+ and Mg2+ over alkalis indicated mixed groundwater facies influenced by processes of reverse ion exchange and extensive interactions between water and rock formations. The distinct chemical characteristics of the groundwater were attributed to a combination of factors, including the percolation of irrigation-returned water, chemical transformations within the vadose zone, and extensive interactions with subsurface lithology. Despite major ion concentrations surpassing the permissible limits outlined by the World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water, the assessment of quality indices was conducted to ascertain the suitability of the groundwater for irrigation purposes. These quality indices encompassed the permeability index (PI), magnesium hazard (MH), Kelly’s ratio (KR), sodium-adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), sodium percentage (Na%), and magnesium ratio (MR). A meticulous evaluation of groundwater quality for agricultural utilization indicated that all sampled groundwater sources were deemed suitable for irrigation purposes.

Spatial distribution of major and trace elements in artificial lakes in Serbia: health risk indices and suitability of water for drinking and irrigation purposes

Lakes and reservoirs are the main water resources for household, irrigation, and industrial use. Hence, it is necessary to control water pollution and have reliable information on water quality, which refers to its suitability for a particular purpose. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of water for drinking and irrigation purposes from ten artificial lakes on the territory of the Republic of Serbia. The physicochemical parameters were determined using standard analytical methods, whereas the optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma, ICP-OES, was used to determine the concentrations of 23 macro-, micro-, and trace elements in water. Health risk indices of drinking water and its suitability for irrigation purposes were evaluated. The results of physicochemical parameters, except for total organic matter, indicated that most samples were within the recommended values. Among analyzed elements, the concentration of Mg was elevated in the water of the lakes Srebrno and Prvonek. The results of health risk assessment clearly showed that there was no acute health risk (HQA < 1), whereas long-term risk (HQL) in the studied lakes was observed with respect to As (lakes Grlište and Srebrno), Mn (lakes Srebrno and Prvonek), Ni (Lake Vrutci), and Sr (Lake Grlište). The irrigation criteria indicated that the water from the examined lakes had satisfactory quality for this purpose, except for residual sodium carbonates (RSC). This criterion indicated low quality or unsuitability of the water in 7 lakes. The main outcomes provided valuable information on the suitability of water from the artificial lakes for intended uses.

Deployment of entropy information theory in the Indian Sundarban region using hydrogeochemical parameters and GIS for assessment of irrigation suitability.

The evaluation of irrigation suitability plays a crucial role for the socio-economic development of the society, especially in the region of Sundarban. For sustainable agricultural practices, groundwater quality must be suitable for irrigation; otherwise, it can degrade soil and diminish crop yield. The entropy information theory, several irrigational indices, multivariate statistics, GIS, and geostatistics are used in this work to evaluate the geographical distribution and quality of groundwater in the Indian Sundarban region. In total, 33 groundwater samples were collected in 2018 (April and May), and they were evaluated for major cations, anions, as well as other parameters like electrical conductivity (EC), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), potential salinity (PS), total dissolved solids (TDS), Kelly ratio (KR), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), permeability index (PI), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium hazard (MH), and residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC). The overall trend of the principal cations and anions is in the sequence of Na+ ≥ Mg2+ ≥ Ca2+ ≥ K2+ and HCO3- ≥ Cl- ≥ NO3- ≥ SO42- ≥ F-, respectively, whereas the spatial variation of %Na, SAR, RSBC, and MH demonstrate very poor irrigation water quality, and spatial variation of KR, RSC, SSP, PI, and PS signifies that the irrigation water quality is excellent to good. In order to identify the specific association and potential source of the dissolved chemical in the groundwater, statistical techniques like correlation and principal component analysis were also employed. The hydrochemical facies indicates that mixed type makes up the bulk (51.51%) of the water samples. Following the Wilcox plot, more than 75% of the water samples are good to doubtful; however, by the US salinity hazard map, roughly 60.60% of the samples had high salinity (C3-S1 zone). The EWQII reports that no samples fall into the very good (no restriction) category, whereas 30.30%, 30.30%, and 39.40% of the sample wells record good (low restriction), average (moderate restriction), and poor (severe restriction) irrigation water quality, respectively. Based on this study, the bulk of the groundwater samples taken from the study area are unsuitable for cultivation. The findings of this study will also help decision-makers develop adequate future plans for irrigation and groundwater resource management.

Evaluation of Tigris River Quality for Irrigation Purposes within Salah Al-Din province/Iraq

In arid and semi-arid regions around the world, water quality is essential in agricultural systems. The present study was evaluated Tigris River for suitability irrigation in Salah Al-Din province. Water samples were collected and analyzed for various Hydro-chemical parameters like EC, TDS, pH, total hardness (TH), Ca2+, Mg2+, CO32-, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, Na+, and K+, with different Irrigation indices such as Sodium percentage (Na%), Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Permeability Index (PI), Kelly's Ratio (KR), Potential salinity (PS) and Hardness were also calculated. The Na%, SAR, RSC, PI, KR, PS and total hardness varied from 2.26 to 10.06 (mmol. l-1)1/2, 0.01 to 6.10 0 meq. ll-, 8.83 to 77.10%, 0.19 to 1.19 meq. ll, 1.00 to 15.16 meq. ll and 49.3 to 197.1 mg. L-1, respectively. Hence, the various parameters and indices results were concluded that the Tigris River quality was suitable to be used as a water source for irrigation. A strategic plan and regular monitoring are required to limit or reduce the pollution of the river water in order to improve the water quality in its natural condition.

Hydrochemistry and water quality of shallow groundwater in the Tikrit area of Salah Al Din Province, Iraq

Salah Al-Din Provence is an active agriculture and population region. One of its primary water sources is groundwater, which suffers from a lack of information regarding water quality and hydrochemistry. In order to study those missing variables, 27 samples from wells of shallow tubes were collected for analyzing the relevant physicochemical indices that help to produce the Schoeller index, Piper diagram, and Gibbs plot. Piper diagram revealed a hydrochemistry behavior of different values along with the groundwater samples. The chemistry of wells was controlled primarily by the evaporation process according to the Gibbs plot. The values of the Schoeller index of the studied samples stated that 59% of them have disequilibrium in Chloro-Alkaline due to their negative obtained values while the rest of them produced positive estimates, which indicates an exchange reaction of cation–anion basic domination. It was concluded that carbonate and silicate weathering, as well as evaporation, controlled the region’ s hydrochemistry. Using Water Quality Index, groundwater was evaluated for use as drinking water. While using Sodium Adsorption Ratio, Sodium percentage, Residual Sodium Carbonate, Magnesium Hazard, and US salinity diagram were all used for estimating the same water’ s suitability for irrigation. All of those indicators, as well as the Gibbs ratio, show that all 27 samples were unsuitable for both studied usage. In addition, those results indicate that evaporation is a major problem for groundwater in this area. Finally, using cluster analysis it was concluded that there are two types of similarities that indicate different levels of pollution in groundwater.

Assessment of Groundwater for Drinking and Irrigation in Kalanaur Block (Rohtak) Haryana, India

Groundwater is an essential source of drinking and irrigation in rural areas across the globe. Water pollution is among the leading problem in causes of health-related disorders all over the world. Physico-chemical analysis of water gives an insight into the quality of water. Various physical and chemical parameters were examined to calculate the water quality index (W.Q.I.) in villages of the Kalanaur block of Rohtak district (Haryana), India. The suitability of groundwater for irrigation purposes was determined by calculation of Sodium Adsorption Ratio (S.A.R.), Sodium Percent (Na %), Residual Sodium Carbonate (R.S.C.) and Permeability Index (P.I.), U.S. salinity plot, Wilcox diagram, etc. Most water samples were of high W.Q.I., indicating poor water quality. A minimum value of W.Q.I. was 58.38 for S17 and the maximum was 454.41 for S12. Most of the parameters analyzed suggested that water was polluted due to very high concentrations of T.D.S., chloride, magnesium and bicarbonate ions. S.A.R., Na %, R.S.C. and P.I. values were in the excellent to good range. Piper trilinear plot indicated that most of the water samples belonged to mixed Ca-Mg-Cl and Ca-HCO-3 type of water facies. Gibbs plot suggested a significant interaction between water and rocks in the area. Almost 50% of the water samples were suitable for irrigation.

Delineation and Mapping of Ground Water Quality in Kanchipuram District of Tamil Nadu Using GIS Techniques

Agriculture relies heavily on irrigation especially with groundwater which is a significant source in many countries. However, excessive use of groundwater can lead to a decrease in groundwater levels and cause scarcity of water. Irrigation requires good-quality water which is governed by dissolved ions. The groundwater quality is greatly influenced by global population growth, climate change and human activities including mining, agriculture, industrial effluents, seawater intrusion, household usage, etc., A study was conducted to evaluate the quality of groundwater for agriculture in various blocks of Kanchipuram district in Tamil Nadu. The sampling was done during March 2023 and about one hundred and fifty groundwater samples were collected from different blocks of the Kanchipuram district viz., Sriperumbudur(32 Nos), Kundrathur (28 Nos), Walajabad (34 Nos), Uthiramerur (29 Nos) and Kanchipuram (27 Nos). The physio-chemical (pH and EC) and chemical characteristics of the groundwater samples, including the cations Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+, as well as the anions CO32-, HCO3-, Cl-, and SO42-, were analyzed and the resulting properties were computed (SAR and RSC). The pH and EC values ranged from 3.29 to 8.49 and 0.09 to 5.22 dS m-1, respectively. The Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) ranged from nil to 32 meq L-1, while the Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) ranged from 0.19 to 34.78 mmol L-1. According to the CSSRI, Karnal Water Quality Classification about 38 percent of the samples falls in the good quality category, alkali water was about 57.33 percent and Saline water was 4.67 percent in Kanchipuram district. The Good quality water was dominant in Uthiramerur block followed by the Sriperumbudur block. The Saline and Alkali water was dominant in Sriperumbudur and Kanchipuram blocks respectively.

Determining groundwater quality based on volcanic terrain: A case study from the Island of Tenerife, Spain

This research analyses the water of 258 significant tunnels throughout the Island of Tenerife used to obtain groundwater and establishes a clear relationship between the qualities of the water and the volcanic lithologies of the island of Tenerife.Each water sample from each tunnel was taken to an approved laboratory for analysis, where the values of Ca2+, Mg+, Na2+, K+, HCO3−, CO32−, Cl−, SO42−, NO3−, H2PO4−, SiO2 and F, as well as water quality parameters, namely electrical conductivity (EC), hardness, residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and adjusted sodium adsorption ratio (SARaj), were determined.The tunnels have been grouped according to the mineralogy present in the lithologies crossed by the water. The tunnels on the Northeast and the West of the island have the highest percentage of volcanic terrain lithologies, including basaltic lava and pyroclastic flows, where the main minerals are amphibole, olivine, augite, pyroxene plagioclase. However, the tunnels of the West cross lithologies with ignimbrites and epiclastic deposits and intramontane sediments, leading to an improvement in water quality compared to the Northeast cluster.This work shows that by drilling holes to search for fresh groundwater in volcanic terrain where surface lithologies can be identified, it is possible to estimate the water quality beforehand.

Assessment of hydrogeochemistry in groundwater using water quality index model and indices approaches

Groundwater resources around the world required periodic monitoring in order to ensure the safe and sustainable utilization for humans by keeping the good status of water quality. However, this could be a daunting task for developing countries due to the insufficient data in spatiotemporal resolution. Therefore, this research work aimed to assess groundwater quality in terms of drinking and irrigation purposes at the adjacent part of the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant (RNPP) in Bangladesh. For the purposes of achieving the aim of this study, nine groundwater samples were collected seasonally (dry and wet season) and seventeen hydro-geochemical indicators were analyzed, including Temperature (Temp.), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), total organic carbon (TOC), bicarbonate (HCO3−), chloride (Cl−), phosphate (PO43−), sulfate (SO42−), nitrite (NO2−), nitrate (NO3−), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). The present study utilized the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment water quality index (CCME-WQI) model to assess water quality for drinking purposes. In addition, nine indices including EC, TDS, TH, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), percent sodium (Na%), permeability index (PI), Kelley's ratio (KR), magnesium hazard ratio (MHR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), and Residual sodium carbonate (RSC) were used in this research for assessing the water quality for irrigation purposes. The computed mean CCME-WQI score found higher during the dry season (ranges 48 to 74) than the wet season (ranges 40 to 65). Moreover, CCME-WQI model ranked groundwater quality between the “poor” and “marginal” categories during the wet season implying unsuitable water for human consumption. Like CCME-WQI model, majority of the irrigation index also demonstrated suitable water for crop cultivation during dry season. The findings of this research indicate that it requires additional care to improve the monitoring programme for protecting groundwater quality in the RNPP area. Insightful information from this study might be useful as baseline for national strategic planners in order to protect groundwater resources during the any emergencies associated with RNPP.

EXTENUATING THE DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF SODIC WATER ON AGRONOMIC, IONIC, AND QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF FODDERS

Brackish water used for irrigation in shortage of appropriate soil-water-crop practices often constitutes salinity in the soil profile. Canal irrigation water is scarce to aid agriculture; thus, a supplementary water supply requires accessibility from drainage water. In Pakistan, groundwater is brackish because of elevated levels of electrical conductivity (EC), residual sodium carbonates (RSC), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). But these waters can benefit well for irrigation during the primary phase of saline-sodic soil’s reclamation, if employing appropriate management practices, such as, chemical and organic amendments. A pot trial procedure ran under environmental conditions at the research area of the Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, to assess the effect of sodic water with various amendments on sorghum and berseem fodder crops. The pot experiment comprised seven treatments, including T1 = Control having canal water with SAR 0.1 and EC 0.2 dS m-1 ; T2 = Sodic water with SAR 15; T3 = Sodic water (SAR 15) + Gypsum; T4 = Sodic water (SAR 15) + H2SO4; T5 = Sodic water (SAR 15) + compost; T6 = Sodic water (SAR 15) + FYM; T7 = Sodic water (SAR 15) + poultry manure, with three replicates under complete randomized design (CRD) by sowing sorghum “JS-88” and berseem “Hisar Berseem 1” cultivars taken from the Fodder Research Institute (FRI), Sargodha. The agronomic and fodder quality attributes were maximum in T3 treatment in sorghum compared with other concentrations and berseem. In both crops, mineral nutrients were variable, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were maximum in T5, compared with others.