Residual Sodium Carbonate Values Research Articles

Evaluation of residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) in fresh water and laundry grey water for irrigation usage

AbstractThe current study was carried out to assess the suitability of laundry grey water (LGW) for reuse in irrigation so that it can help in the reduction of freshwater stress in irrigation sector. To address this objective, concentration of sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), carbonate (CO32−), bicarbonate (HCO3−), and phosphate (PO43−) were tested in fresh water (FW) collected before laundry washing and LGW generated after laundry washing from different households. The suitability of LGW for irrigation purpose was determined by using water quality indices such as Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC). The SAR values of FW at the rural and urban area sites varied from 0.84 to 1.10 and 0.82 to 4.30 respectively and remained in the excellent category for irrigation purpose. The SAR values of LGW at the rural and urban sites varied from 10.06 to 13.01 and 6.26 to 9.68, respectively. In contrast to the SAR values of the LGW at rural site, which remained under good quality category, SAR values remained under excellent category for irrigation purpose at urban sites. RSC values of FW and LGW were below 3.97 showing low or medium hazards associated with it for irrigation.

Utilizing geographic information system and indexing to evaluate irrigation suitability of groundwater in Kalihati Upazila, Bangladesh

The aim of this research was to evaluate groundwater quality for irrigation in Kalihati Upazila, Bangladesh, a region that is significantly reliant on groundwater for crop development, especially during dry periods. By combining hydrochemical analysis and Geographic Information System (GIS), the research examined the physicochemical attributes and their spatial distribution. Fifteen groundwater samples from various locations were analyzed to measure parameters such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), Kelly's ratio (KR), permeability index (PI), and potential salinity (PS). The pH of the groundwater ranged between 5.51 and 7.53, indicating slightly acidic to moderately alkaline conditions suited for irrigation. The EC ranged between 115.7 and 458 μS/cm, mostly falling into the "excellent" or "good" categories. Groundwater displayed irrigation suitability with TDS below 182 ppm and low SAR values, but variable RSC and MAR values indicated localized water quality issues. Based on the irrigation water quality index, all samples were within the "permissible" range. However, GIS-generated maps showed disparities in groundwater quality across the study area. Correlation matrices revealed significant links between various factors. Both the Piper and Gibbs diagrams displayed a prevalent Ca-HCO3 groundwater type influenced by geological formations. Overall, the study confirmed groundwater's appropriateness for irrigation while recommending periodic evaluations due to a few uncertainties. In conclusion, the study found that hydrochemical analysis, GIS mapping, and correlation matrices reveal groundwater quality and spatial trends, allowing for sustainable water resource management and agricultural advancement.

Suitability assessment of groundwater quality for irrigational use in Sagardighi block, Murshidabad district, West Bengal

Groundwater alone comprises nearly about 80% of the available water for irrigation purpose in Murshidabad and this usage of groundwater for irrigation is yet to increase further in the upcoming years. The present study was carried out to access the groundwater’s suitability for different agricultural purposes in and around Sagardighi block of Murshidabad district, West Bengal, India. Groundwater samples from thirty three different locations around Sagardighi were collected and then tested in the laboratory for various physical as well as chemical parameters such as electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, some major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Fe2+) and some anions (CO32−, HCO3−, Cl−). To further delineate the suitable groundwater zones for irrigation practices, the irrigation water quality parameters such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), permeability index (PI), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Kelly’s ratio (KR) were also calculated. Results show that most of the water samples had low to medium salinity, while only a very few of the samples show high salinity. Piper trilinear plot reveals that the water is primarily of Ca–Mg–HCO3− facies type. The SAR value of majority of the water samples in the study area are less than 10, which is within safe limits. RSC values indicate that the carbonate content is extremely low in the groundwater of the study area. Overall, the results indicate that majority of the samples are fit to be used for irrigational purpose. The findings of this study would help decision-makers in developing irrigation suitability planning and groundwater resource management in the future.

Prediction of irrigation groundwater quality parameters using ANN, LSTM, and MLR models.

Forecasting the irrigation groundwater parameters helps plan irrigation water and crop, and it is commonly expensive because it needs various parameters, mainly in developing nations. Therefore, the present research's core objective is to create accurate and reliable machine learning models for irrigation parameters. To accomplish this determination, three machine learning (ML) models, viz. long short-term memory (LSTM), multi-linear regression (MLR), and artificial neural network (ANN), have been trained. It is validated with mean squared error (MSE) and correlation coefficients (r), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). These machine learning models have been used and applied for predicating the six irrigation water quality parameters such as sodium absorption ratio (SAR), percentage of sodium (%Na), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium hazard (MH), Permeability Index (PI), and Kelly ratio (KR). Therefore, the two scenario performances of ANN, LSTM, and MLR have been developed for each model to predict irrigation water quality parameters. The first and second scenario performance was created based on all and second reduction input variables. The ANN, LSTM, and MLR models have discovered that excluding for ANN and MLR models shows high accuracy in first and second scenario models, respectively. These model's accuracy was checked based on the mean squared error (MSE), correlation coefficients (r), and root mean square error (RMSE) for training and testing processes serially. The RSC values are highly accurate predicated values using ANN and MLR models. As a result, machine learning models may improve irrigation water quality parameters, and such types of results are essential to farmers and crop planning in various irrigation processes.

Spatio-temporal variations in water quality, hydrochemistry and its controlling factors in a perennial river in India

The spatial and temporal variations in the hydrochemistry of the Sutlej river in the Indian Punjab were studied based on water quality parameters analysed during pre- and post-monsoon seasons of the years 2017 and 2018. The grab water samples were collected from the river using stratified random sampling and analysed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), carbonate (CO3−2), bicarbonate (HCO3−), chloride (Cl−), nitrate (NO3−), total hardness, calcium (Ca+2), sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) using standard methods. Spatio-temporal variations in the parameters used to evaluate the water quality for irrigation (electrical conductivity (EC), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and sodium absorption ratio (SAR)) were also studied. In order to rate the composite influence of all the physicochemical parameters, water quality index (WQI) was computed. Spatial variations in WQI for drinking and irrigation purposes were studied using the inverse distance weighted method in GIS. Results showed that the river water was alkaline in nature, HCO3− and Cl− are the major anions, and Ca2+ and Na+ are the cations in the river water during both seasons. The regression analysis of EC with cations and anions showed that the regression coefficient was mainly significant with Ca2+ and HCO3−, irrespective of the season. The concentration of ions was not significantly affected by season, but it was higher along transboundary of the river. Total alkalinity of water was significantly (p < 0.05) higher during pre-monsoon than post-monsoon season. The EC, SAR and RSC values during different seasons showed that > 85% of the water samples were in good categories for irrigation purposes. According to grades of WQI for drinking purposes, the poor WQI was observed in 3.6%, 3.7% and 5.9% of the samples during pre-2017, pre-2018 and post-monsoon 2018, respectively. The poor water quality index for irrigation purposes was observed in 16.7% and 4.7% of the samples during pre-monsoon 2017 and 2018, respectively. The water quality index values for drinking and irrigation were higher (poor water quality) along transboundary of the river. The ratio of Ca2+/Mg2+, (Na+ + K+)/TZ+ and Ca2+ + Mg2+/(Na+ + K+) indicated both carbonate and silicate lithology contribute to hydrochemistry of the river besides anthropogenic factors. Non-metric multidimensional scaling showed that all the samples are of a similar origin across the river including transboundary, whereas cluster analysis resulted in the two main groups: pH and Cl in the one group, and EC along with the remaining cations and anions in the other group during pre-monsoon, but pH in the one group, and EC along with the remaining cations and anions in the other group during post-monsoon. The high concentration of Cl− is a signature of anthropogenic inputs in addition to the contribution of natural factors. These results suggest that the cultivation of crops on the soils along transboundary may cause the transfer of ions through the food chain to human beings affecting their health. Moreover, drinking of river water by inhabitants living along transboundary may affect their health.

High residual sodium carbonate water in the Indian subcontinent: concerns, challenges and remediation

Water scarcity has become one of the major limiting factors in global agriculture, particularly in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. This necessitates irrigation with marginal-quality waters including those with high levels of residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and an important water quality parameter. Extended use of high RSC water leads to accumulate sodium in the soil which alters physical and chemical properties of soils. The electrical conductivity is a good index of salinity while sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) that of sodicity hazard of irrigation water. It has been found that waters with high RSC values are more hazardous compared to no RSC water of equal SAR. Sustainable agriculture on these soils demands to adopt certain site-specific management strategies prior to use such low-quality waters for the economic production of crops. Strategies like dilution with low salt water and addition of calcium-based amendments, along with organic manures have been traditionally practiced and giving some promising results. It is well documented that for improving plant growth, irrigation to achieve low leaching fraction is necessary for the purpose of reducing the transport of solutes that are responsible for the degradation of water quality and provides an efficient use of limited water supplies. In addition, implementations of government policies and public–private sector collaborations are necessary to find new horizons for the management of high RSC irrigation waters in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. This article provides an overview of soil permeability problems associated with the irrigation using high RSC waters.

Suitability of groundwater quality for irrigation in and around the main Gadilam river basin on the east coast of southern India

The main intent of this study was to investigate the condition of groundwater quality for irrigation purposes in and around the main Gadilam river basin, the east coast of southern India. A total of fifty groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for various parameters such as electrical conductivity (EC), pH, TDS, major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+) and anions (SO42-, Cl-, HCO3-, and NO3-). Irrigation water quality parameters like the sodium absorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), percentage sodium (%Na), magnesium hazard (MH), permeability index (PI), and Kelly ratio (KR) were computed to assess the irrigation water quality of groundwater. Furthermore, graphical representation diagrams such as USSL, Wilcox, and Doneen have been prepared for irrigation water quality. From the computation of SAR, Na%, RSC, PI, and KR values, it was found that 100% of groundwater samples were found to be suitable for irrigation purposes. Besides, USSL and Doneen diagrams show that the samples are safe for irrigation usage. The Wilcox diagram in the classification of electrical conductivity reveals that most samples fall into the good to permissible class (78%), in doubtful to unsuitable class (20%), and 2% of samples are unsuitable. Magnesium hazards of 82% of the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation, while the remaining 18% of the samples exceeded the limit and found to be unsuitable for irrigation purposes. The study concludes that higher percentages of groundwater samples were suitable for irrigation purposes in the study area, and the concentration of magnesium influenced groundwater at a few locations.

An Integrated Use of GIS, Geostatistical and Map Overlay Techniques for Spatio-Temporal Variability Analysis of Groundwater Quality and Level in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, South Asia

The rapidly changing climatic scenario is demanding periodic evaluation of groundwater quality at the temporal and spatial scale in any region for its effectual management. The statistical, geographic information system (GIS), geostatistical, and map overlay approaches were applied for investigating the spatio-temporal variation in groundwater quality and level data of 242 monitoring wells in Punjab, Pakistan during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of the years 2015 and 2016. The analysis indicated the higher variation in data for both the seasons (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon) as coefficient of variation (CV) values were found in the range of 84–175% for groundwater quality parameters. Based on the t-test values, the marginal improvement in groundwater electrical conductivity (EC), sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and decrease in groundwater level (GWL) were observed in 2016 as compared to 2015 (p = 0.05). The spatial distribution analysis of groundwater EC, SAR and RSC indicated that the groundwater quality was unfit for irrigation in the lower south-east part of the study area. The groundwater level (GWL) was also higher in that part of the study area during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons in 2015 and 2016. The overlay analysis also indicated that the groundwater EC, RSC and GWL values were higher in south-east parts of the study area during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of 2015 and 2016. Hence, there is an instant need to apply groundwater management practices in the rest of the region (especially in the lower south-east part) to overcome the future degradation of groundwater quality.

Comparative valuation of groundwater quality parameters in Bhojpur, Bihar for arsenic risk assessment

Arsenic endosmosis causes a severe threat to human health within the developing countries. This study assessed the levels of geogenic arsenic and other heavy metals affecting the release of As in the aquifers within the drinking water sources in Bhojpur district of Bihar, India. Eighteen water samples were collected in triplicates from hand-dug wells in six neighboring villages in proximity to the River Ganga namely Bakhorapur, Gaziapur, Parasrampur (or Kanhachhapara), Saraiya, Paiga and Gundiinin. The physicochemical parameters, ionic content and heavy metal analysis of the collected water samples indicated the region to be highly contaminated with arsenic, zinc, manganese and iron. The arsenic and iron concentration ranged between 24.3 and 168.07 μg/L and 0.17–1.16 mg/L respectively, indicating the excessive withdrawal of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposes with a significant correlation between both the metals. Elevated concentration of zinc in the region attributed to the excessive application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Concentration of manganese was also in the higher range of 0.05–1.15 mg/L, primarily due to the urbanized industrial activities. Human health risk assessment within two population groups in the region indicated that the overall water quality is slightly contaminated but the risk associated with it is low. Water Quality Index ranged from 29 to 48, signifying the water quality to be poor. Residual sodium carbonate values indicated that few water sample sources are not suitable for irrigation purposes whereas, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values were within the acceptable limits to be used for irrigation.

Hydrogeochemical processes and groundwater quality assessment for different aquifers in the Caojiatan coal mine of Ordos Basin, northwestern China

This study explores the hydrogeochemical processes and groundwater quality of different aquifers in the Caojiatan coal mine in the Ordos Basin, northwestern China, using classical graphical methods and multivariate analysis. The study found that surface water and groundwater in the Quaternary unconsolidated aquifer (UA) and weathered bedrock zone (WZ) have a HCO3–Ca·Mg hydrochemical type, while the groundwater in the Jurassic Zhiluo aquifer (ZA) and Jurassic Yanan aquifer (YA) are predominantly of the HCO3–Na type. Rock weathering, silicate dissolution, and reverse cation exchange are the dominant hydrogeochemical processes controlling the water chemical variables in the study area. In addition, variations in the hydraulic conductivities and TDS in different aquifers indicate that groundwater residence time is also the main factor controlling the chemical variables. Groundwater in the UA and WZ is suitable for drinking and irrigation, with low ion concentrations. However, the groundwater in ZA and YA must be treated before drinking, because of the high pH value. The excessive concentrations of F-, and high sodium adsorption ratio Na%, and residual sodium carbonate values also make the water unsuitable for irrigation. Mining activities can significantly impact the circulation and occurrence of natural groundwater. Once the groundwater in WZ becomes mine water, it becomes contaminated because of the mixing process with groundwater in ZA and YA. Further, undissolved coal slime and large quantities of oil leaking from fully mechanized mining equipment increase the CODMn levels in the mine water, making the levels higher than in natural groundwater and beyond permissible limits for drinking.

HYDROGEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY APPRAISAL IN OKITIPUPA AND ENVIRONS, NIGERIA

The objectives of study was to determine hydrochemistry of groundwater in Okitipupa and environs to assess the quality of groundwater for drinking, domestic and irrigation. A total of 27 groundwater samples were collected randomly from different sources and analyzed for major cations and anions. The domination of cations and anions was in the order of K&gt;Na&gt;Ca&gt;Mg and SO4&gt;Cl &gt;HCO3&gt;NO3. The hydrogeochemical facies indicate three dominant facies: non-carbonate hardness exceeds 50 %; non-carbonate alkali exceeds 50 %; and transition zone with no one cation-anion pair exceeds 50 %, while precipitation is the dominant process in the hydrogeochemical evolution of the groundwater samples. The WQI calculated exhibits good (60 %) and poor (40 %) quality water for drinking and domestic purposes. For irrigation assessment, residual sodium carbonate values revealed good irrigation, permeability index values indicates suitable and marginal class, sodium absorption ratio, Kelly ratio, and %Na indicate good irrigation water. The processes controlling the groundwater chemistry are mixing of saline with fresh water and anthropogenic contamination; weathering and cation exchange; mineral precipitation/anthropogenic pollution; and groundwater dilution and mineral dissolution. Consequently the water is fairly suitable for drinking/domestic, and good for irrigation purposes.

Hazar Gölü Havzasında (Elazığ, Türkiye) Sulama Suyu Kullanımı için Su Kalite Değerlendirmesi

The goal of this work was to research the suitability of water sources for agricultural use in the Lake Hazar Basin For this purpose, samples are taken from 61 locations during the wet period and 60 locations during the dry period in 2015 and analyzed pH, electrical conductivity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, chloride and sulfate parameters. Based on these analyses sodium percentage (Na%), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium ratio (MR), permeability index (PI) and Kelly’s ratio (KR) were calculated. Also, the usability of groundwater in agricultural activities is evaluated according to Wilcox and United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) Diagrams. The EC, SAR, Na%, RSC, PI, KR and MR values revealed that suitability of waters as irrigation water, except for a few locations close to the lake. Similar results were obtained from classifications made according to USLL and Wilcox diagrams. The thematic maps of water quality parameters displayed that the groundwater quality decreases along the flow path from high elevations to lake level.

Climatic and anthropogenic impact on groundwater quality of agriculture dominated areas of southern and central Gujarat, India

Globally natural and human interference is affecting aquifer recharge and quality of ground water. This study focuses on changes in groundwater hydrochemistry in south and central part of Gujarat state in India to identify vulnerable hotspots under seasonal variations and anthropogenic activities. Forty-five groundwater and soil samples were collected over three seasons from random locations of south and central Gujarat. The samples were analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics. Dominance of cations and anions during post-monsoon was in higher to lower order of Na, Mg, Ca, K and Cl−, SO42−, HCO3− in groundwater. The Piper classification for hydrogeochemical facies indicates all monsoon samples were of Ca–Cl type. Residual sodium carbonate values revealed that 46% samples were not suitable for irrigation purposes in pre-monsoon. Samples collected during post-monsoon from Vyara and Ukai and during pre-monsoon from Central Gujarat were of doubtful to unsuitable category as per Wilcox's diagram. During the post-monsoon season, moderate and bad quality water rose owing to the enrichment of sodium and electrical conductivity. The groundwater quality in post-monsoon for all constituents were higher at some places due to dissolution of surface pollutants and infiltration after flooding with percolation of rainwater. None of the samples from pre-monsoon fell under Class-I category (Permeability index >75%) due to leaching of ions through industrial, agricultural or domestic discharges. Soil permeability index varied from monsoon to post- and pre-monsoon. Groundwater quality of Vadodara, Bharuch, and Tapi districts were affected by geological and anthropogenic activities while ground water in Vansda and Ahwa were less affected due to limited industrialization as well as geographical location. The cumulative hydrochemistry during post- and pre-monsoon was found to be higher than permissible limits due to leaching of contaminants. Judicious management of efficient irrigation, industrial waste treatment, modern agricultural practices, rainwater harvesting to conserve groundwater quality of study area are critical.

Groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation usages in Kazipur upazila under Sirajganj district of Bangladesh

Groundwater is one of the most important natural resources which plays a vital role for drinking and irrigation usages. Evaluation of groundwater quality determines its suitability for different purposes. An investigation was carried out to evaluate the quality of groundwater for irrigation and drinking usages based on the various water quality parameters. Groundwater samples were collected from forty different sites of Kazipur upazila under the district of Sirajganj during the periods from January 20 to January 28, 2018 maintaining the distance between each of two sites as more than one kilometer. Different physiochemical parameters including pH, EC, TDS, Ca²+, Mg²+, K+, Na+, Mn²+, Fe²+, CO3²ˉ, HCO3ˉ, Clˉ, SO4²ˉ and PO4³ˉ contents were analyzed. The pH values of the groundwater samples were non-problematic for irrigation as well as drinking purposes. The obtained electrical conductivity values of the samples were within the limit of 150.0 to 754.0 µS cm-1. The samples of four sites i.e., Noapara, Meghai bazar, Salabora and Drigidrota were categorized as low salinity and the rests as medium salinity, with low alkalinity hazards. Total dissolved solids varied from 65.0 to 309.0 mg L-1 which categorized the samples as freshwater and non-problematic. All the samples were identified as excellent class based on sodium adsorption ratio (range: 0.12 ~ 0.66). Based on soluble sodium percentages, 97.5% of the samples were classified as excellent. Residual sodium carbonate values (–8.60 ~ –1.68) of the samples were suitable for irrigation. Permeability index (range: 14.78 ~ 49.73) categorized half portion of the samples as class-II and remaining as class-I which implied the samples as suitable for irrigation usages. About 10% of samples were medium hard, 70% were hard and rests were very hard in quality. Fe2+ content ranged from 0.23 to 21.75 mg L-1 with a mean value of 5.29 mg L-1. The detected Fe2+ content of 14 water samples was above the permissible limit. Mn2+ concentration (1.58 mg L-1) was considered as hazardous for long-term irrigation purpose in most of the samples because of exceeding the recommended limit (0.20 mg L-1). As per K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3ˉ, Clˉ, SO42ˉ and PO43ˉ status, all the samples can safely be used for irrigation and drinking purposes. The assessment showed high levels of Fe2+ and Mn2+ in groundwater samples that are responsible to make the groundwater unsafe for irrigation and drinking purposes.&#x0D; J Bangladesh Agril Univ 17(3): 309–318, 2019

Evaluation of spatio-temporal variations in water quality of Zerveli stream (northern Turkey) based on water quality index and multivariate statistical analyses.

This study of Zerveli stream, Kastamonu, aims to present an assessment of its water quality and to determine the basic factors having a significant effect on the water to identify how these factors account for variations in water quality. Samples of surface water were obtained on a monthly basis between December 2016 and November 2017 at 11 stations along the watercourse. According to these samples, 28 different water quality parameters determining the water quality were evaluated. The results were assessed with respect to the environmental water quality and irrigation water quality. For this purpose, the water quality index (WQI), sodium absorption rate (SAR), sodium percentage (%Na), and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) parameters were calculated. WQI values within the year ranged between 17.26 (excellent) and 223.05 (very poor). Based on the monthly mean values, the water quality was found to be good in December, February, July, and August and poor in the remaining months. Water quality tended to deteriorate the greater the distance from the water source. According to factor analysis (FA), salinity, pH, temperature (T), electrical conductivity (EC), suspended solid matter (SSM), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), SO42-, SO32-, NO2--N, NO-3-N, NH+4-N, and Cl are the main variables responsible for changes in the ecosystem. According to analysis of the irrigation water quality, the stream was found to be suitable for irrigation in terms of SAR (1.07-3.25) and %Na (37.58-61.89) but problematic in terms of RSC (3.80-5.58) values.

Groundwater Quality and Suitability for Different Uses in the Saloum Area of Senegal

Hydrogeochemical analyses were conducted on groundwater sampled from the Saloum aquifer, in southern Senegal. The objective was to identify the chemical processes that control hydrochemistry and to assess the quality of groundwater for determining its suitability for drinking and agricultural purposes. Water samples were collected from 79 wells during the dry season in May 2012, and were subjected to analysis for chemical characteristics (major ions), pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solid (TDS). The dominant hydrochemical facies observed for the groundwater samples are NaCl and CaHCO3. Gibbs plot depicts predominance of rock water interaction and evaporation processes controlling the water chemistry. Percentage of Na+, Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Total Hardness (TH) and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) values were calculated. The results were compared with the standard guideline values recommended by the World Health Organization and agricultural water standards. The TDS in groundwater is less than 1200 mg/L and SAR values are less than 10. RSC values overall are less than 1.25 meq/L. Results show that the groundwater in the area has generally a low hardness and is fresh (95%) to brackish. The majority of groundwater samples are appropriate for domestic uses. The indexes for water irrigation compared with standard limits revealed that most of the Saloum groundwater samples fall in the suitable range for irrigation.

Groundwater quality assessment using geospatial and statistical tools in Salem District, Tamil Nadu, India

The water quality study of Salem district, Tamil Nadu has been carried out to assess the water quality for domestic and irrigation purposes. For this purpose, 59 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), major anions (HCO3−, CO3−, F−, Cl−, NO2− + NO3−, and SO42−), major cations (Ca2+ Mg2+, Na+, and K+), alkalinity (ALK), and hardness (HAR). To assess the water quality, the following chemical parameters were calculated based on the analytical results, such as Piper plot, water quality index (WQI), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), magnesium hazard (MH), Kelly index (KI), and residual sodium carbonate (RSC). Wilcox diagram represents that 23% of the samples are excellent to good, 40% of the samples are good to permissible, 10% of the samples are permissible to doubtful, 24% of the samples are doubtful unsuitable, and only 3% of the samples are unsuitable for irrigation. SAR values shows that 52% of the samples indicate high-to-very high and low-to-medium alkali water. KI values indicate good quality (30%) and not suitable (70%) for irrigation purposes. RSC values indicate that 89% of samples are suitable for irrigation purposes. MH reveals that 17% suitable and 83% samples are not suitable for irrigation purposes and for domestic purposes the excellent (8%), good (48%), and poor (44%). The agricultural waste, fertilizer used, soil leaching, urban runoff, livestock waste, and sewages are the sources of poor water quality. Some samples are not suitable for irrigation purposes due to high salinity, hardness, and magnesium concentration. In general, the groundwater of the Salem district was polluted by agricultural activities, anthropogenic activities, ion exchange, and weathering.

Hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater quality and seasonal variation in East Bokaro coalfield region, Jharkhand

Groundwater samples collected from the East Bokaro coalfield of Jharkhand state, India during the dry and rainy seasons of the year 2012. Samples were analyzed for the assessment of groundwater quality in the study area. The results of the chemical analysis indicate that the pH values were found alkaline in nature during both the season. The major cations in groundwater was in the order of Na+>Ca2+>Mg2+>K+ during the dry season while Ca2+>Na+>Mg2+>K+ during the rainy season. The abundance of the major anions was of HCO3->SO42->Cl->NO3->F- did not change on the seasonal basis. The average NO3-concentration was exceeded the desirable limit for drinking water as per Indian standard in the rainy season. Silicate weathering was inferred to be a dominant process, controlling the groundwater chemistry in both seasons, with lesser contributions by carbonate weathering and ion exchange. Leaching of salts from the unsaturated zone also has a major impact on groundwater quality during the rainy season. The water quality data indicate that groundwater is generally suitable for irrigation. However, higher salinity and residual sodium carbonate values at some sites may limit groundwater use and therefore an adequate drainage and water management plan for the study area is required.

Assessment of groundwater suitability for irrigation in Madinah City, Saudi Arabia

In this study, the suitability of groundwater for irrigation purposes in Madinah city, Saudi Arabia was assessed. Of the 23 wells that were drilled in different locations of the city, 20 wells were sampled for water quality analyses. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) classification of irrigation water that is based on sodium hazard (SAR) and salinity hazard was used for irrigation suitability assessment. In addition, the residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and soluble sodium percentage (%Na) were calculated for all samples and also used for irrigation suitability assessment. Results showed that all groundwater samples are in the acceptable quality range for irrigation based on RSC values, and the majority of the samples had %Na in the acceptable range for irrigation. When SAR and salinity hazard were assessed, results showed that while almost all groundwater samples fell in the acceptable range of SAR, they were either in the high or very high salinity zones, indicating that the water can be used for irrigation after adopting some management practices. Comparing total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration obtained 35 years ago for the study area with the current TDS values indicates that the recent accelerated urban development in the study area did not significantly impact groundwater quality with regard to irrigation suitability.

KÜTAHYA OVASI’NDAKİ YÜZEY VE YER ALTI SULARININ SULAMA SUYU KALİTESİ AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ, TÜRKİYE

The Kutahya plain is one of the plains in Kutahya/Turkey, where drinking, agricultural and industrial water supplies are highly dependent on groundwater resources. The local population largely depends on water from alluvial shallow aquifer waters and some on the Felent and Porsuk rivers. Appraisal of surface and groundwater quality is extremely important to make sure the sustainable use of it for drinking, agricultural, and industrial purposes. The chemical quality of surface and groundwater of Kutahya plain has been studied in detail in order to have better understanding of potential water quality. A total of 21 groundwater samples and 6 surface water samples were collected in and around the plain. The relative abundance of major ions (meq/l) for most of the water samples were Ca2+ >Mg2+ >(Na++K+) for cations and HCO3- >SO42- >Cl- for anions. Five hydrochemical facies have been identified based on the major ion chemistry of the surface and groundwater of this area. However, based on hydrochemical facies, the type of water that predominates in the study area is Ca-Mg/Mg-Ca-HCO type in both December 2013 and June 2014. There is no significant change in the hydrochemical facies noticed during the two sampling periods. The chemical Index such as Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Sodium Percentage (%Na), Permeability Index (PI), Kelley Index (KI), Magnesium Ratio (MR), Potential Salinity (PS) and Total Hardness (TH) were calculated. The results indicated that SAR, RSC and KI values revealed 100%, %Na value revealed 92.6%, PI and PS values revealed 85.2% and MR value revealed 66.7% of water samples are within the safe limit suitable for irrigation. To sum up, the quality of surface and groundwater of Kutahya plain in general was suitable for irrigation