Residential Solid Waste Research Articles

Методологические аспекты управления сферой обращения с твердыми бытовыми отходами

Методологические аспекты управления сферой обращения с твердыми бытовыми отходами

Bioenergy Potential of Under-Utilized Solid Waste Residues from Oil Palm Mills in Nigeria

This study estimated bioelectricity potentials of under-utilized oil palm processing solid wastes (chaff, empty fruit bunch, palm press fibre and palm kernel shell) in Nigeria. The potential challenges of bio-power production from these solid wastes were also evaluated. Quantitative approach was employed for data generation. Historical data study of oil palm growth rate between 2004 to 2013 was used and projections at three scenarios (high, low and current status) were made. The findings showed that bioelectricity from total possible gatherable under-utilized oil palm processing solid wastes in Nigeria were 3.234 to 5.175 MWh in 2004, which could have reached 3.796 to 6.073 MWh in 2013. Based on projections at high, low and current growth rate scenarios, 5.728 to 9.165 MWh (high growth rate), 4.720 to 7.536 MWh (low growth rate) and 4.242 to 6.787 MWh (current growth rate) of electricity at efficiency of 80% (for combustion), 65% (for pyrolysis) and 50% (for gasification) could be achieved by 2029. After considering all the challenges associated with each type of conversion process, only 40% of these values are attainable. The study identified technological, policy/political and economic framework as potential challenge of bioelectricity generation in Nigeria. Hence the study concludes by suggesting means of overcoming the hurdles under Nigeria setting.

Determination of the Composition and Generation Rates of Residential Solid Wastes in Mosul City

The field and laboratory works of present study are focused on determination of the composition and generation rates of Residential solid wastes. The residential solid waste generation rate was found to be 0.496 kg/capita/day. Food waste comprises the highest percentage among other component about 76.688% from total weight of the solid waste.The study also examined the weekly and seasonal variation of residential solid waste generation rate. It was clearly obvious. the maximum generation rate was recorded on Fridays of summer 0.519 kg/capita/day. Thus. the total daily amount of Residential solid waste which will be received at landfill will be 424.541 ton/day.

Thermophilic solid-state anaerobic digestion of solid waste residues from palm oil mill industry for biogas production

Thermophilic solid-state anaerobic digestion (SS-AD) of biomass from palm oil mill industry, including empty fruit bunches (EFB), oil palm fronds (OPF) and oil palm trunks (OPT) were investigated under different feedstock-to-inoculum ratios (F:I), carbon-to-nitrogen ratios (C:N) and total solids contents (TS). The optimal condition for biogas production was achieved at F:I ratio of 2:1, C:N ratio of 40:1 and TS content of 16%. The highest methane yield from EFB, OPF and OPT were 223, 207 and 161m3 CH4 tonne−1 VS, respectively. Bacterial community structure in thermophilic SS-AD of oil palm biomass was dominated by Thermoanaerobacterium sp. and Clostridium sp. Archaeal community structure was dominated by Methanosaeta sp. and Methanoculleus sp. The highest methane production of 45m3 CH4 tonne−1 fresh biomass was achieved from EFB. Solid waste residues from palm oil mill industry have great potential for methane production via thermophilic SS-AD.

Trends and determinants of rural residential solid waste collection services in China

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe the trends in residential solid waste collection (RSWC) services in rural China over the past decade and analyze the determinants of these services using nationally representative data. Design/methodology/approach The authors draw on panel data from three rounds of village-level surveys of 101 villages. The three surveys were conducted in 2005, 2008, and 2012 in five provinces. The authors used fixed-effected regression approach to analyze the determinants of these services. Findings The results show that in the aftermath of increased investment and policy attention at the national level, the proportion of villages providing RSWC services in rural China increased significantly from 1998 to 2011. However, half of all villages in rural China still did not provide RSWC services as of 2011. Based on econometrics analysis, the authors show that villages that are richer, more populous, and villages with more small hamlets are more likely to provide RSWC services. Originality/value The analyses are based on primary survey data and the first to quantify trends in waste management services in the beginning of the twentieth century. The authors believe that the results will have significant policy implications for China in its continuing quest for better waste management policy.

Preparation of bio-oil by catalytic pyrolysis of corn stalks using red mud

Abstract: Red mud is a solid waste residue with alkaline nature (pH>12)-originating from the Bayer process in the production of alumina, which was probed in catalytic pyrolysis to determine its feasibility as a solid catalyst for bio-oil formulation. The red mud was characterized using X-ray fluorescence, XRD (X-ray diffraction), TG-DTG (thermogravimetry-derivative thermogravimetry), BET (surface area and pore size analyzer) measuring and testing techniques. Experiments of non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis of 40-60 mesh size corn stalk powder were channelled for bio-oil production in a fixed bed reactor. It was ascertained that adding different proportions of red mud had minute influence on bio-oil production rate and product distribution. The study signaled that liquid yield from the catalytic pyrolysis was lower than that from non-catalytic pyrolysis. Through a series of bio-oil characterization, it was encountered that the most obviously change in the bio-oil from catalytic pyrolysis was significant acidity reduction (pH>4). Meanwhile, the content of ketones and phenols was enhanced. Hence, the co-processing of agricultural waste and by-products alumina industry may offer an economical and environmentally friendly way of catalytic pyrolysis with abbreviating the red mud environmental effects. Keywords: red mud, catalytic pyrolysis, corn stalk powder, bio-oil DOI: 10.3965/j.ijabe.20160905.2214 Citation: Wang S Q, Xu M L, Wang F, Li Z H. Preparation of bio-oil by catalytic pyrolysis of corn stalks using red mud. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2016; 9(5): 177－183.

Role of inherent active constituents on mercury adsorption capacity of chars from four solid wastes

Many raw materials have active constituents for mercury removal, such as the elements oxygen (O), sulfur (S) and chloride (Cl), but these constituents are frequently neglected during the preparation process of mercury adsorbents. This study investigated the effect of various inherent active constituents of four solid wastes (waste tire, cotton straw, Chinese medicinal residue and municipal solid waste) on the mercury removal performance of their derived chars. Modification methods (chemical impregnation and physical activation) were used to clarify modification influence on inherent active constituents and mercury removal performance of chars. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), temperature programmed decomposition technic (TPDT) and elemental mercury adsorption testing were used to measure and evaluate various chars. The results indicated that only waste tire generated mercury chemisorption sites (sulfide) during pyrolysis process. Sulfide could oxidize Hg0 into HgS on char T6 derived from tire waste whereas sulfate could not on char derived from Chinese medicinal residue. The evaporation of element Cl during pyrolysis process led to the low adsorption capacity of municipal waste derived char. The modification methods impeded T6 mercury removal performance, but they promoted other three chars without chemisorption sites. The results provide meaningful guidance that the nature of raw materials should be taken into account during the preparation of mercury sorbents, and the preparation method should also vary for different raw materials.

Adsorptive removal of dye using biochar derived from residual algae after in-situ transesterification: Alternate use of waste of biodiesel industry

The primary aim of this present study was to utilize the residual biomass (DB) of Spirulina platensis algae, left after in-situ transesterification, for biochar preparation. This is a solid waste residue of biodiesel industry. The biochar (BC) prepared was examined for its capacity to adsorb congo red dye from the aqueous solution. The results were compared with other adsorbents used in the study such as commercial activated carbon (AC), original algae biomass (AB) and DB. The results of proximate analysis of BC showed the decrease in the percentage of volatile matter and an increase in fixed carbon content compared to DB. The physico-chemical properties of BC were studied using elemental analysis, SEM, FTIR and XRD techniques. The AC and BC adsorbents showed better performance in removing 85.4% and 82.6% of dye respectively from solution compared to AB (76.6%) and DB (78.1%). The effect of initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage and pH of solution on the adsorption phenomena was studied by conducting the batch adsorption experiments. The highest specific uptake for biochar was observed at acidic pH of 2 with 0.2 g/100 ml of adsorbent dosage and 90 mg/l of initial concentration. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted to three isotherms, namely Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin. Freundlich model proved to show the best suited results with value of correlation coefficient of 99.12%. Thus, the application of DB for production of biochar as potential adsorbent supports sustainability of algae biodiesel.

Missed environmental benefits of biogas production in Zambia

Biomass waste such as municipal solid waste, crop and forest residues, livestock waste and other organic wastes can be environmentally unsustainable if not properly handled. However, the same wastes could bring about environmental benefits and solve the energy poverty problem that Zambia is going through if used to produce biogas. Decomposition of livestock manure, direct combustion of woodfuel, forest residues, municipal solid waste and crop residues, chemical fertilizer production and application to managed soils emits a total of 2357 Gg CO2 equivalents into the atmosphere (excluding biogenic CO2 emissions) and results in nitrogen losses of 19.37 million tons per annum. Biogas production from biomass could result in conserving 10.38 million tons of nitrogen and replace (save) 13.23 million tons of biomass per annum in Zambia. The saved biomass can be used in the production of biogas and other modern bioenergy types. Biogas production could also result into production of 290 × 103 tons of organic fertilizer per annum as a by-product. Comparing this with the current chemical fertilizer consumption trends, 76% of the chemical fertilizer could be replaced. This would result into saving of forex and avoid emissions from raw material used in the processing of chemical fertilizers. An opportunity cost of approximately US$1 million per day exists if all households would engage in biogas production. There is need to create a comprehensive assessment framework for identifying and assessing environmental benefits arising from biogas implementation. The study closes data gaps that have existed for a long time and will be beneficial to policy makers, academicians and interested parties.

Production of Alternative Fuel from Optimized Mixture of MSW Residuals, Non-Hazardous Industrial Wastes and Agricultural Residues.

This study aims to produce an alternativefuel from optimized mixture of municipal solid waste residuals, non-hazardous industrial wastes and agricultural residues with a production plant design and detailed economic feasibility study. Waste types examined in this study are rice straw, cotton stalks, plastics, wood, used tires, olive pomace oil, paper, and dried digested sludge. Optimum mix selection criteria are; calorific value with a weighting factor 30%, density 15%, moisture content 15%, oxygen content 10%, and gas emissions 30%. Eight mixes are investigated and the optimum mix was 23% rice straw, 19.52% wood, 24.58% plastics, 18.43% cotton stalks, and 14.47% used tires. The optimum mix has a calorific value of 5272 cal/g, density of 311 kg/m3, and moisture content of 1.94%. The proposed selling price of the alternative fuel produced is 1200 LE per ton covering all capital costs and operational & maintenance costs.

Gas Fermentation-A Flexible Platform for Commercial Scale Production of Low-Carbon-Fuels and Chemicals from Waste and Renewable Feedstocks.

There is an immediate need to drastically reduce the emissions associated with global fossil fuel consumption in order to limit climate change. However, carbon-based materials, chemicals, and transportation fuels are predominantly made from fossil sources and currently there is no alternative source available to adequately displace them. Gas-fermenting microorganisms that fix carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) can break this dependence as they are capable of converting gaseous carbon to fuels and chemicals. As such, the technology can utilize a wide range of feedstocks including gasified organic matter of any sort (e.g., municipal solid waste, industrial waste, biomass, and agricultural waste residues) or industrial off-gases (e.g., from steel mills or processing plants). Gas fermentation has matured to the point that large-scale production of ethanol from gas has been demonstrated by two companies. This review gives an overview of the gas fermentation process, focusing specifically on anaerobic acetogens. Applications of synthetic biology and coupling gas fermentation to additional processes are discussed in detail. Both of these strategies, demonstrated at bench-scale, have abundant potential to rapidly expand the commercial product spectrum of gas fermentation and further improve efficiencies and yields.

Optimization and microbial community analysis for production of biogas from solid waste residues of palm oil mill industry by solid-state anaerobic digestion

This study investigated the improvement of biogas production from solid-state anaerobic digestion (SS-AD) of oil palm biomass by optimizing of total solids (TS) contents, feedstock to inoculum (F:I) ratios and carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratios. Highest methane yield from EFB, OPF and OPT of 358, 280 and 324m3CH4ton−1VS, respectively, was achieved at TS content of 16%, C:N ratio of 30:1 and F:I ratio of 2:1. The main contribution to methane from biomass was the degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose. The highest methane production of 72m3CH4ton−1 biomass was achieved from EFB. Bacteria community structure in SS-AD process of oil palm biomass was dominated by Ruminococcus sp. and Clostridium sp., while archaea community was dominated by Methanoculleus sp. Oil palm biomass has great potential for methane production via SS-AD.

CO<sub>2</sub> emission and structural characteristics of two calcareous soils amended with municipal solid waste and plant residue

Abstract. This investigation examines the effect of different amendments on selected soil physical and biological properties over a 24-month period in two cropland fields. Urban municipal solid waste (MSW) compost and alfalfa residue (AR) were used as different organic amendments at the rates of 0 (control), 10 and 30 Mg ha−1 to a clay loam soil and a loamy sand soil in a semiarid region. Results showed that the soil improvement was controlled by the application rate and decomposability of amendments and soil type. The addition of organic amendments to the soils improved aggregate stability and consequently enhanced total porosity, especially macropore fraction. The increased soil organic carbon (SOC) and total porosity values as compared to the control treatment were greater in the loamy sand soil than in the clay loam soil. Moreover, compared to the microbial respiration of control plots, the application of MSW resulted in higher values of microbial respiration in the clay loam soil than in the loamy sand soil, whereas the reverse was found for AR. Linear and power functions were provided for the relationships between microbial respiration and SOC in the loamy sand and clay loam soils, respectively. Also, CO2 emission was stimulated significantly as power functions of the total porosity and the ratio of macroporosity to microporosity. However, the soil microbial respiration and carbon storage improved aggregate stability and pore size distribution, and as a response, soil porosity, especially the macropore fraction, controlled CO2 flux.

A copula-based chance-constrained waste management planning method: An application to the city of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada

ABSTRACTThis study proposes a copula-based chance-constrained waste management planning (CCWMP) method. The method can effectively reflect the interactions between random parameters of the waste management planning systems, and thus can help analyze the influences of their interactions on the entire systems. In particular, a joint distribution function is established using preestimated marginal distributions of random variables and an optimal copula selected from widely used Gaussian, Student’s t, Clayton, Frank, Gumbel, and Ali-Mikhail-Haq copulas. Then a set of joint probabilistic constraints in the chance-constrained programming problems is converted into individual probabilistic constraints using the joint distribution function. Further, this method is applied to residential solid waste management in the city of Regina in Canada for demonstrating its applicability. Nine scenarios based on different joint and marginal probability levels are considered within a multiperiod and multizone context to effectively reflect dynamic, uncertain, and interactive characteristics of the solid waste management systems in the city. The results provide many decision alternatives under these scenarios, including cost-effective and environmentally friendly decision schemes. Moreover, the results indicate that even though the effect of the joint probability levels on the system costs is more significant than that of the marginal probability levels, the effect of marginal probability levels is notable, and there exists a trade-off between the total system cost and the constraint-violation risk. Therefore, the results obtained from the present study would be useful to support the city’s long-term solid waste management planning and formulate local policies and regulation concerning the city’s waste generation and management.Implications: The CCWMP method not only can solve chance-constrained problems with unknown probability distributions of random variables in the right-hand sides of constraints, but also can effectively reflect the interactions between the random parameters and thus help analyze the influences of their interactions on the entire systems. The results obtained through applying this method to the city of Regina in Canada can provide many decision alternatives under different joint probability levels and marginal probability levels, and would be useful to support the city’s long-term solid waste management planning.

赤泥中有价元素的提取和回收

赤泥是氧化铝生产过程中的强碱性固体粉末状废弃物，本文简要概述了赤泥的基本特性，着重阐述了国内外从赤泥中回收有价金属元素铁、铝、钛和其他稀土元素的工艺，并对其进行了评析。最后对赤泥的综合利用进行了展望，而赤泥与红土镍矿制备铁镍合金的方法前景广阔。 Red mud is a strong basicity solid waste residue of the digestion of bauxite ores with caustic soda for alumina production. This paper gives a overview of the basic characteristics of red mud and also puts great emphasis on the recycling technologies both at home and abroad, which mainly deal with those valuable metals come from red mud, such as Fe, Al, Ti and RE elements. And last, this paper points out there is a high trend towards the comprehensive utilization of red mud, hence, it is a booming prospective concerning the productive process of preparing iron nickel alloy by the smelting of red mud and lateritic nickel ore.

Instrumentation and control of anaerobic digestion processes: a review and some research challenges

To enhance energy production from methane or resource recovery from digestate, anaerobic digestion processes require advanced instrumentation and control tools. Over the years, research on these topics has evolved and followed the main fields of application of anaerobic digestion processes: from municipal sewage sludge to liquid—mainly industrial—then municipal organic fraction of solid waste and agricultural residues. Time constants of the processes have also changed with respect to the treated waste from minutes or hours to weeks or months. Since fast closed loop control is needed for short time constant processes, human operator is now included in the loop when taking decisions to optimize anaerobic digestion plants dealing with complex solid waste over a long retention time. Control objectives have also moved from the regulation of key variables—measured on-line—to the prediction of overall process performance—based on global off-line measurements—to optimize the feeding of the processes. Additionally, the need for more accurate prediction of methane production and organic matter biodegradation has impacted the complexity of instrumentation and should include a more detailed characterization of the waste (e.g., biochemical fractions like proteins, lipids and carbohydrates) and their bioaccessibility and biodegradability characteristics. However, even if in the literature several methodologies have been developed to determine biodegradability based on organic matter characterization, only a few papers deal with bioaccessibility assessment. In this review, we emphasize the high potential of some promising techniques, such as spectral analysis, and we discuss issues that could appear in the near future concerning control of AD processes.

Community activities in residential solid waste reduction in Tenggilis Mejoyo District, Surabaya City, Indonesia

The main source of municipal solid waste in Indonesia is residential area. The Indonesian Government Regulation No. 81/2012 concerning Residential Solid Waste (RSW) Management and Similar Types of Solid Waste stipulates that every generator is obliged to perform separation and treatment. This study was aimed to determine RSW generation rate, reduction potential, and reduction activities by the community in Tenggilis Mejoyo District, Surabaya City. The RSW generation rate and composition were measured according to ASTM D5231-92 method. RSW reduction potential was determined based on weight percentage of recyclable RSW components. This study involved 100 householders, who were selected using stratified random approach based on the economical strata. This study resulted in RSW generation rate of 0.29 kg/person day, or a total of 16.84 tons/day. The RSW composition was dominated by biodegradable organics of 74.43 %, followed by plastic and paper waste materials. Estimated RSW reduction potential was 67.92 %. The RSW separation was only done by 37 % of respondents. Main reasons of the respondents for not implementing RSW separation were inavailability of time, laziness, and no use. Composting activity was conducted by 17 % respondents. This research further provides a recommendation for improving community participation in RSW reduction.

Bipolar membrane electrodialysis for treatment of sodium acetate waste residue

Abstract Large amounts of solid waste residue containing high salinity and a series of organic impurities are produced during the manufacturing process of dithianon in insecticide factories, posing a severe environmental pollution problem. Here sodium acetate (CH 3 COONa) waste residue is firstly tested by diffusion dialysis (DD) to investigate the permeability of different commercial ion exchange membranes. Selemion CMV and AMV membranes show low permeability to the organic impurities of the waste residue, and hence are chosen for the following bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) experiments to regenerate acid and base. The BMED firstly uses a BP-A-C-BP configuration to select an optimized current density of ∼50 mA/cm 2 . Afterwards, four membrane stack configurations are compared including BP-A-C-BP, C-BP-A-C, BP-C-BP and BP-A-BP. In consideration of the high current efficiency, low energy consumption, and high concentrations of the produced acid/base, C-BP-A-C is a favorable configuration. Finally, the addition of a strong acid 001 ∗ 7 type of cation-exchange resin into acid compartment can substantially decrease the voltage drop across the stack and reduce the energy consumption. The C-BP-A-C configuration at 50 mA/cm 2 can have a high output (0.491 mol/L CH 3 COOH and 0.556 mol/L NaOH), high current efficiency (87.7% for CH 3 COOH and 99.0% for NaOH), and a relatively low energy consumption (22.3 kW h/kg CH 3 COOH and 29.7 kW h/kg NaOH). Overall, this study illustrates the practical significance of BMED process for treating sodium acetate waste residue, including reducing soil and water pollution and producing valuable products in insecticide industries.

Statistical modeling of pullulan production and its application in pullulan acetate nanoparticles synthesis

This work focused on the optimization of exo-polysaccharide, pullulan production by exploiting cassava bagasse, an agricultural solid waste residue by solid state fermentation and its application in the preparation of pullulan acetate nanoparticles. Statistical approach was investigated to maximize the pullulan production using C/N ratio, initial pH, NaCl and ZnSO4·5H2O. The optimum conditions for maximum yield of pullulan (39.42±0.62mg/gds) were found to be: C/N=25.94, initial pH=5.5 and NaCl=0.55g/L. Using the optimized medium variables, the production of pullulan was investigated in lab scale solid state fermentation. The pullulan produced was characterized by thermo gravimetric and XRD analysis. Also pullulan acetate nanoparticles were synthesized from chemical modification of pullulan and the average particle size of nanoparticles was examined by zeta particle sizer.

Application of apricot stone waste from fruit processing industry in environmental cleanup: copper biosorption study

Introduction. Apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.) have an important role in Serbia’s fruit production. Average annual production of 25,035 t generates approximately 1,577 t apricot stone (AS) waste and most of it ends up in landfill sites. In order to minimize the environmental impact, an investigation of the possible use of AS was done by developing a biosorbent for wastewater treatment. Materials and methods. AS waste from the fruit processing industry was used to remove Cu(II) ions from water solution by batch adsorption techniques. This solid waste residue was characterized by FTIR, SEM and EDX. The effects of pH, contact time, metal concentration and biosorbent dosage on the process of biosorption were studied. Results and discussion. Obtained FTIR results confirm that the uptake of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution involves carboxylate moieties from lignin and fatty acids. Also, the presence of seeds in the AS blend significantly increased biosorption performance providing active sites important for the sorption process. The ion exchange mechanism was also confirmed. The best fitting adsorption model is the Langmuir model and the maximum biosorption capacity (qmax ) is 4.45 mg L-1 at pH 5.0. Biosorption of the Cu(II) ions follows a pseudo second-order kinetic model. According to thermodynamic parameters the biosorption process is endothermic and spontaneous. Conclusion. Numerous biosorbents were investigated for biosorption of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution, but no report on application of untreated AS waste has been found in literature. This preliminary study confirmed that this material can successfully and rapidly remove dissolved copper ions from dilute solutions.