Residual Amounts Of Pesticides Research Articles

Ingineering and technological problems of improving the environmental safety of crop production

The article deals with engineering and technological problems of improving the environmental safety of crop production as a complex biotechnical system, for the environment, consumers of crop production and machine operators who ensure production in the field. It is noted that the impact of agriculture on the environment and humans is not only promoting global warming, participation in environmental pollution by pesticides and undigested remnants of mineral and organic fertilizers, the pollution of the production of field crops with residual amounts of pesticides and food is not absorbed nitrogen, toxic threat environment in the area of the machine, but unsustainable use of non-renewable resources, the availability of which depend on agricultural technologies. The main directions of minimizing environmental pollution and reducing dependence on non-renewable resources as a result of agricultural activities are shown.

Ecological risks of pesticide pollution of beekeeping products

The article is focused on the actuality of the ecological risks researching of pesticide pollution of agricultural soils, which are the feed and raw material base for beekeeping. There is mentioned the importance of permanent control over the content of dangerous toxicants, in particular chlororganic pesticides, in the bee honey and other beekeeping products in the article. The results of researching the content of residual amounts of persistent chlororganic pesticides hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichlormethylmethane (DDT) in samples of the sunflower honey which are taken from the bee farm of three administrative districts of Cherkasy region are presented. Significant pollution of the sunflower honey from the bee farm which is placed in the village of Novoselytsia by residual amounts of pesticides is detected, the concentration of the sum of metabolites and isomers DDT exceeding the maximum allowable standards in 1.3 to 2.3 times. It should be noted that the determined concentrations of the above mentioned pesticide in the soil (from 6.41 to 23.53 mcg/kg for the MRL is equal 100 mcg/kg) cannot be a source of significant pollution of bee honey. It is suggested that the reason for the xenobiotic entering to bee products through the biological cycle (soil – honey plant – honey) is the presence in the range of honey collection area of anonactive compound of toxic chemicals, which is a powerful source of toxicants, including pesticides into environmental objects. It is detected the direct correlation dependance between the content of pesticides in honey and their concentration in the soil (in the range from r=0.61 for the village of Stebne to r=0.98 for villages of Novoselytsia and Chervone). The importance of assessment of ecological risks of environmental pollution by pesticide residues was proved, since even a small concentration of a toxic substance in soil, water, air, nectar or pollen of honey plants often leads to massive damage and death of bees. It is noted that honey can be used as a suitable bioindicator for assessing the ecological risks of environmental pollution by toxic substances, including chlororganic pesticides.

Microbial Detoxification of Residual Pesticides in Fermented Foods: Current Status and Prospects

The treatment of agricultural areas with pesticides is an indispensable approach to improve crop yields and cannot be avoided in the coming decades. At the same time, significant amounts of pesticides remain in food and their ingestion causes serious damage such as neurological, gastrointestinal, and allergic reactions; cancer; and even death. However, during the fermentation processing of foods, residual amounts of pesticides are significantly reduced thanks to enzymatic degradation by the starter and accompanying microflora. This review concentrates on foods with the highest levels of pesticide residues, such as milk, yogurt, fermented vegetables (pickles, kimchi, and olives), fruit juices, grains, sourdough, and wines. The focus is on the molecular mechanisms of pesticide degradation due to the presence of specific microbial species. They contain a unique genetic pool that confers an appropriate enzymological profile to act as pesticide detoxifiers. The prospects of developing more effective biodetoxification strategies by engaging probiotic lactic acid bacteria are also discussed.

Assessment of the integrated palinotoxic effect of ecotoxicants on microhametophyte Vitis vinifera L.

The article presents information of the study of the complex effects of heavy metals and residual dose of pesticides on the male generative organs of populations of Vitis vinifera L. growing in agricultural areas of Crimea with varying degrees of pollution and located along highways with different road traffic. The control possibility is populations growing up on plantations which located at a considerable distance from highways. In the soil samples of these areas, residual amounts of pesticides (baileton, BI-58, insegar) were found, the content of which didn’t exceed the established sanitary and hygienic standards. A microgametophyte test of V. vinifera L. populations growing in agricultural areas whose soils are contaminated with heavy metals and pesticide residues revealed reduced production of fertile pollen compared to the control zone and background, significantly decreasing with increasing concentrations of ecotoxicants. Morphometric analysis of abortive pollen grains revealed an increase in their size, with the largest number found in more polluted areas. Increased production of large sterile pollen may indicate an adverse effect of heavy metals and pesticides on the generative organs of grapes and microsporogenesis occurring in them. It was found that pollutants in the background and in the Bakhchisarai district (low load) had a mildly toxic effect, in Alushta (medium load) and Simferopol district (high load) – a medium toxic effect of microgametophyte V. vinifera L. Thus, heavy metals and pesticide residues can form more toxic combine.

Safety of food products intended for children: residual amounts of pesticides (literature review)

The literature review examines data on the assessment of contamination of food products and biological media with organochlorine pesticides, modern approaches, and methods for the identification and quantification of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) as follows: hexachlorobenzene (HCB), aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, and endrin in various vegetable matrices, of animal origin (food products) and biological media (breast milk, blood serum, tissues). These pesticides, along with DDT and its metabolites and HCH (α, β, γ isomers), are persisting organic pollutants (POPs) according to the list of the Stockholm POPs Convention, included in the so-called global “dirty dozen substances”. Despite the prohibition of the production of these pesticides by most countries of the world community and the elimination of the quantities already produced, their migration along the food chain from contaminated objects of the environment to plants, and through plants to animals and humans, is still observed. Today’s contamination with OCPs and their metabolites remains a severe problem since they are detected in environmental objects, food products, and baby formula and breast milk. The literature review is based on virtual database platforms: Elsevier, PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, SciELO, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, e-LIBRARY, Electronic collection of legal and regulatory documents, and others.

Food safety: modern methods of multicomponent determination of pesticides

Introduction. Analytical control of chemical contamination is essential in ensuring the safety of food products manufactured using pesticides. The development and testing of new methodological techniques for multicomponent measurement of the levels of residual amounts of biologically active ingredients are constantly in the field of view of analysts. Research objectives. To assess the suitability of the QuEChERS methodological approaches for the determination of a wide range of pesticides of various structures and physicochemical properties (up to 50 names of active substances) in food products and food raw materials of various compositions and origins (fruits, vegetables, cereals, rice, tea, coffee, milk, eggs and their derivatives, meat, offal). Material and methods. The measurements were carried out by tandem liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography with a mass-selective detector, focused on screening and quantifying trace amounts of pesticides. The sample preparation procedure for analysis was carried out according to the QuEChERS method. Results. Multimethods have been created for the determination of residual amounts of pesticides in cereal grains (40 substances), fruits of vegetables and fruits (27 compounds), fruits of citrus crops (50 ingredients), 2,4-D acid in milk, eggs and by-products, fipronil and its toxic metabolite - sulfone in eggs, products of their processing (melange, dry egg white), muscle tissue and offal. The developments have supplemented the list of certified measurement methods included in the unified information fund of measurement methods of the Russian Federation. Conclusions. The unification of analytical methods for preparing samples of food products of various composition and origin for analysis, instrumentation of analytical laboratories with liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry systems expand the possibilities of introducing group methods, ensure the readiness of testing centres to perform multi-purpose tests to identify and measure pesticide levels.

О некоторых результатах агроэкологического мониторинга почв и земельных ресурсов Российской Федерации в 2019 году

The article presents the results of long-term agroecological monitoring of the state of Russian land resources: the dynamics of changes in agrochemical and physico-chemical indicators, the content of organic matter and elements of mineral nutrition of plants in soils; crop productivity; contamination of soils and products with residual amounts of pesticides, oil and petroleum products, heavy metals, nitrates, radionuclides; the problems of erosion and reclamation of agricultural land are highlighted. Ключевые слова: AGROECOLOGICAL MONITORING, HUMUS, MOBILE PHOSPHORUS, EXCHANGE POTASSIUM, ACIDITY, CHEMICAL RECLAMATION, LIMING, PHOSPHORIZATION, GYPSUM, PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS, YIELD, FERTILIZERS, PESTICIDE RESIDUES, OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, HEAVY METALS, NITRATES, WATER AND WIND EROSION OF SOILS, LAND RECLAMATION

О некоторых результатах агроэкологического мониторинга почв и земельных ресурсов Российской Федерации в 2019 году

The article presents the results of long-term agroecological monitoring of the state of Russian land resources: the dynamics of changes in agrochemical and physico-chemical indicators, the content of organic matter and elements of mineral nutrition of plants in soils; crop productivity; contamination of soils and products with residual amounts of pesticides, oil and petroleum products, heavy metals, nitrates, radionuclides; the problems of erosion and reclamation of agricultural land are highlighted. Ключевые слова: AGROECOLOGICAL MONITORING, HUMUS, MOBILE PHOSPHORUS, EXCHANGE POTASSIUM, ACIDITY, CHEMICAL RECLAMATION, LIMING, PHOSPHORIZATION, GYPSUM, PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS, YIELD, FERTILIZERS, PESTICIDE RESIDUES, OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, HEAVY METALS, NITRATES, WATER AND WIND EROSION OF SOILS, LAND RECLAMATION

Residual amounts of pesticides in citrus fruits: analytical control

Introduction. Thanks to possessing beneficial properties and vitamin content, citrus fruits occupy a prominent place in the ubiquitous nutrition of all ages due to various crops. On the other hand, due to climatic conditions, they cannot be cultivated in our country and are classified as imported products, which justifies the importance of controlling their safety. Purpose of the work. The creation of a multicomponent method for determining the residual amounts of pesticides and their metabolites in citrus fruits. Materials and methods. HPLC with triple quadrupole mass detector in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode and capillary gas-liquid chromatography with mass selective detector (GC-MC) in selected ion monitoring mode (SIM) together were used to perform the identification and quantitative determination of the active substances of pesticides of various classes (amino pyrimidines, imidazoles, carbamates, strobilurins, triazoles, organophosphorus compounds, etc.) As a sample preparation method, there was used the QuEChERS technology, based on the extraction of pesticides with an organic solvent from a homogenized sample in the presence of salts containing citrate buffer and the purification of the extracts by dispersive solid-phase extraction. Results. To control the safety of citrus fruits (lemons, grapefruits, oranges, tangerines) imported from Egypt, Turkey and Abkhazia, purchased on the food market, a multi-method was used for determining the residual amounts of a wide range of pesticide compounds (50 names of active ingredients of pesticides and their toxic metabolites) in citrus fruits. The identified levels of active pesticide ingredients did not exceed the established MRLs. Conclusion. The modern development of the analytical chemistry of pesticides, the use of a tandem of gas and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection made it possible to implement a group method for the quantitative determination of the active substances of pesticides and their toxic metabolites in citrus fruits. Modern development makes it possible to detect the contamination of their residual amounts in the processed products.

Potential health risk associated with consumption of local food containing pesticide residues for the rural population

Objective. Hygienic assessment of the potential health risks to the rural population associated with the use of local food products produced in areas containing residual amounts of pesticides in the soil. Material and methods. The quantification of chloro- and organophosphorus pesticides in local foods was analyzed by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. Health risks to the rural population from exposure to pesticides in foods were assessed according to the Risk Assessment Guidelines (P 2.1.10. 1920-04). To calculate exposure and hazard ratio (HQ), summary hazard indices (HIs), individual (CR), and population (PCR) carcinogenic hazards, the median and 90th percentile of pesticide content in topical foods were used. Results. Dairy and vegetable products were found to contribute mainly to the median level of pollution with organochlorine toxic chemicals for most studied areas. Potatoes and vegetable products contributed to pollution with organophosphorus compounds. The HQ values calculated at the median level of pesticide content in food products in all agricultural areas under study in the region indicated an acceptable level of exposure. It is also good, but above 1.0, were the total HI due to pesticide contamination at the level of the 90th percentile value in local food products of four districts of the Saratov region. The total non-carcinogenic risk at the level of the 90th percentile was assessed for pesticides that have a unidirectional effect on the damage to the endocrine system - due to the action of DDT, HCHCG, and malathion; damage to the liver, kidneys, and the reproductive system - due to the action of DDT, HCHCG, chlorpyrifos and glyphosate. Conclusion. Thus, the study established a high level of the CR value for the health of all surveyed environmentally disadvantaged areas of the Saratov region associated with contamination of HCHCG food products calculated at the median and 90th percentile level. An average of 84.2% of PCR was due to contamination of local HCHCG foodstuffs and 15.8 % to DDT.

Analysis of environmental problems of crop production and ways to solve them

The article deals with engineering and technological problems of improving the environmental safety of crop production as a complex biotechnical system, for the environment, consumers of crop production and machine operators who ensure production in the field. It is noted that the impact of agriculture on the environment and humans is not only promoting global warming, participation in environmental pollution by pesticides and undigested remnants of mineral and organic fertilizers, the pollution of the production of field crops with residual amounts of pesticides and food is not absorbed nitrogen, toxic threat environment in the area of the machine, but unsustainable use of non-renewable resources, the availability of which depend on agricultural technologies. The main directions of minimizing environmental pollution and reducing dependence on non-renewable resources as a result of agricultural activities are shown.

GENOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF THE PESTICIDE MIXTURES

In order to overcome resistance to individual pesticides and improve their effectiveness, formulations containing two or more active substances are constantly being developed and put on the market over recent years. Mixtures of residual amounts of pesticides can be present in water and food and enter the human and animal bodies. However, the combined effect of pesticides on living organisms, including genetic structures in cells, has not been studied enough and it is not yet possible to predict the genotoxic effects of their mixtures based on available data. The purpose of this review was to collect and summarize literature information on the genotoxicity of pesticide combinations obtained at different objects. The results of studies conducted in different countries of the world are discussed, examples of detected synergistic, additive and antagonistic effects are given, indicating the need for testing the genotoxicity of preparative forms of pesticides containing several active substances, as well as mixtures of jointly used pesticides in order to ensure the safe use of pesticides for public health.

MAIN DIRECTIONS OF EU LEGISLATION DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD OF PESTICIDES REGULATION

The article provides an overview of the main directions of development of EU legislation in the field of pesticides regulation. Special attention is paid to the problems of neonicotinoids, glyphosate, endocrine disruptors, and food quality control for the content of residual amounts of pesticides.

РАЗРАБОТКА СОСТАВОВ СИЛИКАТНЫХ КРАСОК НА ОСНОВЕ ТЕРМОЛИЗНОГО ТРАНСПОРТЕРНО-МОЕЧНОГО ОСАДКА – ОТХОДА САХАРНОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ

In Russia, every year 360 kg of waste per person is formed, which can be eliminated either by recycling or by burying them. Unfortunately, 90% of waste in our country is buried in landfills, while in developed countries, for example France, Australia, Belgium, this figure fluctuates between 40-70% [1]. In the production of sugar from sugar beet both liquid and solid waste are formed. The total amount of waste in the processing of sugar beet reaches 22 million tons per year, and part of the waste is due to production technology, and other waste may increase, in connection with which programs are being developed to regulate the amount of waste, as well as their disposal. In Belgorod region there are 7 sugar factories, large-capacity waste - defecate is well studied and introduced in various branches of the industry [2-7]. As a result of their work at the stage of washing of the beets about 170 000 tons conveyor-washing of sediment (CWS) are formed, which have not found practical applications [8]. Currently, only a small part of the CWS is used for soil fertilization, which has a number of negative effects, since the substances included in the CWS contain the residual amount of pesticides and fertilizers, which will adversely affect the cultivation of crops. Most of this material is taken out together with defects into dumps, where fertile soils are clogged, rot, pollute the air, get into groundwater and cause irreparable damage to the environment [3]. Analyzing the composition and properties of the conveyor-washing of sludge and in connection with the rapid development of construction, especially housing, there is a need to use it as a pigment filler in silicate paint to make the architectural expression, decorative effectiveness of the conservation and durability of the cladding and painting of external facade of buildings. All this is closely interconnected and largely depends on the quality of finishing works. Unfortunately, in construction practice there are cases when untimely painting of walls and application of poor-quality materials lead to premature repair of the building, i.e. to unjustified expenses. It is known that the annual cost of the current repair of facades is more than 3% of the total cost of major repairs of houses. Recently ceramic facing of buildings finds wide application, however, it raises very much the price of housing construction and already in 5-6 years on finishing materials there are stains and drips [4].

Pesticide monitoring of agricultural soil pollution

The role of pesticides in modern agriculture is not in doubt; the continuous improvement of drugs and technologies for their use reduces the possibility of environmental pollution and their accumulation in manufactured products. The purpose of the research is to assess the pollution of the soil cover of agricultural land with residual amounts of pesticides in the Samara region conditions. Tasks: to analyze the content of insectoacaricides and herbicides residual amounts in the soil in the spring and autumn; - establish patterns of residual pesticides migration along the soil profile. As a result of studies conducted in 2016-2018. it was found that the content of total DDT related to the first hazard class in the studied samples decreases, a similar situation is observed for organochlorine insectoacaricides HCH and HCB, their residual amounts were found in the soil in the autumn and spring periods of 2016. Residual quantities of the organophosphorus insect metacosacaricide were detected annually (the exception was the autumn period of 2017). Regarding the content of residual amounts of herbicides in the soil (2, 4-D, dalapon, simazine, atrazine, promethrin, trifluralin, THAN), it can be noted that during the years of research their content was mainly reduced. A study of the pesticides vertical migration showed that the content of their residual amounts in the soil increases with depth, reaching a maximum at a depth of 1.0-1.6 m.

Beef for baby food from bulls and castrates

The research was conducted to compare bulls and castrates in relation to the morphological composition of carcasses, the yield of beef suitable for the production of baby food products, and the quality and safety of raw meat. The research was based on the results of monitoring the safety of the environment, feed, and meat raw materials during the growing and fattening of steers with a meat productivity direction. The pre-slaughter weight and the yield of lean beef of 16-month-old Hereford bull-calves are higher in comparison with castrated animals of the same age, by 6.4 and 1 %, respectively. The muscle tissue of castrates contained 11.5 % of fat, and bulls 9.7 %. The protein content in the longest muscle of bulls was 19.8 %, and in castrates-17.0. The amount of fat beef that is not suitable for baby food is higher in castrate carcasses by 4.7 % compared to bull calves. A high protein quality index of the longest muscle of bulls (6.5) indicates a higher biological value of beef compared to meat from castrates (4.1). In terms of the content of residual amounts of pesticides, toxic elements, and antibiotics, the meat of castrates and bulls of the Hereford breed had no significant differences.

Гігієнічна оцінка залишкових кількостей спіродиклофену у плодово-ягідних та овочевих культурах після застосування інсекто-акарициду на його основі в агропромисловому секторі та особистих господарствах України

ABSTRACT. Objectives. THygienic evaluation of residual spirodiclofen and regulation of the use of spirodiclofen-based product Envidor SC 240 for fruit and vegetable crops in the agro-industrial sector and private households of Ukraine. Methods. Study of changes in residual spirodiclofen in apples, pears, grapes, cucumbers and eggplants overtime was performed in different agroclimatic zones of Ukraine during field experiments. Consumption rates of spirodiclofen were 120 g/ha as two applications, and 144 g/ha as 3 applications in the agro-industrial sector, and 1.2 g/0.01 g as two applications at private households. Residual spirodiclofen in the test samples of agricultural products was measured using chemical analytical methods of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results. Results of conducted studies suggest a moderate reduction in the residual amounts of the active ingredient in fruit crops and the rapid one in vegetable crops. It was found that during harvesting, spirodiclofen content in apples and pears did not exceed MAL (maximum allowable limit); spirodiclofen was not detectable in grapes, eggplants and cucumbers. Calculation of half-lives of the test substance in the treated plants during vegetation was performed. Theoretically, the possible intake of spirodiclofen in an adult and a child under the age of 6 years with fruit, vegetable crops, and grapes was calculated. The obtained data were evaluated by the level of acceptable daily intake (ADI) of the substance in the human body. Conclusion. As per limiting toxicity parameters under conditions of the acute experiment, spirodiclofen and spirodiclofen-based product belong to hazard class 2 pesticides. By a degradation value in plants, spirodiclofen belongs to hazard class 1–4 pesticides. Approved MALs of safe content of the substance under experiment in fruit and vegetable crops, grapes and safety interval before harvesting provide for safe use of spirodiclofen-based insecticide-acaricide. Key Words: spirodiclofen, residual amounts of pesticides, field experiments.

Оцінка придатності сільськогосподарських угідь вимогам органічного виробництва на регіональному та локальному рівнях облаштування території

Оцінка придатності сільськогосподарських угідь вимогам органічного виробництва на регіональному та локальному рівнях облаштування території

Long-term trends of pesticides in Norwegian agricultural streams and potential future challenges in northern climate

Effective plant protection practices and use of chemical pesticides are a prerequisite for maintaining yields of sufficient quality and quantity in conventional agriculture today. Despite regulatory efforts to ensure safe use, reports have indicated that residual amounts of pesticides and their metabolites occur in surface and ground water and may have non-target effects on aquatic organisms. The objective of the present study was to identify environmental challenges of pesticide use in the northern climate by evaluating long-term pesticide monitoring data compiled by the Norwegian Agricultural Environmental Monitoring Programme. Pesticide use data and pesticide concentrations measured in stream water from six small agricultural catchments in Norway were analysed. Observed trends in pesticide detection frequencies, measured concentrations and cumulative risk from the six monitoring sites were compared. The results demonstrated the need for continued focus on the herbicides metribuzin and aclonifen, and potential concerns regarding use of the fungicide prothioconazole and the insecticide imidacloprid. The six monitoring sites represented the diversity of intensively cropped areas in Norway and differed with respect to estimated cumulative risk. Vegetable and potato cropping areas showed not only the highest level of total environmental risk, but also a statistically significant decreasing trend over the monitoring period. Cereal cropping areas exhibited no statistically significant time-dependent trends in the studied parameters but did show an increase in fungicide use that requires continued attention. The need for risk assessment of mixture toxicity effects and improved monitoring strategy is also discussed. In conclusion, the present results imply that the current global focus on multiple stressors and mixture toxicity of pesticides in stream water is equally relevant in cold climatic conditions.

Perspectives on using endophytic bacteria for the bioremediation of arable soils polluted by residual amounts of pesticides and xenobiotics

The data on residual quantities of pesticides and xenobiotics in agroecosystem soils were summarized. The urgency of bioremediation of agricultural soils polluted with these compounds was demonstrated. The peculiarities of arable soil bioremediation were considered; the special role of plant-microbe interrelations was emphasized. The advantages of endophytes compared to soil and rhizospheric bacteria were assessed. The applications of genetically modified endophytic bacteria with improved properties useful for phytoremediation were exemplified. Various environmental risks and ways of their reduction are discussed.