Residential Section Research Articles

An Unusual Student Organization

T started, like most of our bright ideas, at the cafeteria dinner table. Here we were, a large group of student nurses at Elmhurst General Hospital, without a school organization. Why not do something about it? That's just what we did; a small group of us discussed formalities, and the next day a notice appeared the bulletin board announcing a mass meeting of the student body. But let's go back the beginning. The hospital is a large new building in a pleasant residential section of metropolitan New York. Among its educational facilities is an unusual school which provides a year of affiliation for students from hospital schools of nursing operated by the New York State Department of Mental Hygiene. The schools include Brooklyn State, Craig Colony, Manhattan State, Rochester State, St. Lawrence State, and Willard State. The school is unusual in many ways. First, all the students are in their second year-one big junior class, without freshmen down on or seniors to look up to. Our first and third years are spent at our own home schools, but since our education must include all the varied experiences which go into making a well-rounded professional nurse, we affiliate at a general hospital for a

4024 住宅地における崖崩れの研究(その1) : 東京都内に発生した過去の崖崩れと雨量に関する統計的研究(都市計画・経済・防災)

4024 住宅地における崖崩れの研究(その1) : 東京都内に発生した過去の崖崩れと雨量に関する統計的研究(都市計画・経済・防災)

An Epidemic of Enteritis Laid to Cross-Connection

r 'HE INCREASING use of water by a modern household for its many appliances increases public health hazards related to the water supply. The creation of more crossconnections, backflow connections, and open connections to accommodate these appliances and devices demands that sanitarians remain vigilant to prevent contamination of the water supply. The misuse of one such device, an automatic lawn sprinkling system, led to contamination of the city water supply, resulting in an epidemic of enteritis in Shreveport, La. In the summer of 194T, Mr. X installed a pump in Bayou Pierre, which flows behind his property, to supply water to the sprinkling system for the rear lawn of his home. His property is located in the southeastern area, of Shreveport, the wealthiest residential section of the city. In 1953 Mr. X installed for his front lawn an underground sprinkler system which drew its water from the city supply. This sprinkler system having been laid out in conformity with Slhreveport's plumbing code, Mr. X applied to the city for a tap and meter for the system. In June 1954, Mr. X installed an automatic time clock system and a booster pump in his yard to use the bayou water for his whole sprinkler system. At the same time, he replaced the pump in the bayou with another of 10horsepower capacity. He thought that the automatic timing system prevented a cross-connection. When the front sprinkler was connected to the bayou water system, the bayou water was not completely cut off from the city water main. Only a manually operated valve intervened between the city system and the bayou water system for the front lawn. This setup maintainecd a pressure in the sprinkler line of 65 pounds. Apparently, however, the pressure in the city water main at this point was at no time greater than 58 pounds. Unfortunately, no inspection by the city plumbing inspector was requested. Mr. X's yardman, not knowing the hazard, opened the valves from the city water supply to prime the booster pump and left them open. Thus, when the time clock set the system into operation every 24 hours, water from both the bayou and the city main was forced through the system at the same time. Water from the bayou was probably forced into the city main for a fairly long period, since the two gate valves were fouind in the open position.

A CHARACTERISTIC PATTERN OF INDUSTRIAL LAND USE IN KOTO DISTRICT, TOKYO, AND THE HISTORY OF ITS ESTABLISHMENT

Recently we have been concerned with some patterns of the industrial land use and the history of its establishment. For specific study, the writer selected Koto district, Tokyo, which is the triangular low land surrounded by two rivers and the sea and consists of Koto and Sumida wards. There are 8, 559 factories located with over 4 workers in each and 128, 352 workers are employed in those factories. To Proceed with this study, the writer made use of two approaches. The first is to divide Koto district into some industrial sections, and the second, to trace the history of such a pattern consisting of the sections. To see the distribution of manufacturing, a new measure is proposed in this paper. This measure starts with the evident tendency of factories to congregate to certain parts of an area. This tendency means the existing of the attraction for factories. The writer called it industrial concentration potential. This concept is analogous to population potential and market potential, as proposed and mapped by John Q. Stewart and Chancy D. Harris respectively. The industrial concentration potential at a point (A) is defined as the summation (Σ) of the attraction at the same point (P0) multiplied by the respective attraction at other points (P), and divided by their distance from those points (d). A=P0ΣP/d In this case a attraction index was provided by the number of workers which represents industrial productivity. On the basis of the values computated by means of the above formula, lines of equal industrial concentration potential are drawn on a map. Three major varieties of industrial sections may be differentiated on the map. Those are Honjyo-Fukagawa, Jyoto and Mukojima sections which are characterized respectively by the heavy, light and miscellaneous industries. a) Before the Meiji Restoration (1868), Honjyo-Fukagawa section had already developed into a residential district partly including commercially used land, the great part of which was the property of temples and the military caste. By the political change of the restoration, this property was turnedd over to civilians, and downtown establishments gradually clustered there. Small household industries grew up and then light industry was established after the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95). b) Jyoto section still remainded as agricultural land untill the begining of Meiji era. This section provided large sites for manifacturing uses at cheap price and had great facility for water transportation. so heavy industry was located here after the Russo-Japanese War (1904) and more remarkable after the great Kanto Earthquake (1923). c) Mukojima section as the outskirts of this entire area, as well as Tokyo, has become a more inferior residential section since the middle of Meiji era. This section also has been densely covered by a great many small plants which are located here on the basis of the low standard of living and cheap labor.

THE NEW LOOK IN RESEARCH LABS

YEARS AGO, the building of a research laboratory—especially chemical—in or near a residential section was thought by the populace to be a major calamity. The research lab of a chemical producer was almost always part of the commercial production plant. These plants emitted foul odors, polluted streams, sometimes had explosions, and made poisonous substances. This was the popular belief, which, in all honesty, was often reasonably correct. Today the industry has righted most of these conditions for which it was roundly and justly criticized. The gradual separation of production and research facilities has caused the public attitude to change entirely—at least toward the laboratories. Their establishment quite a distance away from plants and factories came about because executives were convinced that original research could be carried on much more efficiently if it were not associated with the day-by-day process control. Also, centralization of research naturally followed the locating of factories in severa...

Murine typhus fever and rat ectoparasites in Puerto Rico.

Summary and Conclusions The remarkable reduction in murine typhus fever in southern United States is generally attributed to large scale control measures, particularly DDT dusting to kill rat fleas. Notwithstanding that such control operations were not in effect in Puerto Rico, the reported rate dropped steadily and there was a 100 per cent decrease in the City of San Juan (137 reported cases in 1944 and none in 1954). In an attempt to explain the decline of this disease a rat ectoparasite study together with human and rat serological surveys were undertaken. Ectoparasite data from 600 rats collected in the City of San Juan from April 15, 1954, through May 4, 1955, when compared with data from 775 rats trapped during the same period in 1946–47 demonstrated that the flea vector, Xenopsylla cheopis, had decreased in population sufficiently to account for the lack of human cases; for only 16 per cent of the rats in 1954–55 were infested with an average of 0.42 specimens per rat as compared with 54 per cent infested and 1.75 specimens per rat in 1946–47. Decrease in flea population was greater in the residential section known as Santurce where only 5 per cent of the rats were infested than in the largely business district, San Juan Islet, where 26 per cent of the rats were still infested. As regards Santurce, data from earlier surveys indicated that there has been a consistent downward trend in rat flea population during the last eight years. Complement-fixation tests on 279 rats resulted in only 3.2 per cent positive at dilutions of 1:8, indicating that infection among rats is negligible. Of 368 human subjects, 3.8 per cent were positive at dilutions of 1:4 or above using the complement-fixation test; since a positive reaction may be given years after recovery and because of very low titers as well as other reasons it is believed that the reported rate is essentially correct and there are few if any unreported cases. On the basis of this evidence from Puerto Rico it is concluded that a reduced typhus rate is not proof of the efficacy of control operations. Further, it is possible that control was instituted in southern United States after the epidemic had already receded, and that without the large scale control projects there the disease might have followed the same course it has in Puerto Rico. No explanation has yet been found for the decrease in the reproductive potential of rat fleas during the last decade in San Juan, P.R., since rats are abundant and the climate has been favorable for flea development, at least as regards temperature and humidity. Improvements in construction, food storing, general sanitation and mosquito control may have had an incidental effect on rat fleas, but do not account for the great reduction in population which has occurred.

Milwaukee's Layton School of Art

After more than 30 years in borrowed and rented quarters, Layton School of Art in Milwaukee is now occupying a home of its own. Its simple, streamlined new building, designed by two Layton faculty members, Edgar Bartolucci and John Waldheim, stands on a wooded bluff overlooking Lake Michigan in a residential section yet close to the heart of a busy industrial city. The building, of cantilever construction with glass walls from groundline to parapet, has attracted thousands of visitors in recent months and has aroused much admiring comment for the natural beauty of its setting and for its thoroughly contemporary architecture.

Milwaukee's Layton School of Art

After more than 30 years in borrowed and rented quarters, Layton School of Art in Milwaukee is now occupying a home of its own. Its simple, streamlined new building, designed by two Layton faculty members, Edgar Bartolucci and John Waldheim, stands on a wooded bluff overlooking Lake Michigan in a residential section yet close to the heart of a busy industrial city. The building, of cantilever construction with glass walls from groundline to parapet, has attracted thousands of visitors in recent months and has aroused much admiring comment for the natural beauty of its setting and for its thoroughly contemporary architecture.

New Magnetic Observatory at Sitka, Alaska

The Sitka Magnetic Observatory was established by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in the year 1901, and was placed in operation on January 1, 1902. A seismological observatory was added in 1902. The buildings of the Observatory were constructed on a small plot of ground, reserved by the Government for this purpose, located about 150 yards outside the residential section of the town, which was then a small fishing village. Since the beginning of work on the Naval Air Base near Sitka in 1937, the town has rapidly increased in size to a present (1940) population of nearly 2,000. Early in 1938 it was recognized that the extension of private building construction, containing large amounts of magnetic materials, toward the Magnetic Observatory would soon render the observations worthless, and steps were initiated to move the Observatory to a more suitable location.

A comparison of basic factors in reading patterns with intelligence

Reading is recognized to be made up of a number of specific abilities. Since an ability to read history efficiently is not necessarily concomitant with an ability to read science efficiently, we can say that there are definite reading abilities necessary in the various content fields which are peculiar to those fields. Nevertheless, there are certain factors basic to all fields. The type of reading one engages in, the manner in which he engages in it, anid his purpose all affect his reading. However, no matter what his purpose, no matter what his material, no matter if he read orally or silently, he always makes fixations, he always has some duration of fixation, some span of recognition, he always reads with some degree of comprehension and at some rate. Usually he makes some regressions. Although some of these factors vary with different materials, purposes, or types of reading material, it seems fitting that they be compared with intelligence under controlled conditions. It is logical to expect children to react in somewhat the same fashion to material of the same type. One hundred ninety-one sixth-grade children were used in this study. One hundred three of these pupils were boys and eighty-eight were girls. All of the children were white and the large majority were American born. The group ranged chronologically from ten years, two months to fifteen years, four months, the median chronological age being eleven years, 9.5 months. The median intelligence quotient of the whole group when measured by the Kuhlmann-Anderson Test was 103.93, but when measured by Myers Mental Measure it was 108.25. Two hundred twenty children were tested originally. Elimination was necessary if a child missed a test or if the photograph of his eyes was not usable. Records were complete on 191 children. Three schools cooperated in the study. Two of them were public schools in Nashville, Tennessee, and the third was a private school in the same city. One of the city schools is in a good residential section, and, at the time the selection of schools was made, it was thought that the group of children from this school would be about

A Danger Spot in the Zoning Movement

The most interesting step forward in our day, along the line of city administration, the most fruitful, the most interesting, the most hopeful, is represented by the city planning movement; and more particularly by that phase of city planning which has interested us all under the name of zoning. It has been my privilege to be somewhat associated with this zoning movement from its very inception. I recall the National City Planning Conferences at which the policy of zoning cities in this country was first propounded. The idea came from one of the most progressive German cities of that day, Frankfort-on-the-Main, where the general principle of controlling the use of private property had been put into operation, with conspicuously advantageous results, under the leadership of Burgomaster Adickes. In all these early discussions of zoning, twenty-five years ago, the problem was approached from the standpoint of the public authorities. The chief argument in favor of zoning was that it would simplify some serious difficulties in municipal administration. It was pointed out that the invasion of an industrial section by residences, or the invasion of a residential section by industries or business, always resulted in complicating the tasks of the city's administrative departments. Assessors, for example, pointed out the difficulty of making fair valuations in areas which were being transformed from residential to mercantile use. The school authorities drew attention to the trouble which frequently resulted through rapid changes in the character of a district. I recall hearing one school superintendent complain that certain schools in a large Eastern city had lost nearly half their capacity enrollments through the exodus of families due to the incoming of industries. The cost per pupil in these half empty schools, he explained, was clearly excessive. It was so with other branches of public administration. Police costs were said to be forced up by the intermingling of diverse activities in a single area. With the encroachment of factories and shops, a district became less desirable for residential use; its dwellings and tenements were often transformed into cheap lodging houses or worse. The effective policing of a

Problems of St. Paul Water Supply

Water supply problems in the City of Saint Paul have not been particularly difficult nor do they differ, I suppose, very much from the problems of the usual city of its size. We have been particularly fortunate from the beginning in having always near at hand a large number of lakes which have to date afforded excellent opportunities for the water works men and have given to the city a water supply system for a minimum expenditure. Of course, there have been the usual series of major extensions from time to time, and to some of you a brief description of the works may, I hope, be of interest. Saint Paul has a population of 272,000 people, not including the population of several suburbs which are supplied with water, West Saint Paul or South Saint Paul. Lying on both sides of the Mississippi River, its topography may be described as consisting of three main levels: the bottom lands just above the river; the middle which includes the principal business and wholesale districts; and the plateau or high level which includes most of the residential section. The principal business section is on a slope rising to about 100 feet above the river. The residential sections are mostly on high ground from 100 to 200 feet above the river, with an extreme rise of about 340 feet. The country to the east as far as the St. Croix nowhere rises much higher than Saint Paul, and the lakes are generally lower. To the north of the city lies a chain of lakes which are generally about the same elevation as the high level. These lakes, some 14 in number, are all within a 20 mile radius of the city, and afforded for years an ample water supply. In 1910, which was a very dry year, with rainfall of only 10.21 inches, the city experienced a water shortage, and upon the advice of Dabney H. Maurey, employed as a consulting engineer, drilled 34 wells, of average depth of about 600 feet and which yielded about 16 million gallons a day. In 1911 the rainfall was approximately 41

An Experiment in Moral Education

Previous articleNext article FreeAn Experiment in Moral EducationR. E. PollichR. E. Pollich Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Elementary School Journal Volume 26, Number 9May, 1926 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/455969 Views: 2Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Constitutional Law. Police Power. Zoning Ordinance Changing Industrial Section to Residential Section Held Void

Constitutional Law. Police Power. Zoning Ordinance Changing Industrial Section to Residential Section Held Void

Fire Protection Requirements in Distribution System Design

The maximum discharge that may be required of a water distribution system is the quantity to be delivered for the purpose of fighting fires, and the proper provision for such a draught is the principle obligation of the distribution system design. The quantity needed for fire protection, as compared to the total distribution capacity, is related in a general way to the population, the ratio decreasing as the population increases. A small town must devote a relatively greater proportion of its pipe line capacity to fire protection than a large city, and obviously, in the residential section of a city that proportion must be greater than in a commercial or industrial section. Likewise, the per cent of cost of the distribution system required for fire protection is inversely proportional to the population.

Nuisance: Funeral Home in a Residential Section

Nuisance: Funeral Home in a Residential Section

Two-motor versus four-motor equipments

It is manifestly impossible to consider judiciously the relative commercial efficiency of two-motor versus four-motor equipments, or to reach any absolute conclusion unless certain conditions under which the equipments are to be operated have first been determined. For the purpose of this paper a line was selected having light grades and reasonably small line losses, a line passing through the business center of a city and reaching the residential section, thus at all hours of the day calling for a fair average number of stops and therefore reasonably rapid acceleration, in order to make the time schedule.