Residual Material Research Articles

The influence of residual asphalt material in the mechanical behaviour of soil-RAP mixtures for use in paving

ABSTRACT The evaluation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP)’s suitability for pavement layers, optimises resource use, reduces environmental impact, and supports cost-effective practices. In this sense this study aimed to characterise soil-RAP mixtures to ensure they meet the quality standards required for pavement applications. The study examined two types of soil mixtures: one soil-RAP aggregates and the other soil-virgin aggregates (VAM) to understand the impact of residual asphalt binder on aggregate particles. Various mass contents (30%, 50%, 70%, and 90%) were tested alongside conventional soil-gravel mixtures with equivalent proportions and gradation of RAP and VAM. Additionally, the study investigated the effect of adding 2% cement on the performance of both recycled soil-RAP mixtures and conventional soil-gravel mixtures. The analysis includes granulometry, Atterberg Limits, MCT (Miniature, Compacted, Tropical) classification, soil chemical characterisation and microscopic images, compaction in Modified Proctor Energy, CBR, Resilient Modulus tests and stress–strain analysis. The results have revealed that the residual asphalt binder, surrounding RAP aggregates, has reduced the soil mixtures’ strength for different RAP contents. However, the study demonstrated that the addition of cement rendered the soil-RAP mixture feasible, enabling the application of the studied mixtures of RAP to constitute subbase and base layers.

Material removal and damage formation mechanisms induced by periodic indentation during ultrasonic vibration-assisted scratching of SiCf/SiC composites

Fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) exhibit high hardness, brittleness, heterogeneity, and anisotropy. This study explores the material removal and damage formation mechanisms during ultrasonic vibration-assisted scratching of SiCf/SiC composites through experimental and micro-finite element simulations. The research reveals that high-frequency periodic indentation-separation of abrasive grain influences stress transfer and crack propagation, which are affected by the interfacial layer and fiber orientation. Crack deflection plays a crucial role in material removal and determines the amplitude of normal scratching force. Stress transfer interference primarily governs damage formation, with more severe damage occurring along the longitudinal and transverse fiber directions due to secondary stress concentration and crack deflection. In contrast, scratching along the perpendicular fiber direction requires higher normal forces due to residual adjacent phase materials, but results in more controlled material removal and less damage. The study provides insights into optimizing the ultrasonic vibration-assisted machining of CMCs to minimize damage.

Evolution of Physical, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of Poly(methyl Methacrylate)-Based Elium Thermoplastic Polymer During Polymerization.

Elium-based thermoplastic composites are a key material for future use in the marine, wind energy, and automotive industries because of their recyclability and ease of manufacture. To optimize the processing of the Elium composites to yield optimal structural properties, computational process modeling can be used to relate processing parameters to residual stresses and material durability. The key ingredient for reliable and accurate process modeling is the evolution of physical, thermal, and mechanical properties during polymerization. The objective of this study is to use molecular dynamics to predict the mass density, bulk modulus, shear modulus, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, glass transition temperature, and coefficient of thermal expansion as a function of the extent of reaction of the polymer. The predicted properties compare favorably to the experimentally measured values in the fully polymerized state. This data set of properties provides needed input data for process modeling of Elium-based composites for process parameter optimization and improved durability and performance.

A CHEMCAD Software Design Approach for Non-Conventional Biodiesel Production Using Methyl Acetate as Feedstock

Biodiesel is a sustainable and renewable fuel generated from renewable resources, including vegetable oil or animal fats. It is thought to be a non-toxic fuel that degrades gradually and causes no harm to the environment. In the present study, a non-conventional supercritical method for industrial biodiesel production is investigated. The non-conventional method refers to a single-step interesterification reaction between triglycerides and methyl acetate resulting in methyl esters of fatty acids and triacetin as a secondary product. Process flowsheet modeling, using CHEMCAD chemical engineering software, was used as an investigation tool. The production capacity was set to 25,000 kg/h biodiesel. Methyl acetate requested in the biodiesel production is produced from methanol esterification with acetic acid using an intensified reactive distillation unit. Methanol, in turn, is obtained using synthetic gas derived from biomass as a raw material, the process representing a new method at the industrial level to solve problems related to the energy that is required, storage and disposal of residual materials, and pollution through the release of pollutants into the air. The methanol synthesis process is similar to the one based on natural gas, consisting of three main steps, namely: (i) synthesis gas production, followed by (ii) methanol production, and (iii) methanol purification. Acetic acid is an essential chemical product, generated in the proposed approach by a sustainable method with low energy consumption and low air emissions, more exactly methanol carbonylation. All the processes previously mentioned: (i) biodiesel production, (ii) methyl acetate production, (iii) acetic acid production, and (iv) methanol production were modeled and simulated, leading to the desired biodiesel productivity (e.g., 25,000 kg/h) with the obtained purity being higher than 99%. Relevant discussions regarding the design assumptions used, the simulation and validation results, as well as other technical issues (i.e., electricity and thermal energy consumption) for the system being simulated, are provided, leading to the conclusion that the proposed route is well suited for the desired application and can deliver significant results. The simulation outcomes have provided confidence in the feasibility and effectiveness of the chosen process design, making it a viable option for further development and implementation.

Electrochemical Sensing Platform for Ascorbic Acid Detection Based on Porous Carbon Derived from Kudzu Root Residues

AbstractKudzu root residue is an excellent biomass carbon material that can be transformed into porous carbon through a simple two‐step process of “pre‐carbonization” followed by KOH activation. The structure of carbonized and activated kudzu root residue material was characterized through various techniques such as SEM, XRD, N2 adsorption‐desorption, XPS and Raman spectroscopy. Electrochemical measurement revealed that K‐CKR exhibited outstanding electrochemical performance, attributed to its large specific surface area, significant pore volume, and microporous‐mesoporous structure. When K‐CKR was used to modify a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for constructing an electrochemical sensor to detect ascorbic acid (AA), it demonstrated remarkable electrochemical sensing capabilities. This included a wide linear detection range (50–1620 μM), higher sensitivity, a low detection limit (0.83 μM, S/N=3), excellent stability and interference resistance. These experimental results clearly indicate that K‐CKR is a highly promising electrode material for the development of novel electrochemical sensors.

Recovery of aluminum, vanadium, and nickel from waste desulfurization catalyst residue by roasting and water leaching

The improper disposal of hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalysts poses significant environmental risks due to the presence of toxic materials and metals. This study investigates a method for recovering valuable resources, specifically aluminum, vanadium, and nickel, from industrial waste HDS catalyst residue. The process involves roasting the HDS residue at 300°C for 120 min with a 1:1 solid-to-liquid (S/L) ratio of residue to sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Subsequent water leaching resulted in the recovery of approximately 99% of Al(III) and V(V). The leaching kinetics of Al(III) and V(V) were found to follow the Shrinking-Core model, described by the equations X = kc.t and 1 − (1 − X)1/2 = kc.t, with activation energies (Ea) of 7.39 kJ/mol and 4.61 kJ/mol, respectively. The leach liquor containing Al(III) V(V) was treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) at pH 9.5 to precipitate aluminum salt, while vanadium was extracted using ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) by adjusting the pH to 7.1 at 50°C for 30 min. The residual material was leached with 5% (v/v) sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in the presence of 15% (v/v) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to achieve maximum nickel dissolution, resulting in the recovery of 99% of aluminum as Al(OH)3 with 99.8% purity and 99% of nickel as NiSO4.6H2O.

Accuracy of GynTect® Methylation Markers to Detect Recurrent Disease in Patients Treated for CIN3: A Proof-of-Concept Case-Control Study.

Post-treatment follow-up in women with CIN3 is mandatory due to relapse in up to 15% of patients within 2 years. Standard follow-up care based on hrHPV-DNA/cytology co-testing has high sensitivity but limited specificity. The aim of our proof-of-concept case-control study was to evaluate the performance of the methylation test GynTect® for the detection of recurrent CIN2/3 during follow-up. Residual clinical material from a recent, prospective, multicenter, observational study was available for further analysis. We studied a sample of 17 cases with recurrent CIN2/3 diagnosed within 24 months of follow-up and 31 controls without recurrence. DNA from cervical scrapes at baseline (immediately before CIN3 surgery) and up to three follow-up visits were analyzed for hrHPV and GynTect® methylation status. Cytology data were available from the previous study. Overall, 12 cases and 21 controls were GynTect-positive at baseline. In these subgroups, single test sensitivity at first follow-up was 67% (95% CI 39-87%) for GynTect® compared to 83% (95% CI 55-96%) for hrHPV (p = 0.50). Single test specificity was significantly higher for GynTect® (90%, 95% CI 71-98% vs. 62%, 95% CI 40-80%) (p = 0.03). In a co-testing setting, both hrHPV/cytology and GynTect®/cytology detected all recurrences. Specificity for GynTect®/cytology was higher than for hrHPV/cytology, but this difference was not statistically significant. In conclusion, for initially GynTect-positive patients, both hrHPV and GynTect® tests detected recurrent disease with similar sensitivity, but the GynTect® assay has a higher specificity. Incident hrHPV infection and/or persisting multifocal hrHPV infections without clinical disease are most likely responsible for the poorer specificity of the hrHPV test. A future prospective validation study will have to show whether GynTect®/cytology co-testing can outperform hrHPV/cytology co-testing in post-treatment surveillance.

Delayed Hypersensitivity Reaction to Dermal Fillers Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination

Dear Editor, I wish to bring attention to a potential delayed immune reaction associated with dermal fillers in the context of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. While severe vaccine reactions remain uncommon, the widespread administration of mRNA vaccines and the prevalent use of dermal fillers necessitate a closer examination of their possible interactions. We recently encountered a 59-year-old female patient who developed persistent facial swelling months after receiving the Pfizer-BioNTech SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. Notably, the patient had a history of dermal filler injections, predominantly hyaluronic acid, administered three to four years prior. Despite various therapeutic interventions, including antihistamines, corticosteroids, and ACE inhibitors, she experienced recurrent episodes of swelling. Ultrasound assessment revealed the absence of residual filler material, leading us to consider an immune-mediated response potentially triggered by the mRNA vaccine. This case highlights the importance of further research into the interaction between mRNA COVID-19 vaccines and dermal fillers. It suggests that individuals with a history of dermal fillers may be susceptible to delayed inflammatory reactions post-vaccination. Clinicians should be aware of this potential adverse event, particularly when evaluating patients with unexplained facial swelling following vaccination.

The potential of residual clinical Group B Streptococcus swabs for assessing the vaginorectal microbiome in late pregnancy

The maternal pregnancy microbiome (including genitourinary and gut) has been linked to important pregnancy/birth and later childhood health outcomes. However, such sampling as part of large population cohort studies is logistically and financially challenging. Many countries routinely collect vaginal or vaginal-rectal swabs in late pregnancy for Group B Streptococcus (GBS) screening, but their utility for population-based research is still unclear. As part of planning for the Generation Victoria population-based cohort study beginning in pregnancy, we assessed the utility and reliability of residual clinical GBS vaginal/vaginal-rectal swabs for generating late pregnancy microbiome data. We carried out a two-phased pilot study. Phase one assessed the level of microbial diversity apparent in ‘residual’ clinical vaginal/vaginal-rectal swabs post clinical testing and storage for 7–10 days at 4 °C (routine clinical practice). Phase two directly assessed the impact of storage time and temperature on the microbial composition of vaginal/vaginal-rectal swabs collected specifically for research purposes. The microbiota composition in the ‘residual’ clinical swabs aligned with published studies. The ‘research’ swabs, stored at 4 °C for up to ten days, showed minimal changes in microbiota profile, compared to swabs examined on the day of collection. In contrast, significant variation in diversity was seen in swabs stored at room temperature for up to 48 h. Residual clinical material from swabs collected primarily for GBS screening in late pregnancy represent a reliable and abundant source of material for assessing the late pregnancy maternal microbiome for research purposes. This represents a low-burden opportunity for population-representative pregnancy studies to assess the potential of late pregnancy microbiome for prediction and understanding maternal and child health outcomes.

The Quest for the Holy Grail Of 3D Printing: A Critical Review of Recycling in Polymer Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing.

The benefits of additive manufacturing (AM) are widely recognised, boosting the AM method's use in industry, while it is predicted AM will dominate the global manufacturing industry. Alas, 3D printing's growth is hindered by its sustainability. AM methods generate vast amounts of residuals considered as waste, which are disposed of. Additionally, the energy consumed, the materials used, and numerous other factors render AM unsustainable. This paper aims to bring forward all documented solutions in the literature. The spotlight is on potential solutions for the Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) AM, focusing on Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), as these are candidates for mass manufacturing by industry. Solutions are evaluated critically, to identify research gaps regarding the recyclability of residual material. Only then can AM dominate the manufacturing industry, which is extremely important since this is a milestone for our transition into sustainable manufacturing. This transition itself is a complex bottleneck on our quest for becoming a sustainable civilisation. Unlike previous reviews that primarily concentrate on specific AM recycling materials, this paper explores the state of the art in AM recycling processes, incorporating the latest market data and projections. By offering a holistic and forward-looking perspective on the evolution and potential of AM, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and industry professionals alike.

SIMULATION OF DISPOSAL SLOPE DESIGN USING THE SPENCER METHOD IN THE SOFT MATERIAL AREA OF PT XYZ, BERAU, EAST KALIMANTAN

PT XYZ is a coal mining company utilizing an open-pit mining system, currently serving as the subject of this research. Every mining activity requires a disposal area to place the residual materials covering the mineral deposits. This study aims to analyze the disposal slope's stability in accordance with KEPMEN ESDM No.1827 Tahun 2018. The slope design simulations were conducted using limiting variables, like the bench angle of 35°, bench heights of 5 meters and 10 meters, and bench widths of 10 meters, 20 meters, and 30 meters. Input data comprised material properties such as unit weight, cohesion, and internal friction angle for materials including soft clay, dense clay, bund wall, and waste. The data was obtained by tests on basic physical properties and triaxial compression tests. The conditions assumed the slope was saturated groundwater level while considering the earthquake coefficient. This research employed the Spencer method for slope stability analysis, resulting in a safe and volumetrically efficient slope design with bench angle angle of 35°, bench heights of 5 meters, and bench widths of 30 meters with the safety factor 1,11.

Enhancing Crop Harvesting with Ultrasonic Stubble Height Sensing Technology

Crop stubble refers to the residual plant material, primarily stems and leaves, that remains in the field after the harvest of the primary crop. In modern farming practices, considering the customer requirement, knowing the crop stubble height is a critical variable in agricultural management to plan for uniform crop cuts by adjusting the header’s cutter height of the harvester. The potential outcome of this research includes an accurate and non-contact stubble height measurement system utilizing ultrasonic sensing technology. The study involves the design and development of an algorithm to calculate short-range and long-range distances using ultrasonic sensors by processing the raw ultrasonic reflections. The proposed algorithm has different signal processing options to convert the raw ultrasonic signal to the distance. These distances are then mapped to the distance from the ground, distance from the cut end of the stubble and resulting stubble height. Setup with the sensor mount is created to mimic the actual field environment and the height detection algorithm is evaluated on corn and wheat crop stubbles. Multiple trials are carried out using the static and dynamic setup for different heights of the stubble. For these trials, the calculated stubble height closely matches with the actual stubble height. Keywords: Combine harvester, stubble height sensing, ultrasonic sensing, Non-Contact Sensing, uniform crop cut, Stubble Management, Agricultural Sensors, Harvest Residue Detection.

A 3D micro-CT assessment of composition and structure of bone tissue after vertical and horizontal alveolar ridge augmentation using CAD/CAM-customized titanium mesh.

To date, no studies have exploited micro-CT in humans to evaluate bone morphology and structure after bone augmentation with CAD/CAM-customized titanium mesh, in mandible and maxilla. The aim of this study was to assess the composition and microstructure of bone biopsy through micro-CT analysis. Bone augmentation at both maxillary and mandible sites was performed on 30 patients randomly treated with customized mesh, either alone (M-) or covered with resorbable membrane (M+), in both cases filled 50:50 with autogenous bone and xenograft. After 6 months, biopsies were taken and micro-CT was performed on consecutive 1-mm-thick VOIs from coronal to apical side, measuring tissue volumes, trabecular thickness, spacing, and number. In both groups, irrespective of membrane use, bone tissue (M-: 29.76% vs. M+: 30.84%) and residual graft material (M-: 14.87% vs. M+: 13.11%) values were similar. Differences were site-related (maxillary vs. mandibular) with higher percentage of bone tissue and trabecular density of low-mineralized bone and overall bone in the mandible. The composition and structure of bone tissue, as assessed by micro-CT after alveolar ridge augmentation using CAD/CAM-customized titanium meshes, showed similar features regardless of whether a collagen membrane was applied.

Reliability of sealer penetration measurement methods and assessment of dentine penetrability after endodontic retreatment: A correlation invitro study.

This study evaluated the reliability of sealer penetration measurement methods used with confocal laser scanning microscopy in correlation with the percentage of residual root filling and examined the effect of residual root-filling material on dentine penetrability after retreatment. Extracted teeth were randomly divided into different groups according to the obturation sealer used (n = 6); BioRoot RCS; MTA Fillapex; Bio-C and AH Plus. Root-filling material was removed before the secondary chemo-mechanical preparation and obturation using fluorescein labelled AH Plus. Multiple micro-computed tomography scans were obtained followed by confocal laser scanning microscopy to measure the penetration of the labelled sealer into the dentinal tubules using four different methods. Measuring sealer penetration into radicular dentine using the penetration percentage method was found to be the most reliable. Dentine penetrability during retreatment did not seem to be affected by the type of residual root-filling material.

Inactivation kinetics for surrogates of common foodborne pathogens during food residue drying.

Postconsumer household food residues can act as useful substrates for other industries, but transporting high-moisture material corresponds to high fuel use and associated greenhouse gas production. Drying food residues at the household level reduces transportation weight, increases stability, and preserves the nutritional quality of recovered material. Mitigating foodborne microbiological safety risks is crucial to encourage the development of novel methods to rapidly dry and stabilize food residues. The objective of this study was to improve the prediction of bacterial pathogen inactivation under various thermal and drying processes in a synthetic mixture of residual food material (RFM). The log reduction rate was measured forEscherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, and Listeria innocua (surrogates of common foodborne pathogens) in RFM under different moisture contents (12% and 25% by fresh weight) and temperatures (50, 55, and 60°C). Inactivation data were used to determine D- and z-values and to fit a multiple regression model to predict log(D-values) in response to temperature and moisture content. Across conditions, D-values were measured to be 5.1-120, 4.6-123, and 32-545min for E. coli, L. innocua, and E. faecium, respectively. Temperature sensitivities were significantly higher in lower moisture RFM for E. coli and L. innocua. Applying E. coli inactivation models during RFM at 55°C yielded inactivation rates that aligned with experimental values after 5min (0.1vs. 0-0.1logs), 30min (2.1vs. 1.3-2.3logs), and 90min (7.2vs. 7.1-8.9logs). These results can inform the design of RFM drying and stabilization processes to promote pathogen inactivation and safety in downstream applications of dried material.

HoloPatch: improving intracardiac patch fit through holographically modelled templates.

Structural heart defects, including congenital ventricular septal defect closure or intracardiac rerouting, frequently require surgical reconstruction using hand-cut patch materials. Digitally modelled patch templates may improve patch fit and reduce outflow tract obstruction, residual defect risk, and conduction system damage. In this study, we benchmarked mixed-reality and a desktop application against a digitalized model of a real implanted patch. Ten patients scheduled for the repair of various defects consented to prospective inclusion in the study. After surgery, a digital model of the implanted patch was created from the residual material. Five clinical experts created 10 digital patches, 1 per patient, both in mixed-reality and desktop application, for comparison with the reference measurements, including the digitalized model of the real patch used during the surgery. Subjective residual shunt risk prediction was performed using both modalities. Digital patches created in mixed-reality closely matched the surgical material, whereas those created using desktop applications were significantly smaller. Different evaluators showed varying preferences for the application of the residual shunt risk and area. Digitally created patches can assist surgeons in preoperatively sizing of patch implants, potentially reducing post-operative complications.

Optical fiber sensor based on magneto-optical surface plasmon resonance with ultra-high figure of merit

Compared to surface plasmon resonance (SPR), the sensors based on the magneto-optical SPR (MOSPR) technique have much higher figure-of-merit (FOM). However, there are no reports about applying MOSPR in the optical fiber structure now. In this work, a novel D-shaped optical fiber sensor based on the MOSPR technique is proposed. The D-shaped optical fiber is coated with a thin silver film and a magneto-optical (MO) material film of Cerium-doped Yttrium-Iron garnet (CeYIG). By applying a magnetic field on the sensing region, the magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) of the CeYIG layer and the related MOSPR phenomenon could be excited when appropriate light is transmitted in the proposed optical fiber sensor. The influence of the structural parameters including the residual cladding thickness, silver and MO material film thicknesses are analyzed theoretically by the finite element method (FEM). With the optimal parameters, the sensor achieves the sensitivity of 5304 nm RIU−1. Since the peak width of MOSPR spectra is much narrower than that of the SPR spectra, the FOM of the sensor is largely enhanced to 3864 RIU−1 on average and 13260 RIU−1 in maximum, which surpasses the optical fiber SPR sensors vastly. The miniaturized and simple design of the D-shaped optical fiber MOSPR sensor, coupled with the ultra-high FOM, offers itself great potential in biochemical sensing applications.

Carbon Footprint for Jeans’ Circular Economy Model Using Bagasse

To date, clothing has been produced and disposed of in large quantities. It is also known that each process, from the procurement of raw materials to production, transportation, sales, laundry, and disposal, has a significant environmental impact. According to the Global Fashion Agenda, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the fashion industry account for 4% of the global total. Therefore, apparel makers are shifting from a linear economy to a circular economy. For example, the Japanese start-up Curelabo Co., Ltd. (Okinawa, Japan) developed jeans (bagasse washi jeans) made from bagasse, which is a residual material derived from sugarcane after the extraction of cane juice. Furthermore, the use of improved dyeing reduces boiler fuel consumption and eliminates the need for detergents and acid. For disposal, the used jeans and their production waste are processed into biochar for carbon sequestration. In this study, we attempted to calculate GHG emissions using life cycle assessment (LCA) for the circular economy model developed by Curelabo Co., Ltd. GHG emissions from the production of bagasse washi jeans were 1.09 × 101 kg-CO2e. Dyeing, bleaching, and fabric finishing, known as the wet processes, were found to contribute a large proportion of GHG emissions due to their high energy consumption. Furthermore, the entire lifecycle of GHG emissions from bagasse washi jeans, including transport, sales, laundry, and disposal, were 1.53 × 101 kg-CO2e. First, the use of bagasse washi yarn for the weft reduced by 2.99 × 10−1 kg-CO2e compared with the use of conventional 100% bleached cotton yarn. Second, compared with conventional dyeing, GHG emissions from the improved dyeing process were reduced by 2.78 kg-CO2e. Third, the disposal of the used jeans and their production waste into biochar reduced GHG emissions by 9.01 × 10−1 kg-CO2e. Additionally, GHG emissions can be reduced by re-inputting waste in the paper-making process and by using liquefied natural gas as boiler fuel in the dyeing process.

A Comparative Evaluation of the Dissolving Abilities of Eucalyptus, Orange, and Castor Oils in Endodontic Retreatment Using Conventional and Rotary Techniques.

Endodontic retreatment is essential for periapical healing, involving the removal of inadequate fillings, thorough cleaning, and new filling application to prevent leakage. This study compares the dissolving abilities of Eucalyptus, Orange, and Castor oils in the re-treatment of resin-based endodontic fillings using conventional and rotary techniques. Thirty single-rooted human teeth were prepared and filled with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer. They were divided into three groups (n=10) based on the solvent used (Eucalyptus, Orange, or Castor oil) and further subdivided based on the techniques used (conventional and rotary). Standardised re-treatment procedures were performed, and the amount of residual material was measured. A significant difference (p<0.001) was found among the groups, indicating that both the type of solvent and the technique significantly affected the amount of residual material. The rotary technique generally left less residual material compared to the conventional technique for all solvents. Eucalyptus oil with the rotary technique showed the least residual material (mean = 5.8), while Castor oil with the conventional technique showed the most (mean = 10.2). Eucalyptus oil, especially when used with rotary techniques, is highly effective in removing resin-based endodontic fillings, providing a viable and safer alternative to traditional solvents. The study underscores the importance of selecting appropriate solvents and techniques for successful endodontic re-treatment.

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) leaves as natural colorant for cotton dyeing using an ecofriendly approach toward industrial progress.

In the industrial sector, vegetable residual materials have received attention in the production of bio-colorant for textile dyeing. The current research endeavor is centered on investigating the possibility of using sugar beet leaves as a natural source of dye for the purpose of dyeing cotton fabrics. Different extraction methods were utilized to isolate the bio-colorant present in sugar beet residual material, and the most favorable colorant yield was obtained using a 5% methanolic KOH solution. For optimal dyeing results, the cotton fabric performed dyeing for a duration of 45 min at a temperature of 60 °C, using a salt solution concentration of 6 g/100 mL and 50 mL of the extracted dye solution. Characterization of dye using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the presence of quercetin in the leaf extract. For the creation of a range of color variations, mordants that were chemical in nature, such as tannic acid, iron sulfate, potassium dichromate, and copper sulfate, as well as mordants that were bio-based, such as onion peel, pomegranate peel, henna, golden shower bark, and turmeric, were employed in harmony. In comparison, the utilization of bio-mordants resulted in darker shades that exhibited enhanced color intensity and superior color fastness properties with the value of 4-5 for wash, 4 for wet rubbing, 4-5 for dry rubbing, and 4-5 for light. The findings of this study hold significant value in terms of ecofriendly waste management and contribute to advancements in the industrial sector by utilizing waste residual materials as a natural source of colorants.