Residential Movement Research Articles

Residential moblity in the Inka sacred valley: Oxygen, strontium, and lead isotopic analysis at Patallaqta, Peru

The Inka Empire (1400–1532 CE) made common practice of relocating individuals, households and entire communities throughout their expansive realm for different reasons depending on subjects’ assigned social status. Reconstructing patterns of residential mobility and both intra- and extra-regional mobility at Inka sites, particularly in the imperial heartland, could therefore permit some estimation of the social status(es) of their constituents, and thereby provide bottom-up insights into Inka statecraft and political economy. However, this is a difficult endeavor using only archaeological lines of evidence. This study presents oxygen, strontium and lead isotopic results from archaeological human remains (N = 81) from the site of Patallaqta, near Machu Picchu in the Sacred Valley of the southern Peruvian highlands. Isotopic data are used to reconstruct patterns of immigration at the site, which are in turn used to estimate the social status of the population. The resulting 87Sr/86Sr show moderate variation, with most individuals clustering within a range higher than the estimated values for the locale, while 206,7,8Pb/204Pb results show greater variation spanning multiple Pb isotope provinces, and δ18O results cluster broadly around estimated local water values. Taken together, these results are consistent with the expected distribution of groups drawn from communities within the vicinity of the Sacred Valley and possibly the Peruvian or Bolivian altiplano. These results are in notable contrast to published isotopic results from the nearby site of Machu Picchu, and suggest distinct compositions among the resident populations of each site. This study provides further insights into the intersection of residential movement and status dynamics in the Inka Empire.

Residential movements of top predators in Chile’s most isolated marine protected area: Implications for the conservation of the Galapagos shark, Carcharhinus galapagensis, and the yellowtail amberjack, Seriola lalandi

Abstract Marine protected areas (MPAs) are becoming a widely used tool for the conservation of biodiversity and for fishery management; however, most of these areas are designed without prior knowledge of the basic ecological aspects of the species that they are trying to protect. This study investigated the movement of two top predators: the Galapagos shark, Carcharhinus galapagensis, and the yellowtail amberjack, Seriola lalandi, in and around the Motu Motiro Hiva Marine Park (MMHMP) using MiniPAT satellite tags to determine the effectiveness of this MPA for the protection of these species. The Galapagos sharks (n = 4) spent most of their tag deployment periods inside the MMHMP. However, high intraspecific variability was observed in their movement dynamics. Daily individual maximum movements ranged from 17 to 58 km and the maximum distance from Salas y Gómez Island, the only emergent island within the MMHMP, ranged from 31 to 139 km. The maximum linear distance travelled for a female juvenile Galapagos shark (152 cm total length) was 236 km, which is greater than the maximum distance previously documented for juveniles of this species (<50 km). For the yellowtail amberjack (n = 1), 91% of the satellite geolocations were within the MMHMP, with a maximum daily distance travelled of 6 km. The maximum distance travelled between points was 111 km and the maximum distance from Salas y Gómez Island was 62 km. All archival tagged fish spent most of their time at depths of <50 m and never left the epipelagic zone. Daytime versus night‐time differences were pronounced in all individuals but showed high interindividual variability. This study provides a baseline on the movement of these two top predators in the MMHMP and provides valuable insights for the creation of MPAs in the region and elsewhere.

Estructura espacial de la movilidad residencial en la Región Metropolitana de Santiago de Chile. 2012-2017

Most empirical research on spatial patterns of intra-urban residential mobility has been based on the study of the inflow and outflow recorded in various spatial units. This approach does not allow for the definition of migratory areas by the origin, destination and intensity of residential mobility. Here the spatial types and structure of residential mobility in the communes of the Santiago Metropolitan Region (RMS) are studied using individual data on changes of residence between communes. Combining the application of spatial analysis methods and the analysis of geosocial networks has demonstrated: a) the complex and fairly well-integrated nature of the network of residential movements; b) the major influence of geographical proximity on changes of residence; and c) notable territorial differences in the effects of changes of residence on socio-spatial diversification. As a whole, the functional and spatial structure of residential mobility is consistent with the processes of expansion and physical, social and functional fragmentation of the RMS.

자녀유무와 소득계층에 따른 가구유형별 거주기간에 관한 연구 : 저소득층가구를 중심으로

This study analyzes the factors affecting residence duration by household type, considering children and income levels, using residential movement panel data from 2008 to 2017 in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, and Coxs proportional hazard model. The main findings are as follows. First, the residential duration of low-income households with children is shorter than that of high-income households without children. Second, low-income households with children have shorter stays when their incomes decrease, and their household members increase. Third, low-income households without children have shorter stays if they have a lower income and live in larger-dwelling units, in apartments or in Seoul. Therefore, housing stabilization policies should be enforced differently depending on household characteristics. Additionally, these findings suggest that housing policies should be strengthened for households with low-income levels and many children. Housing welfare policies focusing on income, housing size, housing type, and residential area could be enhanced after increasing the housing stability of low-income households without children. These findings show that the factors affecting residential duration differ according to household characteristics. The results of this study could serve to justify various housing welfare policies from an evidence-based approach.

Association between green space quality and prosocial behaviour: A 10-year multilevel longitudinal analysis of Australian children

BackgroundCurrent evidence from studies on green space and child prosocial behaviour suggests a paucity of studies investigating the plausible role of green space quality in shaping the development of prosocial behaviour. This study aimed to examine longitudinal association between green space quality and prosocial behaviour among children. MethodsWe analysed 10-year longitudinal data (2004–2014) from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC), a nationally representative cohort study. Prosocial behaviour that covers positive behaviours (e.g. sharing, helping) was measured using a prosocial scale from Goodman's Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Parents' perceptions on the availability of “good” parks, playgrounds, and play space in the neighbourhood assessed green space quality. Multilevel linear regression models were used to examine potential changes in prosocial behaviour across childhood in relation to green space quality. A two-way interaction term between green space and age was fitted to assess potential differences in the effect of green space quality by age. Sensitivity analyses by child's sex and history of residential movement were also performed. ResultsFrom the analysis of 24,418 observations nested in 4969 children, prosocial behaviour was relatively high (mean = 8.13 out of 10; SD = 1.79) and about balanced proportions between girls (48.74%) and boys (51.26%) were included. Prosocial behaviour was higher among children whose parents agreed (β = 0.10; 95%CI = 0.04, 0.16) and strongly agreed (β = 0.20; 95%CI = 0.13, 0.27) to having quality green space in their neighbourhood. The benefit of exposure to favourable green space on prosocial behaviour was similar among both children who changed and did not change neighbourhood, but reported higher among boys than girls. Younger compared with older children or adolescents tended to benefit more by the presence of quality green space. ConclusionGreen space quality was positively associated with child prosocial behaviour. Boys and younger children tended to benefit more from quality green space. Future research might seek to identify preferred characteristics of quality green spaces, and to understand how these preferences vary by gender and age, to best support the development of prosocial behaviour across childhood and adolescence.

Native Family Law, Indian Child Welfare Act and Tribal Sovereignty

There has been historical abuse of Native American children in the U.S. which began in the late 19th century in what is known as the residential school movement. It led to their forced integration on pain of removing and eradicating traces of their Indian heritage. The lack of protection for Indigenous children in being transferred from the reservations to non- Indian foster parents caused the U.S. Congress to use their legislative power and enact the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 [ICWA]. This has intervened in a process that is aimed at keeping Native American children within the tribe of their parents over the last 35 years. The result of the ICWA is that it has led to the greater supervision by tribal courts over children but it has caused a conflict to arise with the state courts due to jurisdictional reasons that allows guardianship and supervision to non-Indian parents. The Arizona Court of Appeals has recently ruled in Navajo Nation v. Arizona Department of Economic Security (2012) CA-JV 11-0123 that an Indian child can stay with his non-Native foster parents despite the protests of the tribe that it was infringing the provisions of the statute. This article is intended for the practitioner and policy makers and brings to the fore the issues of the preservation of children on reservation lands, and the need for a greater care consideration in the determination if they should be transferred to foster parents outside the tribe’s jurisdiction. It also conducts a comparison with Canada where First Nations children have also suffered abuse and where there is an ongoing debate about the course of action to prevent the appropriation of children from the reserves to live with the non-Native foster parents.

Exploring the Mechanism of Residential Attractiveness in Compact Urban Areas – a Case Study of Hong Kong

Compact cities adopt high density, mixed land use and transit-oriented development (TOD). For sustainable development, compact development reduces the use of automobile and lessens the overdevelopment of land resources. For solving urban sprawl and housing shortage, more and more metropolises have adopted compact development. Academics, planners and policy makers mainly focused on evaluating the impacts of neighborhood attributes on housing prices and residential movements. Few have examined the relationships between residents’ demand and residential attractiveness in compact cities. Therefore, this study develops Residential Attractiveness Evaluation (RAE) Model to evaluate the attractive degree of urban areas based on residents’ demand in compact cities. Hong Kong is chosen as the study area which is a typical compact city. The results show that districts near the CBD and both sides of Victoria Harbor have highest residential attractiveness than other areas. Community planners and policy makers should consider residential attractiveness based on residents’ demand in efforts to promote sustainable development. Residential attractiveness is the foundation of residential land use planning and policies. Planners in compact cities should adopt various planning strategies according to different residential attractiveness. Moreover, residential attractiveness is the benchmark of evaluating residents’ satisfaction of new residential planning and policies.

Chronic Stress and Unhealthy Dietary Behaviors among Low-Income African-American Female Caregivers.

ABSTRACTBackgroundChronic stress increases the risk of excess intake of calorie-dense foods. Low-income minority caregivers in the United States are cumulatively exposed to stressors and unhealthy foods, but evidence of this association is limited in this population group. The objective of the current study was to assess the association between chronic stress and unhealthy dietary behaviors among low-income African-American caregivers in Detroit, Michigan.MethodsData came from Detroit Dental Health Project, a longitudinal study of pairs of African-American caregivers and children during 2002–2007. A sample of 912 female caregivers were included and their baseline (2002–2003) survey responses were analyzed to identify those with chronic stress and patterns of dietary behaviors. The likelihood of having unhealthy dietary behaviors was compared between chronically stressed caregivers and others, and the mediator role of depressive symptoms or current smoking was tested.ResultsApproximately 10% of caregivers experienced chronic stress as they all reported discrimination, residential movement, and lack of social support. Twenty-five percent of the caregivers were found to have an unhealthy dietary pattern characterized by excess intake of high fatty foods and soda. Chronically stressed caregivers were more likely to exhibit unhealthy dietary behaviors (prevalence ratio: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.84), and this relation was significantly mediated by depressive symptoms, not current smoking.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that chronic stress played a role in negatively influencing dietary behaviors. As this association might be mediated by depressive symptoms, an intervention to reduce depressive symptoms can be considered as an effective strategy to promote healthy dietary behaviors among chronically stressed minority caregivers.

The comforts of home: The association between coresidence with parents and young adults' residential mobility and migration in the United States

AbstractThis study uses data from the 2005 through 2015 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics' Transition to Adulthood supplement to examine the association between young adults' living arrangements and their likelihood of moving. Compared with young adults who live with their parents, young adults who live independently are about twice as likely to move within a state, and four times as likely to move between states, over a biennial period. The negative association between parental coresidence and residential movement is stronger for young men than for young women and for Hispanics than for non‐Hispanic Whites. Increases in parental coresidence explain 70% of the decline in young adults' odds of making an intrastate move, and almost one third of the decline in the odds of making an interstate move, between 2005 and 2015.

Neoliberalism at the borders of transnational policy: political exclusion in Australia’s Reconceptualization of trans-Tasman traditions

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the influence of political traditions on policymaking at the interface of national and transnational governance. It uncovers various dimensions of influence on boundary-setting through policy change, derived from a case study examining how Australia reconceptualised longstanding freedom of residential movement and equal treatment for citizens across the Tasman. These policymaking activities spanned boundaries across policy subsystems at the interface of both domestic and transnational arenas, in response to perceived dilemmas. This paper focuses on the enabling role of neoliberal ideations to effect an agenda driven by more covert motives. In context of bilateral economic integration, conflicting traditions created a dilemma for Australia, which sought to maintain the advantages of the free labour-market whilst minimizing the problem of granting access to social security and citizenship to those perceived to be unsuitable. I find that Australia, in resolving this dilemma, allowed neoliberal conceptions of labour as a commodity, thereby enabling traditions of exclusion and border control, to override longstanding trans-Tasman traditions.

Neighbourhood tobacco supply and individual maternal smoking during pregnancy: a fixed-effects longitudinal analysis using routine data

BackgroundTobacco policy is increasingly focusing on the ‘tobacco endgame’ which commits to eradicating tobacco use (prevalence below 5%) within the next two decades. Strategies for achieving the endgame are likely...

Lease termination and residential movement by households under the housing lease program for disaster victims in Iwate Prefecture

AbstractFollowing the Great East Japan Earthquake, the housing lease program for disaster victims provided private rental houses as temporary housing to those affected by the earthquake. Many victims had to change the municipalities in which they lived when they moved into these rental houses. To examine the influence of these movements on where rebuilding occurred, data concerning lease terminations in this program in Iwate Prefecture were analyzed. Approximately 80% of the households left the leased houses, generally 2 or 6 years after the disaster. A total of 60% of households that moved to other municipalities under this lease program have not returned to their original municipalities.

Residential movements in connection to renovation of rented multi-residential housing: A pilot study

Residential movement and displacement as an effect of renovation has earned attention and also affected renovation practices in Sweden. While statistical studies have linked deep renovation to residential movement and displacement, there are no recent studies that investigate why people move or remain in housing areas that are renovated, and if and how the relocation is determined by the renovation. A pilot study was initiated as a means to develop a methodology to study residential movement in connection to renovation. In this paper, methodological considerations are discussed based on 31 interviews (face-to-face and telephone) with movers related to 34 municipally owned rented housing areas about to undergo renovation, as well results from a questionnaire sent to two finalised renovation projects (N=113). So far, the pilot study indicate that few relocations can be linked to the up-coming or finalised renovation in the studies cases. The questionnaire that was sent out to remaining tenants had a low response rate of 29%, and the efficiency of using questionnaires is discussed.

Body Mass Index in Religious Contexts: Exploring the Multilevel Influences of Religion.

Can the religious values of an entire geographic area affect the BMI of people living in that same area, even people with different religious values? Although prior research has demonstrated that individual religious characteristics are associated with individual BMI, less is known about how the overall religious context influences BMI. Using multilevel analyses on two waves of the National Study of Youth and Religion merged with county-level variables, this study finds that a county's higher Catholic population share is associated with lower individual BMI even after controlling for various individual and county-level variables. Surprisingly, this Catholic contextual effect on BMI applies to almost everyone living in a predominantly Catholic county regardless of individual Catholic identity and residential movement across counties. In contrast, county-level conservative Protestant population share is linked with higher BMI. However, this conservative Protestant contextual effect is explained by county-level socioeconomic variables.

Erasure, activism and Slovenian fathers on the edge in times of political madness

Today, it seems, spatial identities (nation, border, place) are tied intimately to political identities (adult, student, child, family, minority, refugee), and these identities are complexly interwoven. This paper looks at how differential citizenship shows up as an emotional practice for fathers and children who lost their legal status as Slovenians during the years of the ‘erasure’. For over a decade after Slovenia gained its independence, many ethnic minority people – and especially Bosnians, Serbs, Kosovans, Croatians, and Roma – lost legal residential status. All the benefits of official residential status, including jobs, housing, health, education, driving licenses, marriage licenses, and movement across borders, were lost, and many young children saw their fathers portrayed as enemies of the state. This paper unpacks the emotional toll for some erased fathers and the kind of differential, insurgent citizenship that emerged from their activist practices as well as how connections were forged between fathers and children. By so doing, it also questions Anglo-American ideas of what constitutes a family and fathering.

Understanding the transient population: insights from linked administrative data

There is growing evidence that frequent residential relocation is often associated with adverse socio-economic outcomes related to education, health and wellbeing. Prior research aimed at exploring the extent of residential movement has usually been restricted to survey evidence or infrequent census data. This study makes use of newly linked administrative data to design a framework for quantifying different levels and types of residential movement for an entire population. Within this context, we are able to derive working definitions for the transient and vulnerable transient. We also assess their interaction with a number of social service providers as well as important life events, both prior to and during the sample period. Our research contributes to understanding the key risk factors (in terms of both experience and intensity) associated with transience for adults, youth and children.

Analysis of Occupational Patterns and Characteristics in Single-parent Family Formation Process

Housing problems inevitably arise in the process of forming a single-parent family, housing problems affect child care, and lead to poverty in the living, resulting in social problems. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the housing history that occurs during the typical single-parent formation process and to understand how the housing situation changes. It is necessary to analyze the residential history that occurs in the typical single-parent formation process and to understand how the residential status changes. Clark, Deurloo & Dieleman (2003) found that through analysis of residential history, it is possible to know the quality of housing achieved at the time of the final destination and the status of residential movements. In particular, the right to residence such as ownership and lease after the formation of a single-parent family by divorce is closely related to the protection of housing rights in that it is a decision to occupy a house rather than a mere property value. It is necessary to analyze the occupation pattern in that it is directly related to the economic aspect such as the burden of the housing cost after the formation of the single parent family.

Unpacking the dynamics of intra-urban residential mobility in Nigerian cities: Analysis of low-income families in Ojo Lagos

While studies have revealed some factors that generally influence residential mobility patterns within the urban setting, the effects of the interplay of these factors on residential movements of low income families are less understood. This study therefore examined the dynamics of residential mobility in Ojo area of Lagos megacity Nigeria. Data were obtained from a survey of households in eleven electoral wards of Ojo Lagos using systematic random sampling methods. Results showed that majority of the residents had moved several times over their life course. The observed residential mobility rates in the study area were explained by six latent variates that cumulatively accounted for 72.9% of the total variance. Regression analyses showed that a number of family lifecycle and household contextual factors were significant predictors of residential mobility in Ojo area of Lagos. However, in contrast to existing studies gender, employment status and neighborhood condition had insignificant influence on residential mobility in the low-income neighborhoods of Lagos. This study provides useful insights for understanding residential mobility dynamics in urban low-income neighborhoods, and it also provides important policy and theoretical implications for improving the polarized housing markets in the Global South cities.

Measurement of Opportunity Cost of Travel Time for Predicting Future Residential Mobility Based on the Smart Card Data of Public Transportation

This study attempts to investigate a method for creating an index from mobility data that not only correlates with the number of people who relocate to a place, but also has causal influence on the number of such individuals. By creating an index based on human mobility data, it becomes possible to predict the influence of urban development on future residential movements. In this paper, we propose a method called the travel cost method for multiple places (TCM4MP) by extending the conventional travel cost method (TCM). We assume that the opportunity cost of travel time on non-working days reflects the convenience and amenities of a neighborhood. However, conventional TCM does not assume that the opportunity cost of travel time varies according to the departure place. In this paper, TCM4MP is proposed to estimate the opportunity cost of travel time with respect to the departure place. We consider such estimation to be possible due to the use of massive mobility data. We assume that the opportunity cost of travel time on non-working days reflects the convenience and amenities of the neighborhood. Therefore, we consider that the opportunity cost of travel time has a causal influence on future residential mobility. In this paper, the validity of the proposed method is tested using the smart card data of public transportation in Western Japan. Our proposed method is beneficial for urban planners in estimating the effects of urban development and detecting the shrinkage and growth of a population.

A Machine Learning Approach to the Residential Relocation Distance of Households in the Seoul Metropolitan Region

This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of a machine learning approach to the description of residential mobility patterns of households in the Seoul metropolitan region (SMR). The spatial range and temporal scope of the empirical study were set to 2015 to review the most recent residential mobility patterns in the SMR. The analysis data used in this study included the Internal Migration Statistics microdata provided by the Microdata Integrated Service of Statistics Korea. We analysed the residential relocation distance of households in the SMR using machine learning techniques, such as ordinary least squares regression and decision tree regression. The results of this study showed that a decision tree model can be more advantageous than ordinary least squares regression in terms of explanatory power and estimation of moving distance. A large number of residential movements are mainly related to the accessibility to employment markets and some household characteristics. The shortest movements occur when households with two or more members move into densely populated districts. In contrast, job-based residential movements are relatively farther. Furthermore, we derived knowledge on residential relocation distance, which can provide significant information for the urban management of metropolitan residential districts and the construction of reasonable housing policies.