Residual Sodium Carbonate Research Articles

Assessing suitability of surface water from Oued El Gourzi for irrigation east of Alger

The study was conducted to determine the suitability of surface water from Oued El Gourzi for irrigation in the Fesdis area, Algeria, during irrigation season of July 2022. The suitability was assessed by analysing eight water samples collected from various sites along the Oued. A range of physicochemical parameters were examined, including EC, pH, Mg2+, Na+, Ca2+, K+, HCO3– and Cl–, alongside other indices such as sodium absorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), permeability index (PI) and magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) using standard procedures. The Richards classification shows that these waters are characterised by high salinity and low alkalinity hazard (C3–S1). According to the Wilcox classification, the majority of these waters are of doubtful quality, with only 25% exhibiting good quality for irrigation. Based on the RSC and MAR, all water samples are deemed safe and suitable for irrigation. However, PI values suggest that all sampling sites are of marginal quality for irrigation (class II). In terms of sodium and chloride concentration, all water samples were deemed unsuitable for irrigation. Based on these results, the waters pose risks for irrigation, particularly due to salinity, necessitating the implementation of special management practices and the selection of salt-tolerant crops.

Groundwater Quality Assessment for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in Khartoum Area-Between the two Niles-Sudan

The Nile and groundwater waters are the two sources for drinking and irrigation water in Khartoum corridors. The assessment of groundwater quality is of high priority for safe uses of water. The suitability of groundwater for drinking purpose was made by applying water quality index (WQI). For irrigation purpose the assessment was based on the Percentage of sodium, Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Permeability index (PI), Residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Kelly’s ratio (KR), Magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) and Chloro-alkaline indices (CAI). The water quality index (WQI) reveals that all groundwater samples are found between excellent and good category of water and appropriate for drinking purposes. It is indicated that 95% and 96% of groundwater samples are grouped as excellent water for Gezira and Sandstone aquifers respectively, the remaining samples grouped as Good water. Most of the characteristics of irrigation water which calculated for the groundwater of Sandstone aquifers are more suitable for irrigation than the groundwater for Gezira aquifers (%Na, SAR, PI %, RCS, MAR%, KR and CAI). In the Sandstone aquifers the water quality adjacent to the Blue Nile is of higher quality standers than groundwater quality adjacent to the White Nile.

Groundwater quality assessment for irrigation and drinking water: health risks from heavy metals and PAHs in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

ABSTRACT The mean value for the samples ranged from 0.004 to 0.24 mg/L. Cadmium, cobalt, nickel, chromium, manganese, zinc, and lead were not significant and below the permissible limit set by the World Health Organization. Based on the calculation of the water pollution index, the mean values of water samples from all sampling locations fall within 29.02–134.78, indicating poor water quality. The order of decreasing HQing and HQderm values was as follows: cobalt > lead > chromium > cadmium > manganese > zinc > copper > nickel > iron, for both children and adults, respectively. Thirteen distinct polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected, with mean concentrations of 0.101 ± 0.09 for sample A, 0.1010 ± 0.09 for sample B, 0.0819 ± 0.09 for sample C, 0.01735 ± 0.02 for sample D, and 0.0118 ± 0.0 for sample E. The result showed total BaPeq (mg/kg) values ranging from 2.74E-1 for sample A, 2.80E-1 for sample B, 2.82E-1 for sample C, 2.64E-3 for sample D, and 1.22E-5 for sample E. Elevated levels of fluorene, naphthalene, and dibenzyl (a–h) anthracene were observed in all the sampled points. Irrigation quality of the investigated water sources are sodium adsorption ratio (A: 6.31, B: 4.42), magnesium adsorption ratio (B: 52.27), %Na (A: 55.61), residual sodium carbonate (B: −53.36), permeability index (A: 50.31), soluble sodium percentage (B: 52.62), and Kelly's ratio (equilibrium).

Investigation of hydrochemical characteristic, water quality and associated health risks of metals and metalloids in water resources in the vicinity of Akamkpa quarry district, southeastern, Nigeria

Quarrying of rock aggregates generates produced water that, if not handled properly will be a source of pollution for nearby water bodies, thus affecting the chemistry of the water. This study examined the chemistry, impact of quarrying activities on water resources and the health consequences/risks posed by ingestion of the water by humans in the Akamkpa quarry region in southeastern Nigeria. Thirty (30) water samples consisting of pond water, stream water, hand dug wells, and borehole samples were collected and analyzed for their physicochemical parameters using standard methods. The results obtained from the analyses indicated that the water was moderately acidic, fresh, and not salty, with many parameters below the recommended standards with Ca2+, and HCO3− being the dominant ions present in the water resources. Rock weathering processes including silicate weathering as illustrated by hydrochemical facies, cross plots, and Gibbs diagrams are the dominant mechanisms influencing the quality and major ions chemistry of the water resources with minor contributions from dissolution, anthropogenic activities, and ion exchange. Ca-Mg-SO4-Cl and Na–K-HCO3− are the most important water types. Although the water quality index shows that the water is suitable for human use and irrigation, the mean values of As, Cd, Pb, and Se are above the acceptable limits. Additionally, the calculated contamination factor revealed the water resources are moderate to highly contaminated by As, Cd, Cr, Mo, Pb, Sb, and Se, and are therefore unsuitable for consumption with regards to these parameters. However, the residual sodium carbonate and water hazard index (WHI) values showed that 38% to 90% of sites in the quarry area were unsuitable for cultivation, 10–30% were in the low to medium impact category, and 60% were classified as risky and are from high to very high impact category. A non-cancer study of inhabitants living in the vicinity of the quarry area indicated that 6.7% of the sites have values greater than one, indicating that it may endanger the health of the people. Therefore, constant monitoring of the water quality is recommended as long-term use of contaminated water can harm humans, plants, and soils.

Hydrogeochemical and isotopic investigations of groundwater in the reclaimed desert located between EL Nasr canal and Mariut Tableland, NW Coast, Egypt

A complete understanding of groundwater dynamics and its interaction with surface water under the impact of agricultural activities is vital for local agriculture, ecology, and residents of dry regions, which is not commonly recognized in arid areas. This research outlines the geochemical characteristics, recharge sources, and potential factors impacting groundwater quality in a new land reclamation located in the small basin of Abu Mina, which is part of the Western Nile Delta region.1 Thirty-one groundwater samples and two surface water samples were collected in 2021 to represent the Pleistocene aquifer and were subjected to multivariate statistical, hydrochemical, and stable isotope analyses. Data analysis demonstrates that Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ and SO42– > Cl– > HCO3– > NO3– are the predominant cations and anions, respectively. Groundwater salinity ranged from 465.60 to 6455.18 mg/l, with slightly alkaline. Most of the water samples fall into one of three types of facies: Ca–Cl, Na–Cl, and Mixed Ca–Mg–Cl, in decreasing order. The meteoric genesis index (r2) indicates that deep meteoric water percolation dominates the Pleistocene aquifer. The aquiline diagrams, correlation matrix, and different ionic ratios indicate that evaporation, reverse ion exchange reactions, and the dissolution of carbonate and silicate minerals are the main processes governing groundwater chemistry. Factor analysis (FA) indicated that three factors explain groundwater hydrochemistry, accounting for 71.98% of the total variance. According to the rotating components matrix (F1–F3), the chemistry of the Quaternary aquifer is principally affected by evaporation, ion exchange reactions, and anthropogenic influences. Additionally, salinity increases due to the return flow of irrigation activities and mixing between old and recent water. The stable isotopes (δ18O and δ2H) indicate that the Quaternary aquifer receives groundwater recharge through the return flow of excess irrigation and canal seepage. Under desert reclamation conditions, groundwater salinization processes should be given special consideration. All groundwater samples are appropriate for agricultural irrigation based on the Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Permeability Index (PI), Percent Sodium (%Na), and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC).

Assessment of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation in Dindigul district, southern India: Hydrochemical characterization and spatial analysis

There are many renewable resources, but groundwater is one of the most important. The use of groundwater for various purposes is inevitable in the modern world. This study aimed to investigate the groundwater resources in the Dindigul and Vedasandur taluks of Dindigul district, southern India, for these various uses. About 36 groundwater samples were collected from dug wells and borewells. The samples were analyzed for total dissolved solids, total hardness, and both major and minor ions to determine the water type, ion concentration and suitability for drinking purposes. Analysis reveal that, based on TH and TDS, most wells exhibited hard to very hard with fresh to brackish characteristics. TDS, TH, Mg, Na, and K levels in drinking water exceeded permissible limits in 8 %, 14 %, 14 %, 39 %, and 25 % of samples, respectively. For irrigation purposes, parameters such as sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, electrical conductivity, Kelley’s ratio, magnesium hazard, and permeability index were found to be unsuitable in 36 %, 3 %, 14 %, 69 %, 97 %, and 3 % of the samples, respectively. The Study area shows that 89 % of the samples are fit for drinking purposes. Sodium, bicarbonate and chloride ions were identified as the dominant hydrochemical components in the region. The hydrochemistry varied spatially, with higher concentrations observed primarily in the northwestern parts of the area. Most wells were found suitable for drinking, with the exception of a few in the northwest. The quality of water for agricultural use was generally acceptable. The drinking water quality index indicated that most areas were good for drinking, except those in the northwest. The hydrochemistry of the region appears to be influenced by processes such as evaporation, silicate weathering, and irrigation return flow. Evaporation, along with the weathering of hornblende, biotite, and charnockite rocks played a significant role in the groundwater.

Effect of Irrigation Water Quality on Selected Soil Physico-Chemical Properties in Ethiopia: Review

Saline and sodic water qualities used for irrigation could deteriorate soil physico-chemical properties based on type and amount of salts present in irrigation water and soil type being irrigated. Irrigation water with marginal quality could lead to the buildup of new soil characteristics that affect its fertility and productivity. In line with these issues, this review paper focused on reviewing the effect of irrigation water quality on selected soil physico-chemical properties in Ethiopia. Consequently, irrigation water quality of Errer River of Babile District, Ground water of Babile District, Tumuga and Gerjale irrigation sources, Adamitulu surface and ground water, Abaya Lake water, mixed water (Awash River to Beseka Lake River) and effect of these water sources qualities on selected soil physico-chemical properties were reviewed. The Errer River of Babile District, Tumuga and Gerjale irrigation water quality extent were within and below permissible value based on degree of restriction on use for irrigation and some selected soil physicochemical properties weren’t affected in observable extent due to quality of irrigation water. Certain irrigation water quality extent implied that Ground water of Babile District, Adamitulu Surface and Ground water, Abaya Lake water, mixed water (Awash River to Beseka Lake River) problem of suitability for irrigation and some selected soil physicochemical properties were affected due to extent of irrigation water quality were above threshold limit of irrigation water quality. The reviewed papers indicated that the soil quality was affected due to quality of irrigation water like its quality extent of salinity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and soluble sodium percentage (SSP) as it increased sodium, salt level and salinity in soil due to these parameters of irrigation water quality were above threshold limit, but calcium, magnesium and organic matter particulate content of irrigation water could improve soil fertility. Therefore, monitoring of irrigation water quality and checking of pre-planting and after harvesting soil physicochemical properties is very crucial to reveal and monitor the effect of irrigation water quality on soil physico-chemical properties.

Assessing surface water quality in Hungary’s Danube basin using geochemical modeling, multivariate analysis, irrigation indices, and Monte Carlo simulation

Evaluation of water quality is crucial for managing surface water effectively, ensuring its suitability for human use, and sustaining the environment. In the lower Danube River basin, various methods were employed to assess surface water quality for irrigation, drinking, human health risk purposes and the main mechanism control the surface water chemistry. These methods included water quality indicators (WQIs), complex statistical analyses, geographic information systems (GIS), Monte Carlo simulation, and geochemical modeling. Physicochemical analyses of surface water samples revealed primarily Ca–Mg–HCO3− is the dominant water types. Principal component analysis (PCA), ionic ratios and piper, chloro alkaline index, Chadha, and Gibbs diagrams identified three distinct water characteristics influenced by water-rocks interaction, evaporation, ions exchange, and human activities. The geochemical modeling showed Danube River water’s strong ability to dissolve gypsum, halite, and anhydrite (SI < 0) and precipitate aragonite, dolomite, and calcite with saturation index (SI) value greater than 0 along its flow path. The irrigation water quality index (IWQI = 99.6–107.6), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR = 0.37–0.68), sodium percentage (Na% = 13.7–18.7), soluble sodium percentage (SSP = 12.5–17.5), Potential Salinity (PS = 0.73–1.6), and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC = − 1.27–0.58) values were used, mainly indicating acceptable quality with some limitations. Danube River water was unsuitable for drinking based on WQI value (WQI = 81–104). Oral exposure of children to specific components showed a higher hazard index (HI > 1) compared to adults, indicating a 2.1 times higher overall non-carcinogenic risk hazard index. However, Monte Carlo simulation demonstrated negligible iron, manganese, and nitrate health hazards for both age groups. These findings are valuable for water quality management decisions, contributing to long-term resource sustainability.

Assessment on the Impact of Mining and Industrial Activities in Groundwater Quality in Chandrapur, Maharashtra Through Remote Sensing and GIS Applications

This study evaluated the quality of groundwater in Chandrapur Taluka, Maharashtra, using geospatial techniques and data from 2014 and 2018. The study assessed various water quality parameters such as chloride, fluoride, pH, residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). The findings showed that chloride concentrations were mostly within acceptable limits, but there was a slight increase in areas near mining and industrial sites, which was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05). Fluoride levels were generally within permissible bounds, but there was a noticeable increase near industrial areas in 2018 compared to 2014, which was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05) and raised environmental concerns. Variations in pH values were also observed, which could impact aquatic ecosystems, with a decrease noted from 2014 to 2018. RSC levels were higher near mining and industrial zones in 2018, exceeding recommended limits, indicating a potential threat to water quality. SAR levels in 2018 were higher, potentially impacting agriculture, but still within acceptable limits. Sulphate levels showed a reduction from 2014 to 2018. These comprehensive findings highlight the specific impacts of mining and industrial activities on groundwater quality and raise broader scientific questions. They can be used to develop evidence-based policies for effective mitigation measures and engage a wider readership.

Evaluation of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes, ionic sources and land use/land cover impacts in the Kathua region of Jammu and Kashmir, India

Kathua is one of the fast-growing industrial districts of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, northern India. The primary source of water in Kathua is groundwater, which is widely used for industrial, agricultural, drinking, and building purposes. The groundwater system is changing significantly both in terms of quantity and quality in the study area due to recent industrial and infrastructural developments. Thus, 40 groundwater samples were collected from different wells in the pre-monsoon season, May 2022, and analyzed for physicochemical variables to determine the impact of geogenic and anthropogenic activities on the groundwater. The drinking groundwater quality appears to be excellent to good. Of the variables that were examined, two—TH and HCO3—had concentrations higher than the recommended limits of the BIS and WHO guidelines. Groundwater contains alkaline earth metals and weak acids, and its hydrochemistry is controlled by rock‒water interactions (silicate weathering or cation exchange and reverse-ion exchange processes). Several parameters (electrical conductivity, sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio, permeability index, magnesium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, and the Kelly’s ratio) were used to evaluate groundwater suitability for irrigation. The permeability index, magnesium adsorption ratio, and residual sodium carbonate indicate that the groundwater of a few samples is unsuitable for irrigation purposes. Land use/land cover (LULC) change analysis was used to determine the potential impacts of LULC changes on groundwater. Anthropogenic interventions are a major cause of LULC changes that are considerably reducing groundwater recharge zones, increasing surface runoff, and artificially polluting groundwater through domestic and industrial wastes, according to the LULC analysis conducted using satellite data for the year 2017 and 2022. Therefore, to minimize the effects of LULC on groundwater, prompt action must be taken, requiring regular monitoring of groundwater quality and LULC changes. The results of the study may be useful to the general public, farmers, and policy makers in the sustainable development and management of groundwater.

Long-term Effect of Sodic Water for Irrigation on Soil Quality and Wheat Yield in Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Increasing scarcity of good quality water in many arid and semi-arid regions necessitates the use of poor quality groundwater for irrigation. Soil degradation resulting from alkali water irrigation has become a serious threat to soil health. In the present study, we conducted an investigation (2021-22) on the physicochemical properties (soil organic carbon, available Na, and available K) of sandy loam soil under a semi-controlled lysimeter. Wheat was grown as an experimental crop, which was irrigated with synthetic alkali waters having similar salts (total electrolyte concentration, TEC = 30 me L−1) and sodium adsorption ratio (SARiw 10 mmol L−1) but varying in residual sodium carbonate (RSC) are being continuously applied since 2004 (20 years). Five types of irrigation water having different levels of residual sodium carbonate comprised. (T1) best available groundwater, (T2) residual sodium carbonate water 1 (RSC- 5 me L–1), (T3) RSC water 2 (RSC 10 me L–1), (T4) RSC water 3 [RSC 10 treated with gypsum (RSC 10 neutralized to RSC 5 me L–1 with gypsum)] and (T5) RSC water 4 [RSC 10 treated with sulphur (RSC 10 neutralized to RSC 5 me L–1 with sulphur)]. Soil samples were collected after harvesting two wheat varieties (KRL 210 and HD 3226). Long-term irrigations with alkali water increased the available Na and K in the soil. Furthermore, soil organic carbon (SOC) decreased significantly with increasing alkalinity of irrigation water. Continuous irrigation with alkali water reduced grain yield of wheat by 31.7% over BAW. Moreover, the addition of gypsum and sulphuric acid has shown some capacity to partially restore soil properties, although not to the level of BAW. The majority of soil parameters under both crop cultivars showed a similar trend. The study's findings led to the conclusion that continuous applications of alkali water drastically degrade soil physicochemical properties. Partial neutralization of alkali water did not allow for the sustained existence of soil physicochemical properties. Consequently, it is recommended that the rate at which amendments are added to alkali water be adjusted to restore the decline in soil physicochemical properties.

Assessment of surface Water Quality for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes for Two Dams in the Semi-Arid Region of Northeast Algeria

&lt;p&gt;The surface water quality of Timgad and Yabous dams in the semi-arid region of northeast Algeria was evaluated using physicochemical data collected monthly from May 2023 to April 2024. Parameters including temperature (T), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride (Cl⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻), bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), nitrate (NO₃⁻), sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), and magnesium (Mg²⁺) were analyzed to assess suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. For drinking purposes, the Water Quality Index (WQI) and CCME-WQI were employed. Results showed permissible WQI values for Timgad Dam throughout the year, with Yabous Dam exhibiting good quality consistently. However, CCME-WQI classified Timgad Dam as marginal and Yabous Dam as fair annually, indicating a need for caution, particularly for Timgad Dam. For irrigation purposes, various indices including Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium Percentage (NA%), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Permeability Index (PI), Potential Salinity (PS), Kelly’s Ratio (KR), Residual Sodium Bicarbonate (RSBC), and Magnesium Hazard (MH) were utilized. While both dams generally demonstrated suitable classes for irrigation, Timgad Dam exhibited unsuitability due to elevated Potential Salinity values, attributed to high chloride and sulfate concentrations that probably come from anthropogenic activities and natural processes, and MH values were unsuitable for both dams throughout the year.&lt;/p&gt;

Predicting irrigation water quality indices in a typical mining dominated area in the Upper West region of Ghana using multiple machine learning techniques

The quality of groundwater resources in artisanal mining districts in Ghana is under threat due to pollution; rendering the resource unsafe for drinking and irrigation purposes. This makes the assessment of the quality of groundwater resources a relevant aspect of groundwater studies as it informs decision making and monitoring. This study adopts 3 Machine Learning (ML) models, Support Vector Regression (SVR), Gradient Boost Regression (GBR), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN), to evaluate a variety of irrigation water quality metrics such as Sodium Percentage (Na%), Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Permeability Index (PI), Pollution Index of Groundwater (PIG), Kelly’s Ratio (KR), and Magnesium Hazard (MH). 105 samples were collected from a mining area in Northern Ghana and analysed through traditional methods. The Irrigation Water Quality Indices (IWQIs) demonstrate that all water samples are suitable for use as irrigable water with the exception of MH, Na%, PI, and PIG which revealed that 69.52%, 8.57%, 29.52%, and 3.81% are inappropriate for irrigation. SVR, GBR and ANN were used to establish important factors that may influence IWQIs in the area. The measured data was used as independent variables, and the derived IWQIs, the dependent variables. The results revealed that ANN, GBR, and SVR are all viable options for the prediction of IWQIs, but GBR exhibited variable performance in some indices making it lack consistency and thus falls a bit short compared to ANN and SVR. SVR models overall performed best with SVR-RSC having the highest accuracy.

GROUNDWATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT FOR RESIDENTIAL AND IRRIGATION PURPOSES: A CASE STUDY OF FUTUK AND ITS ENVIRONS, NORTHERN BENUE TROUGH, NORTHEAST NIGERIA

This research assesses the suitability of groundwater quality in the region for residential and agricultural use. To evaluate the water quality for domestic purposes, 15 samples of groundwater were taken and tested for various physicochemical parameters including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), sulfate (SO4), chloride (Cl), bicarbonate (HCO3), carbonate (CO3), and nitrate (NO3). The quality of irrigation water was evaluated using several parameters: permeability index (PI), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), total hardness (TH), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and water quality index (WQI). Piper diagrams, Gibbs diagrams, and the chloro-alkaline index were used to determine groundwater facie classification and ion exchange mechanisms. When compared to the WHO 2011 standard, the physiochemical parameters are within the appropriate limits, with the exception of EC and NO3, which revealed excessive values in some samples. All of the measured parameters are suitable for irrigation activities. According to the Kelly index, there is just one sample that is inappropriate for irrigation. The predominant groundwater type in the area is calcium chloride, with sodium chloride constituting the second most common groundwater facies. The hydrochemical mechanism that regulates the local groundwater chemistry is reverse ion exchange. This indicates a positive index, resulting from the exchange of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) in the groundwater with calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in the aquifer components.

Assessment of hydrochemical characteristics, health risks and quality of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes in a mountainous region of Pakistan

Renowned for its agriculture, livestock, and mining, Zhob district, Pakistan, faces the urgent problem of declining groundwater quality due to natural and human-induced factors. This deterioration poses significant challenges for residents who rely on groundwater for drinking, domestic, and irrigation purposes. Therefore, this novel study aimed to carry out a comprehensive assessment of groundwater quality in Zhob district, considering various aspects such as hydrochemical characteristics, human health risks, and suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. While previous studies may have focused on one or a few of these aspects, this study integrates multiple analyses to provide a holistic understanding of the groundwater quality situation in the region. Additionally, the study applies a range of common hydrochemical analysis methods (acid–base titration, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, and ion chromatography), drinking water quality index (WQI), irrigation indices, and health risk assessment models, using 19 water quality parameters. This multi-method approach enhances the robustness and accuracy of the assessment, providing valuable insights for decision-makers and stakeholders. The results revealed that means of the majority of water quality parameters, such as pH (7.64), electrical conductivity (830.13 μScm–1), total dissolved solids (562.83 mgL–1), as well as various anions, and cations, were in line with drinking water norms. However, the water quality index (WQI) predominantly indicated poor drinking water quality (range = 51–75) at 50% sites, followed by good quality (range = 26–50) at 37% of the sites, with 10% of the sites exhibiting very poor quality (range = 76–100). For irrigation purposes, indices such as sodium percent (mean = 31.37%), sodium adsorption ratio (mean = 0.98 meqL–1), residual sodium carbonate (– 3.15 meqL–1), Kelley’s index (mean = 0.49), and permeability (mean = 49.11%) indicated suitability without immediate treatment. However, the magnesium hazard (mean = 46.11%) and potential salinity (mean = 3.93) demonstrated that prolonged application of groundwater for irrigation needs soil management to avoid soil compaction and salinity. Water samples exhibit characteristics of medium salinity and low alkalinity (C2S1) as well as high salinity and low alkalinity (C3S1) categories. The Gibbs diagram results revealed that rock weathering, including silicate weathering and cation exchange, is the primary factor governing the hydrochemistry of groundwater. The hydrochemical composition is dominated by mixed Ca–Mg–Cl, followed by Na–Cl and Mg–Cl types. Furthermore, the human health risk assessment highlighted that fluoride (F–) posed a higher risk compared with nitrate (NO3–). Additionally, ingestion was found to pose a higher risk to health compared to dermal contact, with children being particularly vulnerable. The average hazard index (HI) for children was 1.24, surpassing the allowable limit of 1, indicating detrimental health effects on this subpopulation. Conversely, average HI values for adult females (0.59) and adult males (0.44) were within safe levels, suggesting minimal concerns for these demographic groups. Overall, the study’s interdisciplinary approach and depth of analysis make a significant contribution to understanding groundwater quality dynamics and associated risks in Zhob district, potentially informing future management and mitigation strategies.

Assessment of groundwater suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes in the middle Cheliff Aquifer, Algeria

The Semi-arid Middle Cheliff zone faces the deteriorating quality of the available water resources. This study aims to evaluate the quality of these waters for drinking and irrigation purposes based on 12 well samples analyzed for their chemical components: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3; and physical characteristics: pH, EC, TDS. Two common hydrochemical facies were identified by the analyses: sulfate-sodium and chloride-sodium. The water quality index indicated that most of the drinking water samples fell into the extremely low to non-potable category, while the Groundwater Quality Index for Irrigation (WQII) showed medium to very poor quality for most parts of the plain. Parameters including sodium adsorption ratio, sodium percentage, residual sodium carbonate, permeability index, Kelly ratio, potential salinity, and magnesium risk were evaluated for irrigation and drinking water usage that exceeded regulations. As a result, the study finds that there are health concerns associated with the drinking water and that remediation is required. Nonetheless, the fields in the area are not seriously threatened by irrigation water, except for delicate crops. The method was successful in evaluating groundwater quality for drinking water and irrigation.

Application of water quality index and statistical-hydrochemical techniques in groundwater assessment of the Quaternary aquifer, southwest Nile Delta of Egypt

The objective of the current study is to investigate the hydrogeochemistry of the Quaternary groundwater and evaluating its suitability for drinking and irrigation needs using statistical analysis, water quality indicators and physicochemical parameters, in west of the Nile Delta, Egypt. The study area has high population growth and agricultural activities, which require groundwater protection, and predicting probable environmental problems. For these reasons, 54 groundwater samples were collected during April 2021. Hierarchical cluster analysis, Pearson, and factor analysis used for statistical analysis. Biplots, Gibbs and Piper diagrams were used to infer the geochemical processes controlling groundwater chemistry. The groundwater is affected by silicate weathering, reveres ion exchange, dissolution of CO2, and recharge from the Nile. According to the WQICCME drinking value, the groundwater ranged between fair to marginal water quality. The distribution of integrated-weight water quality index of the samples, showed that it is excellent for irrigation (< 25). The nine physicochemical parameters sodium percent (Na%), permeability index, sodium adsorption ratio, Kelley Index, residual sodium carbonate, magnesium hazard, Potential Salinity, Corrosive Ratio and Chloro-alkaline Indices revealed that most of the groundwater are of good quality and can be safely used for agricultural activities, albeit few samples due the west needs some treatment. It is recommended to minimize the fertilizers and nutrients use to decrease the anthropogenic impact on the groundwater. The reuse of irrigation water without treatment should be limited. As well, the pumping rates should be controlled to avoid aquifer salinization.

Evaluation of residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) in fresh water and laundry grey water for irrigation usage

AbstractThe current study was carried out to assess the suitability of laundry grey water (LGW) for reuse in irrigation so that it can help in the reduction of freshwater stress in irrigation sector. To address this objective, concentration of sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), carbonate (CO32−), bicarbonate (HCO3−), and phosphate (PO43−) were tested in fresh water (FW) collected before laundry washing and LGW generated after laundry washing from different households. The suitability of LGW for irrigation purpose was determined by using water quality indices such as Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC). The SAR values of FW at the rural and urban area sites varied from 0.84 to 1.10 and 0.82 to 4.30 respectively and remained in the excellent category for irrigation purpose. The SAR values of LGW at the rural and urban sites varied from 10.06 to 13.01 and 6.26 to 9.68, respectively. In contrast to the SAR values of the LGW at rural site, which remained under good quality category, SAR values remained under excellent category for irrigation purpose at urban sites. RSC values of FW and LGW were below 3.97 showing low or medium hazards associated with it for irrigation.

The Chemical Composition of some Dune Slack Waters of Puri, Orissa

Analyses of pH, total dissolved solids, CG-, HCO3-, Cl, SO4-, Ca++, Mg++, Na+ &amp; K+ are presented for dune slack water samples of Puri. From these analyses sodium percentage, residual sodium carbonate and sodium-adsorption-ratio are calculated. It is found from these data that alkali or salinity hazard is low in these waters which can therefore be utilised for irrigation purposes.

Water quality assessment of Bheemasandra Lake, South India: A blend of water quality indices, multivariate data mining techniques, and GIS.

An integrated approach combining water quality indices (WQIs), multivariate data mining, and geographic information system (GIS) was employed to examine the water quality of Bheemasandra Lake, located adjacent to a sewage treatment plant (STP) in Tumakuru city, India. The analysis of 22 lake water samples, examined before and after the monsoons, revealed that the physicochemical parameters namely - electrical conductivity, biochemical oxygen demand, turbidity, total dissolved solids, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrates, phosphates, magnesium, total hardness, total alkalinity, and calcium - exceeded the acceptable limits stipulated by national and international standards. The Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment WQI (pre-monsoon: 25.3; post-monsoon: 33.9) and weighted arithmetic WQI (pre-monsoon: 3398; post-monsoon: 2093) designated the water as unsafe for drinking. Irrigation WQIs (sodium adsorption ratio, sodium percentage, residual sodium carbonate, magnesium hazard, permeability index, and potential salinity) implied water's suitability for irrigation. However, electrical conductivity indicated otherwise. Industrial WQIs (Larson-Skold Index, Langelier Index, Aggressive Index, and Puckorius Scaling Index) illustrated scaling propensity and the chloride sulfate mass ratio alluded galvanic corrosion potential. Hierarchical cluster analysis gathered 22 sampling points into two clusters (cluster 1: relatively lower polluted regions; cluster 2: highly polluted regions) for each season based on similarities in water features. Principal component analysis extracted four (79.07% cumulative variance) and six (87.14% cumulative variance) principal components before and after the monsoons, respectively. These components identified the primary pollution sources as urban sewage and natural lithological processes. WQI maps, created using the inverse distance weighted interpolation technique, enhanced the visualization of spatial-temporal variations. This study highlights the dire consequences of urbanization, STP pollution, and sewage management failures, necessitating that concerned authorities should implement policies and measures to curb the negative impacts on the environment and public health.