Residual High-spin Fraction Research Articles

Crystal Size Effect on the Spin-Crossover Behavior of {Fe(py)2[Pt(CN)4]} (py = Pyridine) Monitored by Raman Spectroscopy.

The spin-crossover phenomenon in nanomaterials has been the subject of exploratory investigations for stimuli-responsive switching properties at nanoscale. Using variable-temperature Raman spectroscopy, we investigated changes in the temperature-driven spin-transition property of {Fe(py)2[Pt(CN)4]} (py = pyridine) induced by a size reduction from a bulk polycrystalline powder to an ultrathin film (crystallite size, 15 nm). When the crystallite size was reduced, the spin-transition temperature shifted lower and the spin-transition curves became less steep. In the thin-film form, the residual high-spin fraction was found to be about 20%.

Evolution of Spin-Crossover Transition in Hybrid Crystals Involving Cationic Iron Complexes [Fe(III)(3-OMesal2-trien)]+ and Anionic Gold Bis(dithiolene) Complexes Au(dmit)2 and Au(dddt)2

Hybrid ion-pair crystals involving hexadentate [Fe(III)(3-OMesal2-trien)]+ spin-crossover (SCO) cationic complexes and anionic gold complexes [Au(dmit)2]− (1) (dmit = 4,5-dithiolato-1,3-dithiole-2-thione) and [Au(dddt)2]− (2) (dddt = 5,6-dihydro-1,4-dithiin-2,3-dithiolate) were synthesized and studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, P-XRD, and SQUID magnetometry. Our study shows that both complexes have similar 1:1 stoichiometry but different symmetry and crystal packing. Complex 1 has a rigid structure in which the SCO cations are engaged in strong π-interplay with molecular surrounding and does not show SCO transition while 2 demonstrates a reversible transition at Tsco = 118 K in a much “softer”, hydrogen-bonded structure. A new structural indicator of spin state in [Fe(sal2-trien)]+ complexes based on conformational analysis has been proposed. Aging and thermocycling ruined the SCO transition increasing the residual HS fraction from 14 to 41%. Magnetic response of 1 is explained by the AFM coupled dimers S = 5/2 with J1 = −0.18 cm−1. Residual high-spin fraction of 2, apart from a contribution of the weak dimers with J12 = J34 = −0.29 cm−1, is characterized by a stronger interdimer coupling of J23 = −1.69 cm−1, which is discussed in terms of possible involvement of neutral radicals [Au(dddt)2].

Spin Crossover in Fe(II) Complexes with N4S2 Coordination.

Reactions of Fe(II) precursors with the tetradentate ligand S,S'-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-thioethane (bpte) and monodentate NCE(-) coligands afforded mononuclear complexes [Fe(bpte)(NCE)2] (1, E = S; 2, E = Se; 3, E = BH3) that exhibit temperature-induced spin crossover (SCO). As the ligand field strength increases from NCS(-) to NCSe(-) to NCBH3(-), the SCO shifts to higher temperatures. Complex 1 exhibits only a partial (15%) conversion from the high-spin (HS) to the low-spin (LS) state, with an onset around 100 K. Complex 3 exhibits a complete SCO with T1/2 = 243 K. While the γ-2 polymorph also shows the complete SCO with T1/2 = 192 K, the α-2 polymorph exhibits a two-step SCO with the first step leading to a 50% HS → LS conversion with T1/2 = 120 K and the second step proceeding incompletely in the 80-50 K range. The amount of residual HS fraction of α-2 that remains below 60 K depends on the cooling rate. Fast flash-cooling allows trapping of as much as 45% of the HS fraction, while slow cooling leads to a 14% residual HS fraction. The slowly cooled sample of α-2 was subjected to irradiation in the magnetometer cavity resulting in a light-induced excited spin state trapping (LIESST) effect. As demonstrated by Mössbauer spectroscopy, an HS fraction of up to 85% could be achieved by irradiation at 4.2 K.

An FeII Spin‐Crossover Complex Becomes Increasingly Cooperative with Ageing

AbstractThe polypyrazolyl ligand H4L, a functionalised derivative of 3‐bpp [bpp = bis(pyrazol‐3‐yl)pyridine], has been used to synthesise an FeII spin‐crossover (SCO) system [Fe(H4L)2](ClO4)2·2THF·H2O (1). A subsequent magnetic and structural study revealed that the compound undergoes an incomplete transition with a small hysteresis loop of 8 K and a large residual high spin (HS) fraction. This is consistent with single crystal diffraction results at 250 and 90 K, which show a slight modification of the crystal packing and Fe–N bond lengths. Ageing of the samples leads to more cooperative SCO behaviour, as evidenced by a concomitant increase in the width of the hysteresis loops (reaching up to 20 K) and a decrease in the residual HS fraction at low temperatures. These increases in the bistable domain of the sample, corroborated by measuring the changes in heat capacity through differential scanning calorimetry, are accompanied by a loss of crystallinity, which is attributed to solvent loss and the absorption of atmospheric water. Grinding an aged sample yields a narrower hysteresis loop at higher temperatures. Compound 1 was compared with two previously observed systems of the same family that exhibit different SCO behaviour, [Fe(H4L)2](ClO4)2·H2O·2(CH3)2CO (2) and [Fe(H4L)2](ClO4)2·2C3H7OH (3), by using Hirshfeld surface analysis to have a global view of the intermolecular interactions as enhanced by the functional groups of H4L.

Thermal low spin–high spin equilibrium of Fe(II) in thiospinels CuFe 0.5(Sn (1− x) Ti x) 1.5S 4 (0≤ x≤1)

A series of spinel compounds with composition CuFe 0.5(Sn (1− x) Ti x ) 1.5S 4 (0≤ x≤1) is analysed by X-ray diffraction, measurements of magnetic susceptibilities and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. All samples show a temperature-dependent equilibrium between an electronic low spin 3 d( t 2 g ) 6( e g ) 0 and a high spin 3 d( t 2 g ) 4( e g ) 2 state of the Fe(II) ions. The spin crossover is of the continuous type and extends over several hundred degrees in all samples. The Sn/Ti ratio influences the thermal equilibrium between the two spin states. Substitution of Sn(IV) by the smaller Ti(IV) ions leads to a more compact crystal lattice, which, in contrast to many metal–organic Fe(II) complexes, does not stabilise the low spin state, but increases the residual high spin fraction for T→0 K. The role played by antiferromagnetic spin coupling in the stabilisation of the high spin state is discussed. The results are compared with model calculations treating the effect of magnetic interactions on spin state equilibria.

Cyanocarbanion-Based Spin-Crossover Materials: Photocrystallographic and Photomagnetic Studies of a New Iron(II) Neutral Chain

A new iron(II) chain of formula [Fe(abpt)(2)(tcpd)] [1; (tcpd)(2-) = [C(10)N(6)](2-) = (C[C(CN)(2)](3))(2-) = 2-dicyanomethylene-1,1,3,3-tetracyanopropanediide anion, abpt = 4-amino-3,5-bis(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole] has been synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy, detailed variable-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction, magnetic and photomagnetic measurements. The crystal structure determination of 1 reveals a one-dimensional structural architecture in which the (tcpd)(2-) cyanocarbanion acts as a μ(2)-bridging ligand and the two abpt molecules act as chelating ligands. Detailed X-ray diffraction studies as a function of the temperature (293-10 K) showed a strong modification of the iron coordination sphere, whose characteristics are in agreement with the presence of a spin-crossover transition from high spin (HS) to low spin (LS) in 1. The average Fe-N distances at room temperature, at 10 K following a flash cooling, and at 10 K after subsequent HS-to-LS relaxation are in the range expected for 100%, 50%, and 25% fractions of HS Fe(II), respectively. These observations are consistent with the presence of ca. 25% residual HS species at low temperatures, as derived from the magnetic data. The signature of a photoinduced metastable HS state in 1 has been detected by performing coupled photomagnetic and photocrystallographic analyses. The limiting T(LIESST) value associated with the light-induced excited-spin-state trapping effect was derived as 35 K, in good agreement with the thermal dependence of the unit cell volume upon irradiation. Kinetic studies governing the photoinduced HS/LS process have been recorded at different temperatures; a reverse-LIESST effect has been evidenced at 10 K as a reduction of the residual HS fraction by irradiating the sample at 830 nm.

Pressure-induced hysteresis in the high spin low spin transition in bis(2,4-bis(pyridin-2-yl)thiazole) iron(II) tetrafluoroborate

Studies of the spin transition behavior of the mononuclear compound[Fe(pythiaz)2](BF4)2 have been carried out under hydrostatic pressures up to 9.13 kbar in the 5–300 Ktemperature range. Under ambient pressure this compound exhibits an approximatelyhalf-step (incomplete) HS LS transition with T1/2 = 146 K without any thermal hysteresis. At pressures up to 4.5 kbarthe behavior remains similar but with an upward displacement ofT1/2 and a slight decrease in the residual high spin fraction at lowT. Application of higher pressures resulted in an almost complete two-step spin transitionwith several unusual pressure effects. Along with the expected pressure dependence ofT1/2 the surprising appearance of hysteresis in the spin transition curves was observed. It issuggested that the likely origin of this unprecedented behavior is a pressure-inducedstructural change.